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Very Short Answers

Very short answers urology test

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saleh moh.
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6 views

Very Short Answers

Very short answers urology test

Uploaded by

saleh moh.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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:Here are concise answers to your open-ended questions on urology

.Anatomy and Topography: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

Evaluation: History (symptoms, risk factors), physical exam


.(palpation, percussion)

Testing and Imaging: Urinalysis, blood tests (BUN, creatinine,


.electrolytes), urine culture, imaging (KUB, IVP, US, CT, MRI)

KUB: Plain X-ray of kidneys, ureters, and bladder; indications: kidney


.stones, bladder calculi, large masses. Contraindications: pregnancy

IVP: X-ray after injecting contrast dye; indications: kidney stones,


obstruction, tumors. Contraindications: allergy to contrast, kidney
.failure

Retrograde UP: Dye injected into ureters via cystoscope; indications:


.evaluating obstruction, strictures, reflux

Antegrade UP: Dye injected directly into kidney pelvis via


.percutaneous nephrostomy tube; indications: similar to retrograde

Urethrography: X-ray of urethra after injecting contrast; indications:


.urethral stricture, trauma, foreign bodies

.Instrumental Methods: Cystoscopy, urethroscopy, VCUG

Cystoscopy: Visual examination of bladder and urethra with a


.cystoscope. Indications: hematuria, bladder cancer, strictures

Urethroscopy: Visual examination of urethra with a urethroscope.


.Indications: urethral stricture, trauma, foreign bodies

VCUG: X-ray of bladder and urethra during urination; indications:


.vesicoureteral reflux, voiding dysfunction

.Renal Scintigraphy: Nuclear medicine imaging of kidney function

.CT: Detailed cross-sectional images of abdomen and pelvis

.MRI: Detailed images of soft tissues, useful for tumors, infections

.US: Non-invasive imaging of kidneys, bladder, and prostate

Nuclear Medicine: Assesses kidney function, blood flow, and


.damage

.Hematuria: Blood in urine; microscopic or gross

Evaluation of Hematuria: History, physical exam, urinalysis, imaging,


.cystoscopy
Hydronephrosis: Dilation of renal pelvis and calyces due to
.obstruction

Urinary Incontinence: Involuntary loss of urine. Types: stress, urge,


.overflow, functional, mixed

.Pollakiuria: Frequent urination

.Nocturia: Frequent nighttime urination

.Ischuria: Difficulty initiating urination

.Stranguria: Painful urination

.Polyuria: Excessive urine output

.Oliguria: Decreased urine output

.Anuria: No urine output

Qualitative Changes: Abnormal constituents in urine (e.g., blood,


.protein, pus)

Urolithiasis: Kidney stones. Types: calcium oxalate, uric acid,


.struvite, cystine

Etiology: Genetic factors, dietary factors, metabolic disorders,


.infections

.Clinical Manifestations: Renal colic, hematuria, obstruction

.Diagnosis: Imaging (KUB, IVP, US, CT)

Treatment: Medical expulsive therapy, ESWL, ureteroscopy,


.percutaneous nephrolithotomy, open surgery

.Nephrectomy: Surgical removal of a kidney

.Kidney Anomalies: Dysplasia, agenesis, hypoplasia, ectopia

.Bladder Anomalies: Hypospadias, epispadias, exstrophy

.Ureteral Anomalies: Duplication, ectopia, stricture, reflux

BPH: Enlargement of the prostate gland. Symptoms: urinary


.frequency, urgency, hesitancy, nocturia

.Prostate Cancer: Malignant tumor of the prostate gland

UTI: Infection of the urinary tract. Types: cystitis, pyelonephritis,


.prostatitis, urethritis

.Renal Failure: Decreased kidney function. Types: acute, chronic


Renal Replacement Therapy: Hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis,
.kidney transplantation

I hope this brief overview is helpful. Please let me know if you have
any specific questions or would like a more detailed explanation of
.any topic

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