Resonance

Series and Parallel Resonance

 Resonance
• It is the phenomenon that occurs, when the frequency of the supply voltage is
varied in AC circuits
• Resonance occurs only, if the circuit has a inductor and a capacitor
• It finds application in communication engineering for frequency tuning and
frequency discrimination like radio and TV receivers.
• The impedances of inductor and capacitor varies with the frequency of the AC
source.

𝒁𝑳 = 𝒋⍵𝑳 = 𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳 𝒁𝑪 = 𝟏/𝒋⍵𝑪 = 𝟏/𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪

𝒁𝑳 α 𝒇 i.e., X𝑳 α 𝒇 𝒁𝑪 α 𝟏/𝒇 i.e., XC α 𝟏/𝒇

When frequency increases, the inductive reactance (XL) increases and the
capacitive reactance (XC) decreases
 Frequency Vs Reactance
Frequency Vs Capacitive reactance Frequency Vs Inductive reactance
 Series RLC Circuit
𝟏
𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒁 = 𝑹 + 𝒋⍵𝑳 +
𝒋⍵𝑪
𝟏
𝒁 = 𝑹 + 𝒋 (⍵𝑳 − )
⍵𝑪
Impedance is a function of the angular frequency ɷ
When ɷ is varied, at one particular unique frequency, resonance occurs for a circuit
Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive reactances are equal in
magnitude, there by resulting in a purely resistive impedance.
If ɷo is the frequency at which resonance occurs,
1
Imaginary(Z) =0 𝜔𝐿 − =0
𝜔𝐶
At Resonance, ⍵ = ⍵0
1 1
= 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜔𝑜 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐿𝐶 𝐿𝐶
𝟏
𝜔𝑜 = 2π𝑓𝑜 𝒇𝒐 = 𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝝅 𝑳𝑪
Series RLC circuit At Resonant Frequency
𝟏
𝒇𝒐 = 𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝝅 𝑳𝑪

• Impedance becomes purely resistive, thus, Z = R.

• LC series combination acts like a short circuit, and the voltage is across Resistor.
• If the circuit is purely resistive, then the voltage V and the current I are in phase, so that
the power factor is unity
• The magnitude of the impedance Z is minimum and current I becomes maximum

𝑽𝒎
𝑨𝒕 ⍵ = ⍵𝒐 , 𝒁=𝑹 C𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰 =
𝑹
 Impedance in a Series Resonance Circuit Series Circuit Current at Resonance

Note that when the capacitive reactance dominates the circuit the impedance curve has a hyperbolic
shape to itself, but when the inductive reactance dominates the circuit, the curve is non-symmetrical due
to the linear response of XL.
 Series RLC circuit - Power At Resonance
P𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑅𝐿𝐶 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑃 = 𝐼2𝑅
𝑉𝑚
At resonance, the power dissipated reaches maximum when 𝐼 =
𝑅

Power at Resonance that occurs at ɷo

At certain frequencies ω = ω1, ω2, the dissipated power is half the maximum value
ω and ω are called the half-power frequencies
1 2
Series RLC circuit - Power At Resonance
2
𝑉𝑚
2
=
𝑅

= = Lower cut off frequency

= = Upper cut off frequency

 Lower cut-off frequency, (ƒL) Upper cut-off frequency, (ƒH)

Solving for ω
Solving for ω
 Series RLC circuit - Band width

Bandwidth B, which is defined as the difference between the two half-power frequencies

𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝐵= + =
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿

Also
,
 Series RLC circuit - Quality Factor Q
The “sharpness” of the resonance in a resonant circuit is measured quantitatively by the quality factor Q.

The quality factor relates the maximum or peak energy stored to the energy dissipated in the circuit per cycle of oscillation

Also bandwidth

The quality factor of a resonant circuit is the ratio of its resonant frequency to its bandwidth.
The selectivity of an RLC circuit is the ability of the circuit to respond to a certain frequency
and discriminate against all other frequencies.
Higher the value of Q, the more selectivity of the circuit and smaller the bandwidth.

For Q >10, the approximate value of half power frequencies can be

 Problem:
A series-connected circuit has R = 4 Ω & and L = 25 mH. (a) Calculate the value of C that will produce a quality factor
of 50. (b) Find ω1, ω2 and B. (c) Determine the average power dissipated at ω = ω0, ω1, ω2. Take Vm = 100 V.
Solution:
R = 4 Ω, L = 25 mH Q = 50 Vm=100V

𝑄𝑅 50𝑥4
𝜔𝑜 = = = 8000 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝐿 25𝑥10−3

1 1
𝐶= = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟓𝝁𝑭
𝜔𝑜𝑄𝑅 8000𝑥50𝑥4
160
B=4/25=8000/50 𝜔1 = 8000 − = 𝟕𝟗𝟐𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
B = 160 rad/s 2

160
Q=50 hence Q>10 𝜔2 = 8000 + = 𝟖𝟎𝟖𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅/s
2
Average power dissipated at ω = ω0, ω1, ω2
1002 1002
= = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒌𝑾 = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟓𝐤𝐖
2𝑥4 4𝑥4
 Parallel Resonance

Admittance in parallel circuit is considered

Resonance occurs when the imaginary part of Y is zero

Resonant frequency (same as series Resonance)

At resonance, the parallel LC combination acts like an open circuit, hence current flows
only through R. Hence voltage across the resistor will be maximum at resonance = ImR
 Parallel Resonance parameters
By replacing R, L, and C in the expressions for the series circuit with
1/R, 1/C, and 1/L respectively, Parallel Resonance parameters can be obtained

Half power frequencies

Bandwidth

Quality factor

For circuits with Q>10

Problem