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6
Work, Energy and
Power

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Work
Work is said to be done when a force applied on a body displaces the body through a certain distance,
in the direction of force.
The work done by the force F in displacing the body through a distance s is given by
W = ( F cos θ )s = Fs cos θ = F ⋅ s
where, F cos θ is the component of the force acting along the direction of the displacement produced.
The SI unit of work is joule (J).
1J = 1 N-m
Work is a scalar quantity. Work can be of three types
(i) Positive work Work is said to be positive, if value of the angle θ between the directions of
F and s is either zero or an acute angle.
(ii) Negative work Work is said to be negative, if value of angle θ between the directions of F and s
is either 180° or an obtuse angle.
(iii) Zero work As work done W = F ⋅ s = F s cos θ , hence work done can be zero if both F and s are
finite but the angle θ between the directions of force and displacement is 90°. In such a case,
W = F ⋅s
= Fs cos θ
= Fs cos 90° = 0

Work Done in Different Conditions

● Work done by a variable force is given by
W = ∫ F ⋅ ds
It is equal to the area under the force-displacement graph, along with proper sign.

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74 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

B Kinetic energy is correlated with momentum as

Force p2
A K= or p = 2 mK
2m
Kinetic energy for a system of particle will be
1
D C K = Σ mivi2
2i
Displacement
Kinetic energy depends on the frame of reference. Kinetic
Work done = Area ABCDA energy of a passenger sitting in a running train is zero in the
● The force (or field) is said to be conservative, if the work frame of reference of the train but is finite in the frame of
done by the force, also referred to as the line integral of reference of the earth.
the force, i.e. ∫ F ⋅ dI is independent of the path followed
between any two points. In such cases, the work done Potential Energy
simply depends upon the initial and the final positions. Potential Energy (PE) is energy of the body by virtue of its
Moreover, work done by a conservative force for a closed position, configuration or state of strain. The relation
path is always zero. Gravitational force, force of gravity, between potential energy and work done is
electrostatic force, elastic force are some examples of W = − ∆U
conservative forces (fields). where, ∆U is change in potential energy.
● The force is said to be non-conservative, if the work Change in potential energy of a body between any two
done by the force depends on the actual path followed by points is equal to the negative of work done by the

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the body for a displacement between any two points. conservative force in displacing the body between these
Friction, viscous force, damping force, etc., are some two points, without there being any change in kinetic
examples of non-conservative forces. energy. Thus,
dU = − dW = − F ⋅ dr
and U 2 − U 1 = −W
Energy r2
= −∫ F ⋅ dr
Energy is defined as the capacity or ability of a body to do r1
work. Energy is scalar quantity and its units and Value of the potential energy in a given position can be
dimensions are the same as that of work. Thus, SI unit of defined only by assigning some arbitrary value to the
energy is joule. There are so many types of energy e.g. reference point. Generally, reference point is taken at
kinetic, potential, electrostatic, magnetic, geothermal,
infinity and potential energy at infinity is taken as zero. In
elastic, solar etc. Some of them are described below.
that case,
Some other commonly used units of energy are r
U = − W = − ∫ F ⋅ dr
−7 ∞
1 erg = 10 J
1 cal = 4.186 J ~
= 4.2 J Potential energy is a scalar quantity but has a sign. It may be
1 kcal = 4186 J, 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10 J
6 positive as well as negative.

and 1 electron volt = 1 eV = 1.60 × 10−19 J Generally potential energy is of two types

Gravitational Potential Energy

Kinetic Energy It is the energy associated with the state of separation
Kinetic Energy (KE) is the capacity of a body to do work by between two bodies which interact via the gravitational
virtue of its motion. Motion may be either translational or force. The gravitational potential energy of two particles of
rotational. masses m1 and m2 separated by a distance r is
A body of mass m, moving with a velocity v, has a kinetic −Gm1m2
energy U =
1 r
K = mv 2
2 Generally, one of the two bodies is our earth of mass M and
Thus, K ∝m radius R. If m is the mass of the other body, situated at a
distance r (r ≥ R) from the centre of earth, the potential
K ∝ v2
energy of the body
Kinetic energy of a body is always positive irrespective of GMm
U (r ) = −
the sign of velocityv. Negative kinetic energy is impossible. r

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WORK, ENERGY AND POWER 75

Some Important Points

kx PE = mgh
● If a body of mass m is raised to a height h from the surface Gravitational
of earth, the change in potential energy of the system
h potential energy

Force
(earth+body) comes out to be v = mgy
mgh A = 1/2 kx2
∆U = or ∆U ≈ mgh, if h << R
1 + h  y
 
 R Distance x
Thus, the potential energy of a body at height h, dU − d
i.e. mgh is really the change in potential energy of the Fy = − = (mg y )
system for h << R.
dy dy
dU d  1 2
● For the gravitational potential energy, the zero of the Fx = − =−  kx 
potential energy is chosen to be the ground. dx dx  2 
F y = − mg , Fx = − kx
Elastic Potential Energy
Whenever an elastic body (say a spring) is either stretched Electric Potential Energy
or compressed, work is being done against the elastic The electric potential energy of two point charges q1 and q2
1
spring force. The work done is W = kx 2 separated by a distance r in vaccum is given by
2
1 q1q2
where, k is spring constant and x is the displacement. U =
4 π ε0 r
and elastic potential energy
1 1 N -m 2
U = kx 2 where, = 9.1 × 109 = Constant

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2 4 π ε0 C2
Elastic potential energy is always positive.

Potential Energy of a Spring

Work-Energy Theorem
According to this theorem, work done by all the forces
Elastic potential energy is Unstretched
PE = 0 (conservative or non-conservative, external or internal)
equal to work done to spring
Elastic acting on a particle or an object is equal to the change in
stretch the spring, which potential kinectic energy of it.
depends upon the spring energy
constant k as well as the PE = 1/2 kx2 i.e. W net =W c + W nc + W ext = ∆KE = K f − Ki
distance stretched. From If work is being done by the force on the body, then its
Hooke’s law, the force kinetic energy increases, i.e. ∆K = + ve. On the other hand,
required to stretch the x if work is being done by the body on the force, then its
spring will be directly
kinetic energy decreases i.e. ∆K = − ve.
proportional to the amount
of stretch. This theorem is true for all type of forces
F = − kx [force by spring] (i) The work-energy theorem is not independent of the
Newton’s second law. It may be viewed as scalar
Then, the work done to stretch the spring by a distance x is
form of second law.
1
W = PE = kx 2 [work done by stretcher] (ii) When a body moves along a circular path with
2 uniform speed, there is no change in its kinetic
Since, the change in potential energy of an object between energy. By the work-energy theorem, the work done
two positions is equal to the work that must be done to by the centripetal force is zero.
move the object from one point to the other, the calculation
of potential energy is equivalent to calculating work. Since,
the force required to stretch a spring changes with distance, Law of Conservation of
the calculation of the work involves an integral.
x x2
Energy
W = ∫ kx dx = k Total mechanical energy of a system remains constant if
0 2
the internal forces are conservative and external forces do
Work can also be visualized as the area under the force
not work. We define the change in potential energy of a
curve. Here, object is displaced slowly.
system corresponding to a conservative internal force as
If the potential energy function U is known, the force at any
f
point can be obtained by taking the derivative of the U f − U i = −W = − ∫ F ⋅ dr
i
potential.

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76 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

W
where, W is work done by internal force on the system as Pav =
system passes from the position i to f . t
Power is a scalar quantity and its SI unit is watt, where
U f − U i = −W = −( K f − Ki ) ⇒ U i + Ki = U f + K f
1W = 1 J /s
If non-conservative internal forces operate within the dW
system or external forces do work on the system, then apply Instantaneous power, Pinst =
dt
work-energy theorem. F ⋅ ds
⇒ W c + W nc + Wext = K f − Ki [Q W c = −(U f − U i )] = = F ⋅v
dt
⇒ W nc + Wext = E f − Ei The power of a system is defined as the rate of change of
kinetic energy per unit time. Mathematically,
d
Power Power, P = (KE )
dt
Power is defined as the rate of doing work. If an agent does dK
work W in time t , then its average power is given by =
dt

Practice Exercise

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1. A body of mass 10 kg is moving on a horizontal 7. A force of 0.5 N is applied µ=0.1
surface by applying a force of 10 N in forward on upper block as shown 1kg F=0.5 N
direction. Find the work done by force of friction. in figure. Find the work
a. − 20 J b. 10 J done by lower block on 2 kg
c. 20 J d. − 5 J upper block for a Smooth
displacement 3 m of the
2. In Q. (1), the work done by normal reaction is upper block. (Take, g = 10 m/ s 2)
a. 20 J b. 196 J
c. zero d. None of these a. 1 J b. −1 J
c. 2 J d. − 2 J
3. A body of mass 10 kg is moving on an inclined plane of
inclination 30° with an acceleration 2 m / s 2. The body 8. A force F = − k ( y $i + x $j ), acts on a particle moving in
starts from rest. Find the work done by force of gravity the xy -plane. Starting from the origin, the particle is
in 2 s. taken along the positive x-axis to the point (a , 0) and is
then taken parallel to the y -axis to the point (a , a ). The
a. 10 J b. zero
total work done by the force is
c. 98 J d. 196 J
a. −2 ka 2 b. 2 ka 2
4. In Q. (3), find the work done by force of friction. c. − ka 2 d. ka 2
a. −58 J b. 58 J
c. 98 J d. −116 J 9. A particle moves along a curve of unknown shape but
5. A body of mass 1 kg moves from point A( 2 m, 3 m, 4 m ) magnitude of force F is constant and always acts
B (3 m, 2 m, 5 m). During motion of body, a along tangent to the curve. Then,
force F = ( 2N) i$ − ( 4 N) $j acts on it. The work done by a. F may be conservative
the force on the particle during displacement is b. F must be conservative
c. F may be non-conservative
a. 2 $i − 4$j b. 2 J d. F must be non-conservative
c. − 2 J d. None of these
10. If a man of mass M jumps to the ground from a height
6. During swinging of simple pendulum, h and his centre of mass moves a distance x in the
a. the work done by gravitational force is zero time taken by him to hit the ground, the average force
b. the work done by tension force is always acting on him is
zero Mgh Mgx
c. the mechanical energy of bob does not remain a. b.
x h
constant in the absence of air 2 2
h x 
d. the mechanical energy remains constant in the c. Mg   d. Mg  
presence of air resistance x  h

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WORK, ENERGY AND POWER 77

11. A particle is moving in a region where the potential U a. 2 mg/x b. 2 mg h/x
is given by U = k (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ). The force acting on c. 2 mg (h + x ) / x 2 d. 2 mg (h ) + 2mg hx /x 2
the particle is
19. The kinetic energy of a particle moving on a curved
a. k ( $i x + $j y + k$ z ) b. − k ( $i x + $j y + k$ z ) path continuously increases with time. Then,
c. −2k ( $i x + $j y + k$ z ) d. zero a. resultant force on the particle must be parallel to the
velocity at all instants
12. The potential energy is a function for the force b. the resultant force on the particle must be at an angle
between two atoms in a diatomic molecule is given by less than 90° all the time
a b
U (x ) = 12 − 6 , where a and b are positive constants c. its height above the ground level must continuously
x x decrease
and x is the distance between the atoms. The position d. the magnitude of its linear momentum is increasing
of stable equilibrium for the system of the two atoms is continuously
given by e. both b and d are correct
a a 3a  2a  20. Force F acts on a body by mass 1 kg moving with an
a. x = b. x = c. x = d. x = 6  
b b b b initial velocity v 0 for 1 s. Then,
F
13. The potential energy of a particle of mass 5 kg moving a. distance covered by the body isv 0 +
2
in the xy -plane is given by U = ( −7x + 24 y ) J. x and y
b. final velocity of body is (v 0 + F )
being in metre. If the particle starts from rest from
origin then speed of particle at t = 2 s is c. momentum of body increased by F
d. All of the above
a. 5 m/s b. 14 m/s c. 17.5 m/s d. 10 m/s
21. When a bullet of mass 10 g and speed 100 m/s

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14. The potential energy of a particle of mass 5 kg moving penetrates upto distance 1 cm in a human body in
in the xy -plane is given by U = − 7x + 24 y J, x and y rest. The resistance offered by human body is
being in metre. Initially at t = 0, the particle is at the a. 2000 N b. 1500 N c. 5000 N d. 1000 N
origin ( 0 , 0) moving with a velocity of 6[ 2.4 $i + 0.7 $j]
22. A 60 g bullet is fired through a stack of fibre board
m/s. The magnitude of force on the particle is
sheet, 200 mm thick. If the bullet approaches the
a. 25 units b. 24 units stack with a velocity of 600 m/s. The average
c. 7 units d. None of these retarding force offered to the bullet is
15. If a compressed spring is dissolved in acid, then a. 54 kN b. 2 kN c. 20.25 kN d. 10 kN
a. the energy of the spring increases 23. A bucket tied to a string is lowered at a constant
b. the energy of acid decreases g
c. the potential energy and kinetic energy of molecules acceleration of . If the mass of the bucket is m and is
of acid increases 4
d. the temperature of acid decreases lowered by a distance d, the work done by the string
will be
16. A long spring, when stretched by x cm has a potential mgd 3
energy U. On increasing the length of spring by a. b. − mgd
4 4
stretching to nx cm, the potential energy stored in the 4 4
spring will be c. − mgd d. mgd
3 3
U U
a. b. nU c. n 2U d. 24. A uniform chain of length l and weight w is hanging
n2 n2
from its ends A and B which are close together. At a
17. Mark the correct option. given instant end B is released. The tension at A when
a. The negative change in potential energy is equal to l
B has fallen a distance x < is
work done 2
b. Mechanical energy of a system remains constant w  3x  w  3x 
a. −2 b. 3−
 l   4 
c. If internal forces are non-conservative, then the net 2 2
work done by internal forces must be zero
w  3x  w  3x 
d. None of the above c. 1+ d. +4
2  l  2  l 
18. A ball of mass m is dropped m n
from a height h on a massless 25. A small sphere of mass m is suspended
platform fixed at the top of a by a thread of length l. It is raised upto the l
vertical spring as shown below. height of suspension with thread fully
The platform is depressed by a stretched and released. Then, the
distance x. What will be the maximum tension in thread will be
value of the spring constant? a. mg b. 2mg c. 3mg d. 6mg

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78 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

26. An object of mass m is tied to a 30. A man weighing 60 kg climbs a staircase carrying a
string of length L and a variable θ 20 kg load on his hand. The staircase has 20 steps
horizontal force is applied on it and each step has a height of 20 cm. If he takes 20 s
which starts at zero and to climb, his power is
F
gradually increases until the m a. 160 W b. 230 W c. 320 W d. 80 W
string makes an angle θ with the
vertical. Work done by the force F is 31. The average human heart forces 4 L of blood per
minute through arteries a pressure of 125 mm. If
a. mgL (1 − sin θ ) b. mgL
the density of blood is 1.03 × 103 kg/m 3 , then the
c. mgL (1 − cos θ ) d. mgL (1 + cos θ )
power of heart is
27. An elastic string of unstretched length L and force a. 112.76 × 10−6 HP b. 112.76 HP
constant k is stretched by a small length x. It is further c. 1.03 × 103 HP d. 1.03 × 10−6 HP
stretched by another small length y. The work done in
the second stretching is 32. A bullet fired into a fixed target losses half of its
1 1 velocity after penetrating distance of 3 cm. How much
a. ky 2 b. k (x 2 + y 2 ) further it will penetrate before coming to rest,
2 2
1 1 assuming that it faces constant resistance to its
c. k (x + y )2 d. ky ( 2x + y ) motion?
2 2
a. 3.0 cm b. 2.0 cm c. 1.5 cm d. 1.0 cm
28. A body of mass m is accelerated uniformly from rest to
a speed v in a time interval T. The instantaneous 33. The power supplied by a force acting on a particle
power delivered to the body as a function of time, is moving in a straight line is constant. The velocity of
given by the particle varies with the displacement x as

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mv 2 mv 2 2 1 mv 2 1 mv 2 2 a. x b. x c. x 2 d. x 1/ 3
a. t b. t c. t d. t
T2 T2 2 T2 2 T2 34. A particle of mass m is moving in a circular path of
29. Two small balls of equal masses are joined by a light constant radius r such that its centripetal acceleration
rigid rod. If they are released from rest in the position ac is varying with time t as ac = k 2rt 2. The power is
shown and slide on the smooth track in the vertical mk 4r 2t 5
plane. The speed of balls when A reaches B’s position a. 2πmk 2r 2t b. mk 2r 2t c. d. zero
3
and B is at B ′ is
A 35. A uniform chain of length 2 m is kept on a table such
that a length of 60 cm hangs freely from the edge of
m
0.
5 the table. The total mass of the chain is 4 kg. What is
r= the work done in pulling the entire chain on the table?
B v B′ a. 7.2 J b. 3.6 J c. 120 J d. 1200 J
36. A particle move with a velocity (5 $i − 3 $j + 6k$ ) m/s
under the influence of a constant force
a. 4 m/s F = 10$i + 10$j + 20k$ . The instantaneous power applied
b. 4.21 m/s
c. 2.21 m/s to the particle is
d. None of the above a. 200 J/s b. 40 J/ s c. 140 J/s d. 170 J/s

BITSAT Archives
1. A light is extensible string that goes over a smooth 2. How much work must be done by a force on 50 kg
fixed pulley as shown in the figure, body in order to accelerate it from rest to 20 m/s in
connect two blocks of masses 0.36 10 s? [2012]
kg and 0.72 kg. Taking g = 10 m/ s 2. a. 103 J b. 104 J c. 2 × 103 J d. 4 × 104 J
Find the work done by string on the
block of mass 0.36 kg during the first 3. An object placed on a ground is in stable equilibrium.
second after the system is released If the objects is given a slight push, then initially the
from rest. [2013] position of centre of gravity [2012]
a. 4J a. moves nearer to ground
b. 2J b. rises higher above the ground
c. 8J c. remains as such
d. 10 J d. may remain at same level

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WORK, ENERGY AND POWER 79

4. A shell of mass 20 kg at rest explodes into two a. g (r − H ) b. 2gH
fragments whose masses are in the ratio 2 : 3. The c. g (r − 2H ) d. Zero
smaller fragment moves with a velocity of 6 ms −1. The
kinetic energy of the larger fragment is [2012] 7. A river of salty water is flowing with a velocity 2 m/s. If
a. 96 J b. 216 J c. 144 J d. 360 J the density of the water is 1.2 g/cc, then the kinetic
energy of each cubic metre of water is [2008]
5. The force constant of a spring gun is 50 N/m. If a ball a. 2.4 J b. 24 J c. 2.4 kJ d. 4.8 kJ
of 20 g be shoot by the gun, so that its spring is
compressed by 10 cm, the velocity of the ball is [2011] 8. A ball is released from the top of a tower. The ratio of
a. 5 m/s b. 15 m/s work done by force of gravity in first, second and third
c. 25 m/s d. 20 m/s seconds of the motion of the ball is [2007]
a. 1 : 2 : 3 b. 1 : 4 : 9 c. 1 : 3 : 5 d. 1 : 5 : 3
6. A stone of mass m is pushed down a frictionless
hemispherical bowl of radius r from a point O. The 9. Two springs have their force constant as k1, and k 2
stone just rises up to the
P
r (k1 > k 2 ). When they are stretched by the same force
half of other side' of the [2007]
bowl as shown in the figure, Om a. no work is done in case of both the springs
what is the initial speed of H rl2
b. equal work is done in case of both the springs
stone with which it was c. more work is done in case of second spring
pushed? [2009] d. more work is done in case of first spring

Answer with Solutions

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N
Practice Exercise = 10 × 9.8 ×
1
− 10 × 2
f
2
1. (a) Since, body moves with constant velocity. So, net = 49 − 20 = 29 N ° m
30
force on the body is zero. in
∴ W = f ⋅ s = fs cos 180° m gs
N
s = − fs = − 29 × 4 mg cos 30°
30°
= − 116 J
5. (c) The displacement of body is
f F
AB = rB − rA
= ( 3$i + 2$j + 5k$ ) − ( 2$i + 3$j + 4k$ )
= $i − $j + k$
mg
Here, N = mg ∴ W = F ⋅ AB
F =f = ( 2$i − 4$j ) ⋅ ( $i − $j + k$ )
∴ W = f ⋅ s = fs cos 180° =2−4=−2J
= − fs = − 10 × 2 = − 20 J 6. (b) Since, the tension force is in
2. (c)QW = F ⋅ s = N ⋅ s perpendicular direction of instantaneous
= Ns cos 90° = 0 displacement of bob. Hence, work done T
1 2 1 is zero. [QW = ∫ Fds cos 90° = 0]
3. (d)s = at = × 2 × 4 = 4 m 90°
2 2 7. (b) From force diagram shown in figure.
∴ Work done by force of N
ds
N
gravity
=W = m g⋅ s m
0°
= mg s cos 60° sin
3
1 mg 60° m=1 kg F=0.5 N
= 10 × 9.8 × 4 × = 196 J mg cos30° fmax=µN
2 s 30° mg
4. (d) From force diagram,
mg sin 30° − f = ma mg
∴ f = mg sin 30° − ma ∴ fmax = µN = µmg = 0.1 × 1 × 10 = 1 N

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80 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

Since, F < f 15. (c) The spring loses elastic potential energy which
So, both blocks move together. The f appears as energy of molecules of acid.
acceleration of system is 1
2 kg 16. (c) Initially potential energy = kx 2
F 0.5 5 1 2
a= = = = m/s2
1+ 2 3 30 6 1 2U
⇒ U = kx 2 or 2U = kx 2 ⇒ k = 2
For lower block, 2 x
1 1 When it is stretched to nx cm.
f = 2a = 2 × = N
6 3 1 1 2U
∴ PE = kx12 = × 2 × n 2x 2 = n 2U
So, the force of friction due to lower block on upper block is 2 2 x
1
N in the opposite direction of displacement of the block. ∴ Potential energy stored in the spring = n 2U
3
∴ Work done by lower block on upper block is 17. (d) (a) This statement is correct only when forces are of
1 conservative nature.
W = − fs = − × 3 = − 1J (b) In the absence of non-conservative force, mechanical
3
a a energy and non-mechanical energy are separately
8. (c)W1 = ∫ F dx = ∫ −k (y $i + x$j )$i dx constant.
0 0
a (c) The work done by internal forces may not be zero.
= ∫ −k ( 0$i + x$j )$i dx = zero
0 1
a a
18. (c) Here, mg(h + x ) = kx 2
W2 = ∫ F ⋅ dy = ∫ −k (y $i + x$j )$j dy 2
0 0 2mg(h + x)
a a ⇒ kx 2 = 2mg(h + x ) ⇒ k =
=∫ −k (a $i + a$j )$j dy = − ka ∫ dy = − ka 2 x2
0 0
19. (e) If particle moves on a curved path, then there are two

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Total work done,
components of force
W = W1 + W2 = 0 − ka 2 = − ka 2
(i) Tangential Component This component
9. (d) Since, work done by this force depends upon path provides tangential acceleration.
followed by the particle between two points. Hence, the Due to this, speed increases.
force must be non-conservative. (ii) Radial Force This component provides centripetal
∆U ( −Mgh ) Mgh acceleration.
10. (a) Here, F = − =− =
∆x x x v
Ft
11. (c)U = k (x + y + z ) = kr
2 2 2 2
θ<
90
dU − d °
F =− = (kr 2 )
dr dr
^ ^ ^
F
−2 kr = − kr = − 2k ( i x + j y + k z )
Fr
a b
12. (d)Q U (x ) = −
x 12 x 6 The resultant force is
At the stable equilibrium, F = Fr 2 + Ft 2
1/ 6
dU 12a 6b  2a  Fr
= 0 ⇒ − 13 + 7 = 0 ⇒ x =   tan θ =
dx x x b Ft
∂U $ ∂U $
13. (d) F = − i− j = 7$i − 24$j But Ft is not zero.
∂x ∂y ∴ tan θ < ∞ ⇒ θ < 90°
Fy 7 When speed increases, p = mv increases.
∴ ax = = = 1.4 m/s2
m 5 F F
Fy 24 20. (d) a = = = F m/s2
ay = =− m 1
m 5 v = u + at
= 4.8 m/s2 along negative y -axis v = v 0 + (F × 1) ⇒ v = v 0 + F
∴ v x = a x t = 14
. ×2 where,v = final velocity
= 2.8 m/s along negative y -axis 1
s = ut + at 2
and v y = 4.8 × 2 = 9.6 m/s 2
F
∴ v = v x2 + v y2 = 10 m/s s =v0 +
2
∂U $ ∂U $ pi (initial momentum) = mv 0 − v 0
14. (a) F = − i− j = 7$i − 24 $j
∂x ∂y pf (final momentum) = mv = v 0 + F
∴ | F | = ( 7)2 + ( −24)2 = 25 units Change in momentum, ∆p = pf − pi = F

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WORK, ENERGY AND POWER 81

21. (c) Here, u = 100 m/s,v = 0,s = 1cm = 10−2 m Tension at A = Weight of half the chain
x
∴ v = u − 2as
2 2
+ Weight of length + F
2
u2
100 × 100 w wx wx w  3x 
∴ a= = = 5 × 105 m/s2 = + + = 1+
2s 2 × 1 × 10−2 2 2l l 2  l 
∴ F = ma = 10 × 10−3 × 5 × 105 = 5000 N 25 (c) The tension in string is l
O u=o
Alternate method maximum at the lowest position
1 1 of the ball.
W = ∆K or − Fs = mv 2 − mu 2 Tmax
2 2 mv 2
∴ Tmax − mg =
1
= 0 − × 10 × 10−3 × 10000 l
2 mv 2 v
1 ∴ Tmax = mg + …(i)
or −F × 10−2 = − × 10 × 10−3 × 104 l mg
2
The loss in potential energy =
∴ F = 5000 N
gain in kinetic energy
60
22. (a) m = 60 g = = 0.06 kg or
1
mgl = mv 2
1000 2
s = 200 mm = 0.2 m ∴ v = 2gl …(ii)
u = 600 m/s 2
v =0 mv m
Q = 2gl = 2mg …(iii)
Using v 2 = u 2 + 2as l l
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii),
( 0)2 = ( 600)2 + 2 × a × 0.2
Tmax = mg + 2mg = 3mg

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−600 × 600 × 10
a= 26. (c)
0.4
L
Average retarding force L cosθ
0.06 × 600 × 600 × 10
F = ma =
4 L
F = 54 kN h
23. (b) From force diagram as shown in T
figure, mg − T = ma
mg 3mg
∴ T = mg − ma = mg − = a = g/4
4 4 W = ∆K or WT + Wg + WF = 0
QWT = work done by tension s [Since, change in kinetic energy is zero]
= T ⋅ s = Ts cos 180° = −
3mgd
mg Here,WT = work done by tension = 0
4 Wg = work done by force of gravity
m w = − mgh = − mgL (1 − cos θ )
24. (c) Mass per unit length, λ = =
l lg ∴ WF = − Wg = mgL (1 − cos θ )
x 
Velocity,v = 2g   orv = gx
2
27. (d) Elastic force in string is conservative in nature.
 2
∴ W = − ∆U
Change in momentum when an element dx falls is
w where,W = work done by elastic force of string
gx dx ∆U = change in elastic potential energy
lg
dp w dx w  dx  Q W = − (Uf − Ui ) = Ui − Uf
F = = gx = x Q = gx
dt lg dt l  dt  1 1
or W = kx 2 − k (x + y )2
A B A 2 2
1 2 1
or W = kx − k (x 2 + y 2 + 2xy )
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
l/2 x = kx − kx − ky − k ( 2xy )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1
= − kxy − ky = ky ( −2x − y )
B 2 2
The work done against elastic force is
x/2 ky
Wexternal = − W = ( 2x + y )
2

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82 SELF STUDY GUIDE BITSAT

mv  v − 0  d 2x   dx 
28. (a) F = ma = Qa = 33. (d )QP = Fv = (ma ) v = m  2   
T  T   dt   dt 
mv
Instantaneous power = Fv = mav = at Since, power is constant.
T
mv v mv 2  d 2x   dx 
= t= 2 t ∴  2   =k
T T T  dt   dt 
2 2
29. (c) The final speeds of each ball are same. d  dx   dx 
or   = k or   = k1t
∴ Loss in PE by ball A = gain in KE by the system dt  dt   dt 
1 1 dx
or mgr = mv 2 + mv 2 or = k1t = k 2t 1/ 2 or x = k 3t 3/ 2
2 2 dt
or mgr = mv 2 dx
Hence, ∝ t 1/ 2 ∝ x 1/ 3
∴ v = gr = 9.8 × 0.5 = 4.9 dt
v2
 49  34. (b) ac = = k 2rt 2
=   = 2.21 m/s r
 10 
Q v = krt
( 60 + 20) × (10) × ( 20 × 0.2)
30. (a) Power = = 160 W The tangential acceleration is
20 dv d (krt )
a1 = = = kr
31. (a) Hight of liquid column, h = 125 mm = 0.125 m dt dt
Density of blood, ρ = 103
. × 103 kg/m 3. The work done by centripetal force will be zero.
Accleraction due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2 So, power is delivered to the particle by only tangential
force which acts in the same direction of instantaneous

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Volume of blood,V = 4 litre = 4 × 10− 3 m3 velocity.
Time, t = 1minute = 60 second. ∴ Power = Fv t
Work done,W = force × distance = mat krt
= pressure × area × distance = m(kr )(krt ) = mk 2r 2t
= pressure × volume M 4
35. (b) Mass per unit length = = = 2 kg m–1
= hρgV L 2
W hρgV
Power, P = = 1.4 m
t t
. × 103 × 9.8 × 4 × 10− 3
0.125 × 103
=
60

0.6 m
= 112.76 × 10− 6 HP
32. (d) According to the work-energy theorem,
W = ∆K
1 v 0 
2
1 The mass of 0.6 m of chain = 0.6 × 2 = 12
. kg
Case I −F × 3 = m   − mv 02
2  2  2 The height of the centre of mass of the hanging part
where, F is the resistive force andv 0 is the initial speed. 0.6 + 0
h= = 0.3 m
Case II Let the further distance travelled by the bullet 2
before coming to rest iss . Hence, work done in pulling the chain on the table =
1 work done against gravity the force of gravity
∴ −F ( 3 + s ) = Kf − Ki = − mv 02
2 i.e. W = mgh
1 1
⇒ − mv 02( 3 + s ) = − mv 02 = 1.2 × 10 × 0.3 = 3.6 J
8 2
1 36. (c) Pinst = F ⋅ v
or (3 + s ) = 1
4 = (10$i + 10$j + 20k$ ) ⋅ (5$i − 3$j + 6k$ )
3 s
or + =1 = 50 − 30 + 120
4 4
or s = 1 cm = 140 J/s

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WORK, ENERGY AND POWER 83

BITSAT Archives
1. (c) According to figure v (velocity of the larger fragment) = 4 m/s
1
Kinetic energy = mv 2
2
1
= × 12 × ( 4)2 = 96 J
a 2
1 1 2
a T 5. (a) mv = kx
2
T 2 2
0.36 kg R
0.72 kg v = x
m
0.72 g
50
So, acceleration =
Net pulling force = (10 × 10−2 )
Total mass 20 × 10−3
0.72g − 0.36g g = 50 × 10−1
= =
0.72 + 0.36 3
= 5 m/s
1 2
Distance,s = ut + at 6. (c) Let the velocity with which stone is pushed = u.
2
1 g g We have,
= 0 + × × (1)2 = 1 r
2 3 6 mu 2 + mgH = mg
So, T − mg = ma 2 2

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T − 0.36 g = 0.36 a r 
u = 2g  − H
T = 0.48 g 2 
Now, work done by string on the block or u = g (r − 2H )
WT = Ts cos 0° (on 0.36 kg of mass)
7. (c) Given, velocity of river, (v ) = 2 m/s
g
= ( 0.48 g )   (1) = 0.08 g 2 Density of water ρ = 12
 6 . g/cc
= 0.08 × (10) = 8 J 2 Mass of each cubic metre
1.2 × 10−3
1 2 m=
2. (b) Now, s = ut + at (10−2 )3
2
1 = 1.2 × 103 kg
s = 0 + × 2 × 10 × 10
2 1
∴ Kinetic energy = mv 2
s = 100 m 2
Hence, work done 1
= × 1.2 × 103 × ( 2)2 = 2.4 kJ
W = F ×s 2
W = ma × s 8. (c) When the ball is released from the top of tower, then
∴ W = 50 × 2 × 100 ratio of distance covered by the ball in first, second and
W = 10000 = 104 J third seconds is
hI : hII : hIII = 1: 3 : 5 [because hn ∝ ( 2n − 1)]
3. (b) In stable equilibrium, the centre of gravity of object,
∴ Ratio of work done
lies at minimum height from ground. As the object is given
a slight push, its centre of gravity rises because it comes mghI : mghII : mghIII = 1: 3 : 5
2
in unstable equilibrium. F
9. (c)W =
4. (a) Total mass of the shell = 20 kg 2k
1
Ratio of the masses of the fragments = 2 : 3 If both springs are stretched by same force, thenW ∝
K
∴ Masses of the fragments are 8 kg and 12 kg. Now,
As K1 > K 2
according to the conservation of momentum
Therefore,W1 > W2
m1v1 = m2v 2
∴ 8 × 6 = 12 × v i.e. more work is done in case of second spring.

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