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06_Business Process Modeling_Part3_DFD

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15 views23 pages

06_Business Process Modeling_Part3_DFD

Uploaded by

vhare457
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Business Process Modeling - DFD

Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
 After this chapter, you will be able to:
• Explain data flow diagrams
• Draw the four basic data flow diagram symbols
• Explain the six guidelines used when drawing data flow diagrams
• Draw context diagrams
Data Flow Diagrams
 Systems analysts use graphical techniques to describe an information system
• Data flow diagram (DFD)
- Uses various symbols to show how the system transforms input data into
useful information
- Shows how data moves through an information system but does not show
program logic or processing steps
Data Flow Diagram Symbols (1 of 9)
 Four basic symbols represent processes, data flows, data stores, and entities

FIGURE 5-1 Data flow


diagram symbols, symbol
names, and examples of the
Gane and Sarson and
Yourdon symbol sets
Data Flow Diagram Symbols (2 of 9)
 Process symbols
• Process receives input data and produces output
• Contains business logic that transforms the data
• Process name identifies a specific function
• In DFDs, a process symbol can be referred to as a black box
Data Flow Diagram Symbols (3 of 9)

 Data flow symbols


• Line with a single or
double arrowhead

FIGURE 5-3 Examples of


correct combinations of
data flow and process
symbols
Data Flow Diagram Symbols (4 of 9)
 Data flow and process combinations that must be avoided
• Spontaneous generation
• Black holes
• Gray holes

FIGURE 5-4 Examples of incorrect combinations of data flow and


process symbols. APPLY INSURANCE PREMIUM has no input
and is called a spontaneous generation process. CALCULATE
GROSS PAY has no outputs and is called a black hole process.
CALCULATE GRADE has an input that is obviously unable to
produce the output. This process is called a gray hole.
Data Flow Diagram Symbols (5 of 9)
 Data store symbol
• Represent data that the system stores
• DFD does not show the detailed contents of a data store
- Specific structure and data elements are defined in the data dictionary
• A data store must be connected to a process with a data flow
Data Flow Diagram Symbols (6 of 9)
 Entity symbol
• Shows how the system interfaces with the outside world
• DFD shows only external entities that provide data to the system or receive
output
- DFD entities also are called terminators because they are data origins or
final destinations
- Source and sink entities
Data Flow Diagram Symbols (7 of 9)

FIGURE 5-7 Examples of correct uses of external entities in a data flow diagram.
Data Flow Diagram Symbols (8 of 9)
Data Flow Diagram Symbols (8 of 9)

FIGURE 5-8 Examples of incorrect uses of external entities. An external entity must be connected
by a data flow to a process, and not directly to a data store or to another external entity.
Data Flow Diagram Symbols (9 of 9)

 Using DFD symbols

FIGURE 5-9 Examples of correct


and incorrect uses of data flows.
Data Flow Diagram Symbols (9 of 9)

 Using DFD symbols

FIGURE 5-9 Examples of correct


and incorrect uses of data flows.
Drawing Data Flow Diagrams (1 of 2)
 Graphical model is created based on fact-finding results
• Review guidelines for drawing DFDs
• Apply guidelines and create a set of DFDs
Drawing Data Flow Diagrams (2 of 2)
 Guidelines
• Draw the context diagram so that it fits on one page
• Use the name of the information system as the process name in the context
diagram
• Use unique names within each set of symbols
• Do not cross lines
• Provide a unique name and reference number for each process
• Ensure that the model is accurate, easy to understand, and meets the needs of
its users
Drawing a Context Diagram
 First step in constructing a set of DFDs

FIGURE 5-11 Context


diagram DFD for an order
system.
Drawing a Diagram 0 DFD

 Shows the detail inside the black box

FIGURE 5-13 Diagram 0


DFD for the order
system.
Drawing Lower-Level DFDs (1 of 5)

 Leveling and balancing techniques are used

FIGURE 5-14 Diagram 1


DFD shows details of the
FILLORDER process in
the order system
Drawing Lower-Level DFDs (2 of 5)

FIGURE 5-15 This diagram


does not show the symbols
that connect to data flows
entering or leaving FILL
ORDER on the context
diagram.
Drawing Lower-Level DFDs (3 of 5)

FIGURE 5-16 The order system diagram 0 is


shown at the top of the figure, and exploded
diagram 3 DFD (for the APPLY PAYMENT
process) is shown at the bottom. The two DFDs
are balanced because the child diagram at the
bottom has the same input and output flows as
the parent process 3 shown at the top.
Drawing Lower-Level DFDs (4 of 5)

FIGURE 5-17 Example of a parent DFD diagram, showing process 0 as a black box.
Drawing Lower-Level DFDs (5 of 5)

FIGURE 5-18 In the next level of detail, the process 0 black box reveals three processes, two data
stores, and four internal data flows — all of which are shown inside the dashed line.

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