Building Telecommunication

System
ENGG253
Fundamentals of
Telecommunications Systems
• Telecommunication – it is the
transmission, emission, or reception of
signs, signals, writing, images, sounds, or
information of any nature by wire, radio,
optical, or other electromagnetic systems.
• Telecommunication system – uses
electricity, light (visible and infrared), or
radio waves to transmit signals that carry
voice and data transmissions.
Telecommunications systems maybe
analog or digital.
Telecommunication
Networks
• Telecommunications network – it is a collection of
communication equipment and devices that are
interconnected so they can communicate in order
to share data, hardware, and software or perform
an electronic function. The network includes a
series of connecting points called nodes (e.g., a
telecommunication terminal such as a telephone
receiver or computer) that are interconnected
with cables (wiring). Networks can also
interconnect with other networks and contain
subnetworks.
• Network topology – it describes the configuration
of a network, including its nodes, connecting
cables and equipment. It describes the manner in
which the cable is run to individual workstations
on the network.
Network Topology
• Bus topology is a type of network
topology in which all devices are
connected to a single cable called a
"bus." This cable serves as a shared
communication medium, allowing all
devices on the network to receive the
same signal simultaneously.
• Ring topology is a type of network
configuration where devices are
connected in a circular manner, forming a
closed loop. In this setup, each device is
connected to exactly two other devices,
creating a continuous pathway for data
transmission.
• Star topology is a network topology in
which each network component is
physically connected to a central node
such as a router, hub or switch.
➢ Types of Networks
• Telephone Network - is a telecommunications network that
connects Telephones, which allows telephone calls between two or
more parties, as well as newer features such as fax and internet.
• Radio broadcasting - is a transmission of audio (sound), sometimes
with related metadata, by radio waves intended to reach a wide
audience. ... Stations are often affiliated with a radio network which
provides content in a common radio format, either
in broadcast syndication or simulcast or both.
• A computer network - is a set of computers connected together for
the purpose of sharing resources.
• The Internet - is the global system of interconnected computer
networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to
communicate between networks and devices.
➢ Types of Transmission Media
• Guided Media - It is also referred to as Wired or Bounded transmission
media. Signals being transmitted are directed and confined in a narrow
pathway by using physical links.
Features:
• High Speed
• Secure
• Used for comparatively shorter distances
• There are also three Major Types:
• Twisted Pair Cable
• Coaxial Cable
• Fiber Optic Cable
➢ Types of Transmission Media
• Twisted Pair Cable – It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor
wires wound about each other. Generally, several such pairs are
bundled together in a protective sheath. They are the most widely used
Transmission Media. Twisted Pair has two types:

• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): This type of cable has the ability to block
interference and does not depend on a physical shield for this purpose. It is used
for telephonic applications.

• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): This type of cable consists of a special jacket to
block external interference. It is used in fast-data-rate Ethernet and in voice and
data channels of telephone lines.
➢ Types of Transmission Media
• Coaxial Cable – It has an outer plastic covering
containing 2 parallel conductors each having a separate
insulated protection cover. The coaxial cable transmits
information in two modes: Baseband mode(dedicated
cable bandwidth) and Broadband mode(cable
bandwidth is split into separate ranges). Cable TVs and
analog television networks widely use Coaxial cables.
• Advantages:
• High Bandwidth
• Better noise Immunity
• Easy to install and expand
• Inexpensive
• Disadvantages:
• Single cable failure can disrupt the entire network
➢ Types of Transmission Media
• Optical Fiber Cable – It uses the concept of reflection of light through a core made up of glass or
plastic. The core is surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic covering called the cladding. It is
used for the transmission of large volumes of data. The cable can be unidirectional or bidirectional.
The WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexer) supports two modes, namely unidirectional and
bidirectional mode.
• Advantages:
• Increased capacity and bandwidth
• Lightweight
• Less signal attenuation
• Immunity to electromagnetic interference
• Resistance to corrosive materials
• Disadvantages:
• Difficult to install and maintain
• High cost
• Fragile
➢ Types of Transmission Media
• Unguided Media: It is also referred to as Wireless or Unbounded transmission
media. No physical medium is required for the transmission of electromagnetic
signals.
• Features:
• The signal is broadcasted through air
• Less Secure
• Used for larger distances
• There are 4 types of Unguided Media
• Radio waves
• Microwaves
• Infrared
• Satellites
➢ Types of Transmission Media
• Radio Waves - these are easy to generate and can penetrate through
buildings. The sending and receiving antennas need not be aligned.
Frequency Range:3KHz – 1GHz. AM and FM radios and cordless phones
use Radio waves for transmission.
➢ Types of Transmission Media
• Microwaves – It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and
receiving antennas need to be properly aligned with each other. The
distance covered by the signal is directly proportional to the height of the
antenna. Frequency Range:1GHz – 300GHz. These are majorly used for
mobile phone communication and television distribution.
➢ Types of Transmission Media
• Infrared – Infrared waves are used for very short distance
communication. They cannot penetrate through obstacles. This
prevents interference between systems. Frequency Range:300GHz –
400THz. It is used in TV remotes, wireless mouse, keyboard, printer,
etc.
➢ Types of Transmission Media
• A satellite - is basically a self-contained communications system with the
ability to receive signals from Earth and to retransmit those signals back
with the use of a transponder(an integrated receiver) and transmitter
of radio signals.
STRUCTURED BUILDING
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
• Telecommunication cabling – it is the medium through which voice and data
move from one telecommunication device to another.
• Pathway – it is a passageway, and thus a path, for cable to travel when
interconnecting devices, components, and equipment in a telecommunication
system.
• Backbone – it is a generic term used to describe a main pathway or cabling
media that interconnects a number of telecommunication devices.
Structured Cabling Systems
• Structured cabling system – it
is the cabling, devices, and
equipment that integrate the
voice, data, video, and
electronic management
systems of a building (e.g.,
safety alarms, security access,
energy management and
control systems, and so on).
Design and installation of
structured cabling systems
adheres to national and
international standards.
➢ Structed Cabling
• Six Subsystems of a Structured Cabling System
• Horizontal Cabling
• Backbone Cabling
• Work Area
• Telecommunications Closet
• Equipment Room
• Entrance Facility
➢ Six Subsystems of a Structured
Cabling System
• Horizontal Cabling - is all the cabling between
telecommunications outlet in a work area and
the horizontal cross-connect in the
telecommunications closet, including
horizontal cable, mechanical terminations,
jumpers and patch cords located in the
telecommunications room or
telecommunications enclosure, multiuser
telecommunications outlet assemblies and
consolidation points. This type of wiring runs
horizontally above ceilings or below floors in a
building. In spite of the cable types, the
maximum distance allowed between devices
is 90 meters. Extra 6 meters is allowed for
patch cables at the telecommunication closet
and in the work area, but the combined
length of these patch cables cannot exceed 10
meters.
➢ Six Subsystems of a Structured Cabling
System
• Backbone Cabling - is also known
as vertical cabling. It offers the
connectivity between
telecommunication rooms,
equipment rooms, access provider
spaces and entrance facilities. The
cable runs on the same floor, from
floor to floor, and even between
buildings. Cable distance depends
on the cable type and the
connected facilities, but twisted
pair cable is limited to 90 meters.
➢ Six Subsystems of a Structured Cabling
System
• Work area - refers to
space where cable
components are used
between communication
outlets and end-user
telecommunications
equipment. The cable
components often include
station equipment
(telephones, computers,
etc.), patch cables and
communication outlets.
➢ Six Subsystems of a Structured Cabling
System
• Telecommunications closet -
is an enclosed area like a
room or a cabinet to house
telecommunications
equipment, distribution
frames, cable terminations
and cross connects. Each
building should have at least
one wiring closet and the size
of closet depends on the size
of service area.
➢ Six Subsystems of a Structured Cabling
System
• Equipment room - is the
centralized place to house
equipment inside building
telecommunications
systems (servers, switches,
etc.) and mechanical
terminations of the
telecommunications wiring
system. Unlike the
telecommunications closet,
equipment room houses
more complex components.
➢ Six Subsystems of a Structured Cabling
System
• Entrance facility -
encompasses the cables,
network demarcation point,
connecting hardware,
protection devices and other
equipment that connect to
the access provider or
private network cabling.
Connections are between
outside plant and inside
building cabling.
➢ Wireless System
• A wireless system - uses an intrinsically open and unsecure radio channel for
transmission of user signaling and traffic between the base station and mobile
stations.
• Types of Wireless Networks
• Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN)
• Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
• Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
➢ Types of Wireless Networks
• Wireless Wide Area Networks
(WWAN): WWANs are created
through the use of mobile
phone signals typically
provided and maintained by
specific mobile phone (cellular)
service providers. WWANs can
provide a way to stay
connected even when away
from other forms of network
access.
➢ Types of Wireless Networks
• Wireless Local Area
Network (WLAN): WLAN
are wireless networks that
use radio waves. The
backbone network usually
uses cables, with one or
more wireless access points
connecting the wireless
users to the wired network.
The range of a WLAN can
be anywhere from a single
room to an entire campus.
➢ Types of Wireless Networks
• Wireless Personal Area
Network (WPAN):
WPANs are short-range
networks that use
Bluetooth technology.
They are commonly used
to interconnect
compatible devices near
a central location, such
as a desk. A WPAN has a
typical range of about 30
feet.
Advanced Home Wiring Systems
Advanced home wiring system allows a homeowner to integrate the
control and management of the following subsystems:
• Communication subsystem (e.g., intercom, phone, message recording,
fax and e-mail)
• Entertainment subsystem (e.g., whole-house stereo, VCR, cable, digital
and satellite television, and home theater system)
• Home office subsystem (e.g., computers, printers and scanners)
• Environmental control/energy management subsystem (e.g., control of
HVAC equipment, water heater, lighting and other appliances)
• Security/property protection subsystem (e.g., video surveillance with
closed circuit TV, control entry gates and garage doors, control lawn
irrigation)
Types of Renewable Power
➢ Types of Renewable Power
• A renewable energy source means energy that is sustainable - something that
can't run out, or is endless, like the sun. When you hear the term
'alternative energy' it's usually referring to renewable energy sources too. It
means sources of energy that are alternative to the most commonly used non-
sustainable sources - like coal.
• The most popular renewable energy sources currently are:
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Hydro energy
• Tidal energy
• Geothermal energy
• Biomass energy
➢ Types of Renewable Power
• Solar Energy - Sunlight is one of
our planet’s most abundant and
freely available energy resources.
The amount of solar energy that
reaches the earth’s surface in one
hour is more than the planet’s
total energy requirements for a
whole year. Although it sounds
like a perfect renewable energy
source, the amount of solar
energy we can use varies
according to the time of day and
the season of the year as well as
geographical location.
➢ Types of Renewable Power
• Wind energy - Wind is a plentiful
source of clean energy. Wind
farms are an increasingly familiar
sight in the UK with wind power
making an ever-increasing
contribution to the National
Grid. To harness electricity from
wind energy, turbines are used
to drive generators which then
feed electricity into the National
Grid. Although domestic or ‘off-
grid’ generation systems are
available, not every property is
suitable for a domestic wind
turbine. Find out more about
wind energy on our wind
power page.
➢ Types of Renewable Power
• Hydro energy - As a renewable energy
resource, hydro power is one of the most
commercially developed. By building a
dam or barrier, a large reservoir can be
used to create a controlled flow of water
that will drive a turbine, generating
electricity. This energy source can often
be more reliable than solar or wind
power (especially if it's tidal rather than
river) and also allows electricity to be
stored for use when demand reaches a
peak. Like wind energy, in certain
situations hydro can be more viable as a
commercial energy source (dependant on
type and compared to other sources of
energy) but depending very much on the
type of property, it can be used for
domestic, ‘off-grid’ generation. Find out
more by visiting our hydro power page.
➢ Types of Renewable Power
• Tidal energy - This is
another form of hydro
energy that uses twice-
daily tidal currents to
drive turbine generators.
Although tidal flow unlike
some other hydro energy
sources isn’t constant, it
is highly predictable and
can therefore
compensate for the
periods when the tide
current is low. Find out
more by visiting
our marine energy page.
➢ Types of Renewable Power
• Geothermal energy - By
harnessing the natural heat
below the earth’s surface,
geothermal energy can be
used to heat homes directly or
to generate electricity.
Although it harnesses a power
directly below our feet,
geothermal energy is of
negligible importance in the
UK compared to countries
such as Iceland, where
geothermal heat is much
more freely available.
➢ Types of Renewable Power
• Biomass Energy - This is the
conversion of solid fuel
made from plant materials
into electricity. Although
fundamentally, biomass
involves burning organic
materials to produce
electricity, and nowadays
this is a much cleaner, more
energy-efficient process. By
converting agricultural,
industrial and domestic
waste into solid, liquid and
gas fuel, biomass generates
power at a much lower
economic and
environmental cost.