Unit 5 Analysis and Design of Doubly Reinforced sections (LSM)

The RCC beams in which the steel reinforcement is placed in the tension as well as compression zone
are called as doubly reinforced beams. The moment of resistance of a balanced RCC beam of
dimension b x d is Rbd2. Sometimes due to head room constraints or architectural considerations the
size of the beam is restricted and the same beam (b x d) is required to resist a moment greater than
Rbd2. There are only two ways in which it can be done.

1. By using an over reinforced section.

2. By using a doubly reinforced section.

The option 1 is not good choice because over reinforced sections are uneconomical and the failure of
these beam is sudden without warning. Therefore it is better to use doubly reinforced beam section in
such circumstances. The extra steel provided in the tension and compression zone constitutes, the
additional moment of resistance (greater than Rbd2) required.

Necessity of doubly reinforced section

1. When the dimensions (b x d) of the beam are restricted due to any constraints like availability
of head room, architectural or space considerations and the moment of resistance of singly
reinforced beam section is less than the external moment.
2. When the external loads may occur on either face of the member i.e. the loads are alternating
or reversing and may cause tension on both faces of the member.
3. When the loads are eccentric.
4. When the beam is subjected to accidental or sudden lateral loads.
5. In case of continuous beams or slabs the section at supports are generally designed as doubly
reinforced sections.

Analysis of doubly reinforced beam

A doubly reinforced beam has moment of resistance greater than that of balanced section. Therefore a
doubly reinforced beam subjected to moment Mu can be analysed by considering it to consist of two
sections as shown in fig 5.1.

Fig 5.1Doubly Reinforced Section

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)
(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 1
Section 1: Section 1 consists of singly reinforced balanced section having area of steel Ast1 and
moment of resistance Mulim.

Section 2: Section 2 consists of compression steel Asc and additional tensile steel Ast2 corresponding to
Asc. The moment of resistance of this section is Mu2.

= +

Let us consider a doubly reinforced beam shown in fig 5.2.

Fig 5.2

= width of beam

= depth of neutral axis

= effective depth of beam

!"# = stress in compression steel

$
= effective cover to compression steel

!## = stress in concrete at the level of steel

%"# = area of compression steel

%"& = area of tension steel

Depth of neutral axis ( xu)

The depth NA of a doubly reinforced beam section is obtained by equating the total compression and
total tension.

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 2
Total compression = C1 + C2

C1 is the force carried by the concrete area

C2 is the compressive force carried by compression steel Asc

'( = 0.36 !#- . .

' = !"# . %"# − !## . %"#

The term !## . %"# accounts for loss of concrete area occupied by compression steel

Total compression = 0.36 !#- . . + !"# . %"# − !## . %"# = 0.36 !#- . . + (!"# − !## )%"#

Total tension = 0.87!4 %"&

Now

0.36 !#- . . + (!"# − !## )%"# = 0.87!4 %"&

0.87!4 %"& − (!"# − !## )%"#

=
0.36 !#- .

Since !## is very small as compared to !"# , it can be neglected.

0.87!4 %"& − !"# %"#

=
0.36 !#- .

Moment of resistance

The moment of resistance of a doubly reinforced beam is obtained from stress diagrams as shown in
fig 5.3.

Fig 5.3

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 3
Fig 5.3 b gives the limiting moment of resistance i.e Mulim corresponding to section 1 fig 5.1.

= '( × Lever arm

= 0.36 !#- . . × ( − 0.42 )

Fig 5.3 c gives the additional moment of resistance Mu2 corresponding to section 1 fig 5.1.

= ' × Lever arm

= !"# . %"# − !## . %"# × ( − $)

= (!"# − !## )%"# × ( − $)

= +

= 0.36 !#- . . × ( − 0.42 ) + (!"# − !## )%"# × ( − $)

If loss of concrete area is neglected then

= 0.36 !#- . . × ( − 0.42 ) + !"# %"# × ( − $)

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 4
Procedure to find out the moment of resistance of the given section

Given data

Step 1 Calculate design constant

Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (!#- ) =? (Depends on grade of concrete)

Characteristic tesnile strength of steel (!4 ) =? (Depends on grade of steel)

Limiting values of the depth of neutral axis = @ =? (ABCD EF: HI, KL MNO: PIII)
>?

Step 2 Calculate stress in compression steel (fsc) (Clause no: G-1.2, Page no: 96, IS 456:2000)

0.0035( − $
)
strain = =?
>?
>?

Fig 5.4 stress in compression steel (fsc)

OR

For mild steel reinforcement fsc would be equal to the design yield stress of 0.87fy .When the
reinforcement is cold worked deformed bars, the design stress in compression reinforcement fsc for
different values of d’/d up to 0.2 will be as given in table 5.1.

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 5
 Table 5.1 Stress in compression reinforcement (SP: 16-1980, Page no: 13)

Step 3 Calculate depth of neutral axis (xu)

0.87!4 %"& − !"# %"#

=
0.36 !#- .

Step 4 Calculate limiting depth of neutral axis (xumax)

→ =?
>?
>?

Step 5 Calculate moment of resistance (Mu)

If

< >? − under reinforced section

= 0.36 !#- . . × ( − 0.42 ) + !"# %"# × ( − $)

> >? − over reinforced section

= 0.36 !#- . . >? × ( − 0.42 >? ) + !"# %"# ×( − $)

Numerical problem

1. Determine the factor moment of resistance of a beam 230mm x 460mm (effective). The beam
is reinforced with 2-16mm dia bars on compression side and 4-20mm dia bars on tension
side. The compression bars are placed at a distance of 40mm from top. Use M20 concrete
and Fe415 steel.

Given data

Width of beam = = 230mm

Effective depth = = 460mm

Depth of compression reinforcement from compression face = $

= 40mm

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 6
 X
Area of compression reinforcement = %"# = 2 × × 16 = 402ZZ
4
X
Area of tension reinforcement = %"& = 4 × × 20 = 1256ZZ
4
M20 Grade of concrete and Fe415 Grade of steel.

Step 1 Calculate design constant

Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (!#- ) = 20[/ZZ

Characteristic tesnile strength of steel (!4 ) = 415[/ZZ

Limiting values of the depth of neutral axis = @ = 0.48(ABCD EF: HI, KL MNO: PIII)
>?

Step 2 Calculate stress in compression steel (fsc)

0.0035( − $
) 0.0035 × (220.8 − 40)
strain = = = 2.87 × 10]^ = 0.00287 ≅ 0.003
>?
>? 220.8

` = 0.48 → = 0.48 × 460 = 220.8ZZa

>?
>?

!"# = 0.85!4 = 0.85 × 415 = 352.75[/ZZ ≅ 353[/ZZ (From Graph 23A of IS 456:2000,
page no: 70)

OR from (Table F, Page no: 13 SP: 16-1980)

$
40
= = 0.09 ≅ 0.1
460

!"# = 353[/ZZ

Step 3 Calculate depth of neutral axis (xu)

0.87!4 %"& − !"# %"# 0.87 × 415 × 1256 − 353 × 402

= = = 188.15ZZ
0.36 !#- . 0.36 × 20 × 230

Step 4 Calculate limiting depth of neutral axis (xumax)

= 0.48 → = 0.48 × 460 = 220.8ZZ

>?
>?

Step 5 Calculate moment of resistance (Mu)

< >? − under reinforced section

= 0.36 !#- . . × ( − 0.42 ) + !"# %"# × ( − $)

= 0.36 × 20 × 230 × 188.15 × (460 − 0.42 × 188.15) + 353 × 402 × (460 − 40)

= 178.3 × 10c [ − ZZ = 178.3d[ − Z

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 7
2. Determine the factor moment of resistance of a beam 300mm x 450mm (effective). The beam
is reinforced with 2-20mm dia bars on compression side and 4-25mm dia bars on tension
side. The compression bars are placed at a distance of 50mm from top. Use M20 concrete
and Fe415 steel.

Given data

Width of beam = = 300mm

Effective depth = = 450mm

Depth of compression reinforcement from compression face = $

= 50mm
X
Area of compression reinforcement = %"# = 2 × × 20 = 628ZZ
4
X
Area of tension reinforcement = %"& = 4 × × 25 = 1964ZZ
4
M20 Grade of concrete and Fe415 Grade of steel.

Step 1 Calculate design constant

Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (!#- ) = 20[/ZZ

Characteristic tesnile strength of steel (!4 ) = 415[/ZZ

Limiting values of the depth of neutral axis = @ = 0.48(ABCD EF: HI, KL MNO: PIII)
>?

Step 2 Calculate stress in compression steel (fsc)

0.0035( − $
) 0.0035 × (216 − 50)
strain = = = 2.69 × 10]^ = 0.00269 ≅ 0.003
>?
>? 216

` = 0.48 → = 0.48 × 450 = 216ZZa

>?
>?

!"# = 0.85!4 = 0.85 × 415 = 352.75[/ZZ ≅ 353[/ZZ (From Graph 23A of IS 456:2000,
page no: 70)

OR from (Table F, Page no: 13 SP: 16-1980)

$
50
= = 0.1
450

!"# = 353[/ZZ

Step 3 Calculate depth of neutral axis (xu)

0.87!4 %"& − !"# %"# 0.87 × 415 × 1964 − 353 × 628

= = = 225.66ZZ
0.36 !#- . 0.36 × 20 × 300

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 8
Step 4 Calculate limiting depth of neutral axis (xumax)

= 0.48 → = 0.48 × 450 = 216ZZ

>?
>?

Step 5 Calculate moment of resistance (Mu)

> >? − over reinforced section

= 0.36 !#- . . >? × ( − 0.42 >? ) + !"# %"# ×( − $)

= 0.36 × 20 × 300 × 216 × (450 − 0.42 × 216) + 353 × 628 × (450 − 50)

= 256.3 × 10c [ − ZZ = 256.3d[ − Z

Design of Doubly Reinforced beam

Given data Assume data

Step 1 Calculate design constant

Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (!#- ) =? (Depends on grade of concrete)

Characteristic tesnile strength of steel (!4 ) =? (Depends on grade of steel)

Limiting values of the depth of neutral axis = @ =? (ABCD EF: HI, KL MNO: PIII)
>?

Step 2 Calculate effective depth (d) (Clause no: 23.2.1, Page no 37, IS 456:2000)

Span(f)
= for cantilever beam
7
Span(f)
= for simply supported beam
20
Span(f)
= for continuous beam
26
hijk(l)
**To start with, the effective depth of beam can be assumed as = (m &n ( **

dia of reinforcement
Overall depth = p = + clear cover + =?
2
1 1
Width ( ) = to of the depth
2 3

Step 3 Calculate effective span (Leff) (Clause no: 22.2, Page no 34, IS 456:2000)

q) frss = clear span (f) + =?

qq) frss = centre to centre distance between the supports =?

Whichever is less.

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 9
Step 4 Calculate Design load (wu) and Factored moment (Mu)

Design load = t = 1.5upf + ffv

(1.5 is the partial safety factor for loads, Table 18, Page no: 68, IS 456: 2000)

pf = Dead load or self weight of structure = × p × Unit weight of RCC

(**Unit weight of RCC taken as 25KN/m3)

ff = Live load or imposed load

t frss
Factored bending moment = = for simply supported beam
8

t frss
Factored bending moment = = for cantilever beam
2
Step 5 Calculate limiting moment (Mulim)

= 0.36!#- =1 − 0.42 @ =?
>? >?

(|}B~•D EF: € − •. • (‚), ABCD EF: ƒO, KL MNO: PIII)

q! < → singly reinforced beam

q! > → Doubly reinforced beam

Step 6 Calculate minimum effective depth required (dreq)

= = 0.36!#- =1 − 0.42 @
>? >?

(|}B~•D EF: € − •. • (‚), ABCD EF: ƒO, KL MNO: PIII)

„r… < hence ok

Step 7 Calculate area of compression steel (Asc) (Clause no:G-1.2, Page no:96,IS456:2000)

− = !"# %"# × ( − $)

−
%"# = =?
!"# × ( − $)

0.0035( − $
)
strain = =?
>?
>?

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 10
 Fig 5.5 stress in compression steel (fsc)

OR

For mild steel reinforcement fsc would be equal to the design yield stress of 0.87fy .When the
reinforcement is cold worked deformed bars, the design stress in compression reinforcement fsc for
different values of d’/d up to 0.2 will be as given in table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Stress in compression reinforcement (SP: 16-1980, Page no: 13)

ˆ
Area of one bar %∅ = ‰ × qŠ ‹! ŠŒ =?

•Ž•
Number of bars = =?
•∅

Provide:

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 11
Actual (%"# )•„n‘ ’r’ =?

Step 8 Calculate area of steel (Ast) (Clause no:G-1.2, Page no:96,IS456:2000)

%"& = %"&( + %"& =?

0.5!#- 4.6
%"&( = “1 − ”1 − • =?
!4 !#-

%"# × !"#
%"& =
0.87!4
ˆ
Area of one bar %∅ = ‰ × qŠ ‹! ŠŒ =?

•Ž–
Number of bars = =?
•∅

Provide:

Actual (%"& )•„n‘ ’r’ =?

Step 9 Design for shear (|}B~•D EF: MI, ABCD EF: HP, KL MNO: PIII)

t frss
Design shear force = — = ˜ ™ = for simply supported beam
2

Design shear force = — = št frss › = for cantilever beam

—
Nominal shear stress = •‘ = =? (|}B~•D EF: MI. •, ABCD EF: HP, KL MNO: PIII)

100(%"& )•„n‘ ’r’

Percentage of steel = ž& = =?

Design shear strength of concrete = •# =? (Ÿ F¡ ¢B£}D EF •ƒ, ABCD EF: H¤, KL MNO: PIII)

Maximum shear stress = •# >? =? (Ÿ F¡ ¢B£}D EF PI, ABCD EF: H¤, KL MNO: PIII)

If

•‘ < •#
→ minimum shear reinforcement is required(|}B~•D EF: MI. ¤, ABCD EF: HP, KL MNO: PIII)

%"‘ 0.4
= → §‘ =? (|}B~•D EF: PO. N. •. O, ABCD EF: M¨, KL MNO: PIII)
§‘ 0.87!4

If

•‘ > •# → shear reinforcement is required(|}B~•D EF: MI. M, ABCD EF: HP, KL MNO: PIII)

0.87!4 %"‘
—" = (|}B~•D EF: MI. M (B), ABCD EF: H¤, KL MNO: PIII)
§‘

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 12
— " = — − •#

Check for spacing(|}B~•D EF: PO. N. •. N, ABCD EF: MH, KL MNO: PIII)

0.75 =? , Calulatedvalue =? Š© 300ZZ

Provide:

Step 10 Check for deflection

100(%"& )•„n‘ ’r’

Percentage of steel = ž& = =?

(%"& )ª«¬-®¯«°
Steel stress of service = !" = 0.58!4 =? (Ÿ³C EF: M, ABCD EF: ¤¨, KL MNO: PIII)
(%"& )i¯±²®°«°

Modi´ication factor for tension reinforcement = d& =? (Ÿ³C EF: M, ABCD EF: ¤¨, KL MNO: PIII)

100(%"# )•„n‘ ’r’

Percentage of compression steel = ž# = =?

Modi´ication factor for compression reinforcement = d# =?

(Ÿ³C EF: N, ABCD EF: ¤ƒ, KL MNO: PIII)

frss
˜ ™ = 20 × d& × d# for simply supported beam
>?

frss
˜ ™ = 7 × d& × d# for cantilever beam
>?

frss
˜ ™ = 26 × d& × d# for continuous beam
>?

frss
˜ ™ =?
•„n‘ ’r’

frss frss
˜ ™ >˜ ™ → Hence ok
>? •„n‘ ’r’

Step 11 Check for development length(f’ ) (|}B~•D EF: PO. P. •, ABCD EF: MP, KL MNO: PIII)

0.87∅!4
f’ = =? (|}B~•D EF: PO. P. •, ABCD EF: MP, KL MNO: PIII)
4•¶’

∅ = nominal diameter of the bar

•¶’ = Design bond stress (|}B~•D EF: PO. P. •. •, ABCD EF: M¤, KL MNO: PIII)

%"& !4
( = 0.87!4 %"& ·1 − ¸ =? (|}B~•D EF: € − •. • (£), ABCD EF: ƒO, KL MNO: PIII)
!#-

Here %"& = area of steel at support

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 13
Design shear force = — =?

fm = Anchorage length = 16∅ for U hook

fm = Anchorage length = 8∅ for L hook

+ fm =? (|}B~•D EF: PO. P. ¤. ¤, ABCD EF: MM, KL MNO: PIII)

(
—

q! + fm > f’ → Hence ok
(
—

Numerical problem

1. Design a rectangular beam 230mmX600mm over effective span of 5m. The superimposed
load on the beam is 50KN/m. Effective cover to reinforcement is taken as 50mm. Use M20
concrete and Fe415 steel.

Given data Assume data

Width = = 230mm Dia of tension reinforcement =25mm

Overall depth = p = 600mm $

= 50mm

Effective span = frss = 5m Dia of compression reinforcement =16mm

superimposed load on the beam = ff = 50KN/m. Dia of stirrup=8mm

Effective cover to reinforcement = 50mm.

M20 Grade of concrete and Fe415 Grade of steel.

Step 1 Calculate design constant

Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (!#- ) = 20[/ZZ (As grade of concrete is M20)

Characteristic tesnile strength of steel (!4 ) = 415 [/ZZ (As grade of steel is Fe415)

Limiting values of the depth of neutral axis = @ = 0.48 (As !4 = 415 [/ZZ )
>?

(ABCD EF: HI, KL MNO: PIII)

Step 2 Calculate effective depth (d)

= p − effective cover = 600 − 50 = 550ZZ

Step 3 Calculate effective span (Leff)

frss = 5m

Step 4 Calculate Design load (wu) and Factored moment (Mu)

Design load = t = 1.5upf + ffv = 1.5u3.45 + 50v = 80.175d[/Z

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 14
pf = × p × Unit weight of RCC = 0.230 × 0.600 × 25 = 3.45d[/Z

t frss 80.175 × 5
Factored bending moment = = = = 251 × 10c N − mm
8 8

Step 5 Calculate limiting moment (Mulim)

= 0.36!#- =1 − 0.42 @
>? >?

(|}B~•D EF: € − •. • (‚), ABCD EF: ƒO, KL MNO: PIII)

= 0.36 × 20 × 0.48(1 − 0.42 × 0.48)230 × 550 = 192 × 10c N − mm

As > → Doubly reinforced beam

Step 6 Calculate area of compression steel (Asc) (Clause no:G-1.2, Page no:96,IS456:2000)

− = !"# %"# × ( − $)

− 251 × 10c − 192 × 10c

%"# = = = 334ZZ
!"# × ( − $) 353 × (550 − 50)

0.0035( − $
) 0.0035(264 − 50)
strain = = = 2.84 × 10]^ = 0.00284 ≅ 0.003
>?
>? 264

` = 0.48 → = 0.48 × 550 = 264ZZa

>?
>?

!"# = 0.85!4 = 0.85 × 415 = 352.75[/ZZ ≅ 353[/ZZ (From Graph 23A of IS 456:2000,
page no: 70)

OR from (Table F, Page no: 13 SP: 16-1980)

$
50
= = 0.09 ≅ 0.1
550

!"# = 353[/ZZ
ˆ
Area of one bar %∅ = ‰ × 16 = 201ZZ

•Ž• ^^‰
Number of bars = •∅
= m(
= 1.66 ≅ 2

Provide 2-16mm dia bars

Actual (%"# )•„n‘ ’r’ = 2 × 201 = 402ZZ

Step 8 Calculate area of steel (Ast) (Clause no:G-1.2, Page no:96,IS456:2000)

%"& = %"&( + %"& = 1206 + 393 = 1599ZZ

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 15
 0.5!#- 4.6
%"&( = “1 − ”1 − •
!4 !#-

0.5 × 20 4.6 × 192 × 10c

%"&( = “1 − ”1 − • 230 × 550 = 1206ZZ
415 20 × 230 × 550

%"# × !"# 402 × 353

%"& = = = 393ZZ
0.87!4 0.87 × 415
ˆ
Area of one bar %∅ = ‰ × 25 = 490.8ZZ

•Ž– (º»»
Number of bars = = ‰»m.¼ = 3.25 ≅ 4
•∅

Provide 4-25mm dia bars

Actual (%"& )•„n‘ ’r’ = 4 × 490.8 = 1963ZZ

Step 9 Design for shear (|}B~•D EF: MI, ABCD EF: HP, KL MNO: PIII)

t frss 80.175 × 5
Design shear force = — = ˜ ™= = 200d[ = 200 × 10^ [
2 2

— 200 × 10^
Nominal shear stress = •‘ = = = 1.6[/ZZ
230 × 550
(|}B~•D EF: MI. •, ABCD EF: HP, KL MNO: PIII)

100(%"& )•„n‘ ’r’ 100 × 1963

Percentage of steel = ž& = = = 1.55
230 × 550

ž& •# ([⁄ZZ )
1.50 ( ( ) 0.72(¾( )
1.75( ) 0.75(¾ )
1.55( ) •# = ¾ = ?
¾ − ¾(
Design shear strength of concrete •# = ¾ = ¾( + ×( − ()
− (
0.75 − 0.72
= 0.72 + × (1.55 − 1.50)
1.75 − 1.50
= 0.73[/ZZ (Ÿ F¡ ¢B£}D EF •ƒ, ABCD EF: H¤, KL MNO: PIII)

Maximum shear stress = •# >? = 2.8[/ZZ (Ÿ F¡ ¢B£}D EF PI, ABCD EF: H¤, KL MNO: PIII)

As

•‘ > •# → shear reinforcement is required(|}B~•D EF: MI. M, ABCD EF: HP, KL MNO: PIII)

0.87!4 %"‘
—" = (|}B~•D EF: MI. M (B), ABCD EF: H¤, KL MNO: PIII)
§‘

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 16
 0.87 × 415 × 100.5 × 550
§‘ = = 185ZZ
107.67 × 10^

— " = — − •# = 200 × 10^ − 0.73 × 230 × 550 = 107.65 × 10^ [

X
Area of 2 − legged stirrups = %"‘ = 2 × × 8 = 100ZZ (using 8mm dia 2 − legged stirrups)
4

§‘ = Spacing of stirrups along the length of the member

Check for spacing(|}B~•D EF: PO. N. •. N, ABCD EF: MH, KL MNO: PIII)

0.75 = 0.75 × 550 = 413ZZ, Calulated value = 185ZZ Š© 300ZZ

Provide 8mm dia 2-legged stirrup @ 180mm c/c.

Step 10 Check for deflection

100(%"& )•„n‘ ’r’ 100 × 1963

Percentage of steel = ž& = = = 1.55
230 × 550
(%"& )ª«¬-®¯«° 1599
Steel stress of service = !" = 0.58!4 = 0.58 × 415 × = 196[/ZZ
(%"& )i¯±²®°«° 1963

(Ÿ³C EF: M, ABCD EF: ¤¨, KL MNO: PIII)

Modi´ication factor = d& = 0.9(Ÿ³C EF: M, ABCD EF: ¤¨, KL MNO: PIII)

100(%"# )•„n‘ ’r’ 100 × 402

Percentage of compression steel = ž# = = = 0.32
230 × 550

Modi´ication factor = d# = 1.09(Ÿ³C EF: N, ABCD EF: ¤ƒ, KL MNO: PIII)

frss
˜ ™ = 20 × d& × d# = 20 × 0.9 × 1.09 = 19.62
>?

frss 5000
˜ ™ = = 9.09
•„n‘ ’r’ 550

frss frss
˜ ™ >˜ ™ → Hence ok
>? •„n‘ ’r’

Step 11 Check for development length(f’ ) (|}B~•D EF: PO. P. •, ABCD EF: MP, KL MNO: PIII)

0.87∅!4 0.87 × 25 × 415

f’ = = = 1175ZZ(|}B~•D EF: PO. P. •, ABCD EF: MP, KL MNO: PIII)
4•¶’ 4 × 1.92

∅ = nominal diameter of the bar = 25mm

•¶’ = Design bond stress (|}B~•D EF: PO. P. •. •, ABCD EF: M¤, KL MNO: PIII)

60
•¶’ = 1.2 + ˜1.2 × ™ = 1.92 [⁄ZZ
100

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 17
 %"& !4 1963 × 415
= 0.87!4 %"& ·1 − ¸ = 0.87 × 415 × 1963 × 550 ˜1 − ™
(
!#- 230 × 550 × 20
= 264 × 10c N − mm(|}B~•D EF: € − •. • (£), ABCD EF: ƒO, KL MNO: PIII)

Here %"& = area of steel at support = 1963mm

— = 200 × 10^ [

fm = Anchorage length = 16∅ = 16 × 25 = 400(for U hook)

264 × 10c
+ fm = + 400 = 1720ZZ(|}B~•D EF: PO. P. ¤. ¤, ABCD EF: MM, KL MNO: PIII)
(
— 200 × 10^

+ fm > f’ → Hence ok
(
—

Design Summary

Width (b) = 230mm, Effective depth (d) =550mm, Overall depth (D) = 600mm

Tension reinforcement = 4-25mm dia bars of Fe415 grade

Compression reinforcement = 2-16mm dia

Shear Stirrups = 8mm dia 2-legged stirrup @ 180mm c/c.

Fig 5.6 Reinforcement details

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 18
2. An RCC beam 230mm X 500mm effective is subjected to a factored moment of 200KN-m.
Find the reinforcement required. Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.

Given data Assume data

= 230mm $
= 50mm

= 500mm dia of tension reinforcement =20mm

= 200 d[ − m = 200 × 10c N − mm dia of compression reinforcement =16mm

M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.

Step 1 Calculate design constant

Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (!#- ) = 20[/ZZ (As grade of concrete is M20)

Characteristic tesnile strength of steel (!4 ) = 415 [/ZZ (As grade of steel is Fe415)

Limiting values of the depth of neutral axis = @ = 0.48 (As !4 = 415 [/ZZ )
>?

(ABCD EF: HI, KL MNO: PIII)

Step 2 Calculate limiting moment (Mulim)

= 0.36!#- =1 − 0.42 @
>? >?

(|}B~•D EF: € − •. • (‚), ABCD EF: ƒO, KL MNO: PIII)

= 0.36 × 20 × 0.48(1 − 0.42 × 0.48)230 × 500 = 158.65 × 10c N − mm

> → Doubly reinforced beam

Step 3 Calculate area of compression steel (Asc) (Clause no:G-1.2, Page no:96,IS456:2000)

− = !"# %"# × ( − $)

− 200 × 10c − 158.65 × 10c

%"# = = = 260ZZ
!"# × ( − $) 353 × (500 − 50)

0.0035( − $
) 0.0035(240 − 50)
strain = = = 2.77 × 10]^ = 0.00277 ≅ 0.003
>?
>? 240

` = 0.48 → = 0.48 × 500 = 240ZZa

>?
>?

!"# = 0.85!4 = 0.85 × 415 = 352.75[/ZZ ≅ 353[/ZZ (From Graph 23A of IS 456:2000,
page no: 70)
ˆ
Area of one bar %∅ = ‰ × 16 = 201ZZ

•Ž• cm
Number of bars = •∅
= m(
= 1.3 ≅ 2

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 19
Provide 2-16mmdia bars

Actual (%"# )•„n‘ ’r’ = 2 × 201 = 402ZZ

Step 4 Calculate area of steel (Ast) (Clause no:G-1.2, Page no:96,IS456:2000)

%"& = %"&( + %"& = 1096 + 393 = 1489ZZ

0.5!#- 4.6
%"&( = “1 − ”1 − •
!4 !#-

0.5 × 20 4.6 × 158.65 × 10c

%"&( = “1 − ”1 − • 230 × 500 = 1096ZZ
415 20 × 230 × 500

%"# × !"# 402 × 353

%"& = = = 393ZZ
0.87!4 0.87 × 415
ˆ
Area of one bar %∅ = ‰ × 20 = 314ZZ

•Ž– (‰¼»
Number of bars = = = 4.7 ≅ 5
•∅ ^(‰

Provide 5-20mm dia bars

Actual (%"& )•„n‘ ’r’ = 5 × 314 = 1570ZZ

3. An RCC beam 250mm X 550mm effective is subjected to a factored moment of 300KN-m.

Find the reinforcement required. Use M20 concrete and Fe250 steel. Assume d’=50mm.

Given data Assume data

= 250mm dia of compression reinforcement =16mm

= 550mm dia of tension reinforcement =25mm

$
= 50mm

= 300 d[ − m = 300 × 10c N − mm

M20 concrete and Fe250 steel.

Step 1 Calculate design constant

Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (!#- ) = 20[/ZZ (As grade of concrete is M20)

Characteristic tesnile strength of steel (!4 ) = 250 [/ZZ (As grade of steel is Fe250)

Limiting values of the depth of neutral axis = @ = 0.53 (As !4 = 250 [/ZZ )
>?

(ABCD EF: HI, KL MNO: PIII)

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 20
Step 2 Calculate limiting moment (Mulim)

= 0.36!#- =1 − 0.42 @
>? >?

(|}B~•D EF: € − •. • (‚), ABCD EF: ƒO, KL MNO: PIII)

= 0.36 × 20 × 0.53(1 − 0.42 × 0.53)250 × 550 = 224.34 × 10c N − mm

> → Doubly reinforced beam

Step 3 Calculate area of compression steel (Asc) (Clause no:G-1.2, Page no:96,IS456:2000)

− = !"# %"# × ( − $)

− 300 × 10c − 224.34 × 10c

%"# = = = 695ZZ
!"# × ( − $) 217.5 × (550 − 50)

!"# = 0.87!4 = 0.87 × 250 = 217.5[/ZZ (As Grade of steel Fe250i. e mild steel)
ˆ
Area of one bar %∅ = ‰ × 16 = 201ZZ

•Ž• c»º
Number of bars = = = 3.4 ≅ 4
•∅ m(

Provide 4-16mm dia bars

Actual (%"# )•„n‘ ’r’ = 4 × 201 = 804ZZ

Step 4 Calculate area of steel (Ast) (Clause no:G-1.2, Page no:96,IS456:2000)

%"& = %"&( + %"& = 2399 + 804 = 3203ZZ ( page 96 as per IS 456: 2000)

0.5!#- 4.6
%"&( = “1 − ”1 − •
!4 !#-

0.5 × 20 4.6 × 224.34 × 10c

%"&( = “1 − ”1 − • 250 × 550 = 2399ZZ
250 20 × 250 × 550

%"# × !"# 804 × 217.5

%"& = = = 804ZZ
0.87!4 0.87 × 250
ˆ
Area of one bar %∅ = ‰ × 25 = 490.8ZZ

•Ž– ^ m^
Number of bars = •∅
= ‰»m
= 6.52 ≅ 7

Provide 7-25mm dia bars

Actual (%"& )•„n‘ ’r’ = 7 × 490.8 = 3435.6ZZ

Chinmoy Ranjan Das (M.E. in Water Resources & Hydraulic. Engineering.)

(Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., GIST, Haldia) Page 21