Materials Testing Lab Department of Civil Engineering

Surveying-I Lab Manual

( Lab Code: CE303)

III Semester, II Year

Department of Civil Engineering

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 Surveying-I Lab (CE303)
List of Experiment
1) Chain survey
2) RL with the help of auto level
3) RL with the help of dumpy level
4) To find out Horizontal and vertical angle by theodolite
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 5) By using theodolite calculation of Height of building when base of building
is accessible.
6) By using theodolite calculation of Height of building when base of building
is inaccessible.
7) Contouring 8) Compass surveying.

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 Experiments Procedure

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 1

OBJECTIVE: Measurement of distance by Ranging and Chaining

EQUIPMENT- : Chain, Arrows, Tapes, Ranging Rods, Offset Rods,

Cross staff or optical square,Plumb bob, wooden mallet, pegs.

Figure:

THEORY: By the various methods of determining distance the most accurate andcommon method is the

method of measuring distance with a chain or tape is called Chaining. For work of ordinary precision a chain

is used. But where great accuracy is Required a steel tape is invariably used.

The term chaining was originally applied to measure Distance with a chain. Thet erm chaining is used to

denote measuring distance with either chain or tape, In the processof chaining, The survey party consists of

a leader (the surveyor at the forward end of the chain) a follower (the surveyor at the rare end of the chain

and an assistant to establish intermediate points) .

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 The accuracy to which measurement can be made with chain and tape varies with the methods used and

precautions exercised. The precision of chaining. For ordinary work, ranges from 1/1000 to 1/30,000 and

precise measurement such as Baseline may be of the order of 1000000.

in diameter called links. The end of each link is bent into a loop and connected together bymeans of three oval rings

which afford flexibility To the chain and make it less liable to become kinked. The ends of chain are

provided with brass handles for dragging the chain on the ground, each with a swivel
Joints so that the chain can be turned round without twisting

The length of the A link is the distance between the center’s of the two consecutivemiddle rings .The end links

include the handles metallic rings indicators of distinctive points of the Chain to facilitate quick reading of

fractions of chain in surveying measurements.

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 RANGING RODS:

The ranging rods are used for marking the positions of Stations conspicuously and for ranging the lines. Io order

to make these visible at a distance, they are painted alternately black and white, or red and

white or red White and black successively .The adjustment of the chain should as far as possible

be affected symmetrically on either sideof the middle so as that the position of central

tag remains unaltered. In measuring the length of survey line also called as chain line. It

is necessary that the chain should be laid out on the ground in a straight line between the

end stations.

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Two men are required for chaining operation; the chain man at the forward end of chain is called the leader

while the other man at the rear end is known as the follower.Duties of leader

&follower

Leader:- 1) To put the chain forward

2)To fix arrows at the end of chain

3)To follow the instruction of the followers.

Follower:- 1) To direct the leader to the line with the ranging rod.

2)To carry the rear end of the chain.

3)To pick up the arrows inserted by the leader.

Chaining 1) The follower holds the zero handle of the chain against the peg &directs theleader to be in
line of the ranging rod.

2)The leader usually with to arrows drags the chain alone the line.

3)Using code of signals the follower directs the leader as required to the exactly

in the line.

4)The leader then fixes the arrows at the end of chain the process is repeated.
Ranging 1) Place ranging rods or poles vertically behind each point
2)Stand about 2m behind the ranging rod at the beginning of the line.

3) Direct the person to move the rod to right or left until the three ranging rodsappear exactly in the

straight line.

4)Sight only the lower portion of rod in order to avoid error in non-vertically.

5) After ascertaining that three rods are in a straight line, ask the person to fix up the rod.

RESULT : By Chaining and ranging the total distance is found to be

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 1 B

OBJECTIVE: Locating various object by chain & cross staff survey

APPARATUS: Chain, Ranging rod, Arrows, Cross-staff, Metallic Survey ( Tape )

THEORY: Cross-Staff is the simplest instrument used for setting out perpendicular i.e taking offsets from a

chain line. it is easier and quicker method ,but not very accurate .if great accuracy is desired ,the work should

be carried out by the theodolite.

Open cross staff:- The simplest Type consists two parts 1) the head 2) the leg .the head ismade of wooden

block octagonal or round in shape about 15cm side or diameter an 4cm deep . on it are scribed two

lines at right angles to another .At the end of thesetwo lines are fixed two points of metallic strip

having slits made in them .These slits two lines of sight which are at right angles to one another .The

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 head is fixed on a woodenstaff or pole about 3cm in diameter and 1.2 to 1.5m length .The pole is provided

conical metal shoe so that it can be driven into the ground.

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 1) To find the foot of the perpendicular from the object the cross staff is held approximately in
position and one pair of slits is directed in the direction of the ranging rod fixed at the forward and the chain
line . The observer then looks through the other pair of slits and sees whether the particular object is bisected
or not. if not the cross staff is moved to and from till the necessary bisection is obtained. Before noting
downthe chainage of the foot of the perpendicular care must be taken to see that one pairof slit is the
direction of chain or not. While shifting the position of the cross-staff it may get twisted and hence precaution
is necessary.

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 2)To set a perpendicular to the chain line at a given point one pair of slits is oriented in the direction of chain
line by looking at the ranging rod fixed at the forward and by looking through the other pair of slits ranging
rod is fixed in the direction of the line ofsight provided by this pair.

RESULT: Various perpendicular to the chain line object are created using cross-staff survey.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 1 C

OBJECTIVE: Determination of area of given polygon by chain & cross-staff survey Equipment: Two chains
20m or 30m, Arrows, Ranging rods. Cross staff or optical square ,Plumb bob

THEORY The object of cross staff survey is to located the boundaries of field or plot and to find out its area .

In this method a base line in the centre of the area is selected. Chaining along this line is done and the

offsets of the points lying on the boundaries of the plot are taken at different chainages.by using a cross staff

and tape on either side of the chain line and recorded against the chainages in the field note book as already

discussed .The offsets length are written on the left hand side or right hand side of the line as per position until

whole of thearea is surveyed.

The plot is then divided into triangles and trapezoids because it

it easy to find out thearea of triangle and a trapezoids.

The area of the field is computed by the following formulae.

(1)The area of a right angle triangle is equal to the base multiplied by half theperpendicular

(2) The area of a trapezoid is equal to the base multiplied by half the sum of thePerpendicular.

Procedure : To start the cross staff survey ,a chain line is run through the centre of the area tobe surveyed .it

is divided into right angled triangles and trapezoids .The perpendicularto the boundary are taken in order

of.

their chainages more than 15m .Care should be taken that no offset is overlooked before the chain is

removed .The chainages of the points of intersection of the chain line and the boundaries should be

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 recorded .The length of the boundary line may be measured by direct measurement to check the accuracy

of field work. After the field work is over, the survey is plotted to some convenient scale.

The figure thus formed by the boundary lines is divided in the tabular from as given below

Observation Table;-

Sr. Figure Chainage In Base in Offset in Mean Area in m2 Remarks

No. m. (meter) (meter) offset +Ve - Ve

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

RESULT: Area of polygon by chain & staff method is found to be square meter.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 2

OBJECTIVE: Measurement of bearings of sides of traverse with prismatic compass and

computation of correct included angle.

APPARATUS: Prismatic compass, ranging rod, chain, tape, peg Tripod stand , smallpieces of stones.

THEORY: The important parts of compass are:-

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 1) A box with graduated circle.

2) A magnetic needle

3) A line of sight

When the line of sight is pointed to point, the magnetic needle of compass points towards north

(Magnetic meridian). The angle which this line of sight makes with the magnetic meridian is read on

graduated circle.it is known as magnetic bearing of theline.

There are two types of compasses:-

1) Prismatic compass

2) Surveyor’s compass.

Prismatic Compass:-

Prismatic compass is very valuable instrument. It is usually used for rough survey for measuring bearing and

survey lines. The least count of prismatic compass is 30 min.

It consists of circular box of 10cm-12 cm dia. of non magnetic material. pivot is fixed at the centre of

box and is made up of hard steel with a Sharp pivot. graduated aluminum is attached to the needle. It is

graduated in clockwise direction from 00 to 3600.the figures are written in inverted. Zero Is written at

south end and 180 at north end and 270 at the east. Diametrically opposite are fixed to the box. The

sighting vane consists of a hinged metal frame in the centre of which is stretched a vertical Horse hair

fine silk thread of which is stretched a vertical hair. it presses against a lifting pinwhich lift the needle

of the pivot and holds it against the glass lid. Thus preventing the wear of the pivot point to damp the

oscillations of the needle when about to take

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face of the prism can be folded out the edge of the box when North end is used Sometime the sighting vanes is provided

with a hinge mirror Which can be placed upward or downwards on the frame and can be also Slided along it is required

. The mirror can be made inclined at any angle so that Objects which are too high or too low can be sighted directly

By reflecting

BEARING OF LINES: A bearing of a line is a horizontal angle made by the survey line with some reference

direction or meridian. Meridian may be

1) A true meridian

2) A magnetic meridian

3) An arbitrary or assumed meridian

4) True meridian: The true geographical meridian passing through a point is a line of intersection of

earth’s surface by a plane containing north south pole and given point. They are not parallel to each

other at different places.

5) Magnetic meridian:-the direction indicate by a free suspended and a properly balanced magnetic

needle Free from all other attractive forces. The direction of magnetic meridian can be established

with the help of Magnetic compass.

6) Arbitrary meridian: Any direction is assumed to be the Reference meridian to Carry out small survey.

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 7) easured clockwise from the north point of the reference meridian towards the line right round the

circle. The angle thus measured between the reference meridian and the line is called Whole circle

bearing of the line. Angles measured will have value between 0 to 360 degrees

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Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering
.

Conversion of W.C.B. in R.B

Case WCB between R.B. QUADRANT

1 00 TO900 WCB N-E

2 900 TO -1800 180-WCB S-E

3 1800 TO -2700 WCB-1800 S-W

4 2700 TO 3600 360-WCB N-W

Reduced bearing (R.B): In this system of bearing of a line is measured clockwise or anticlockwise from

north or south direction whichever is nearer to the line towards easto r west. The concept of reduced bearing

facilitates computations in traverse surveying.

Conversion of R.B in W.C.B.

Case R.B in Rule of W.C.B. W.C.B

quadrant between

1 N-E WCB=R.B 00 TO900

2 S-E WCB =180-R.B 900 TO -1800

3 S-W WCB =R.B+180 1800 TO -2700

4 N-W WCB =360-R.B 2700 TO 3600

The compass may be held in hand but for better results it should be fitted at the top oftripod having ball and

socket arrangement. The adjustment of a compass is done in thefollowing three steps.

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 1) Centering: - The compass fitted over the tripod Is lifted bodily and placed approximately on the station peg
by spreading the leg of a tripod equally, The centre of the compass is checked by dropping a small piece of
stone from the centre of the bottom of the compass so that it falls on the top of the station peg. A plumb bob
may be used to judge the centering either bt attaching it with a hook providing at the bottom or otherwise by
holding it by hand.

2) Levelling:-After the compass is centred, it is leveled by means of ball and soket arrangement so that the
graduated circle may swing freely.It can be checked roughly by placing a round pencil on the top of the
compass, when the pencil does not move, that is roughly the horizontal position.

3) Focusing the prism: - The prism attached is moved up and down so that grauation on the graduated circle
should become sharp and clear.

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 The compass may be held in hand but for better results it should be fitted at the top oftripod having ball and

socket arrangement. The adjustment of a compass is done in thefollowing three steps.

4) Centering: - The compass fitted over the tripod Is lifted bodily and placed approximately on the station peg by
spreading the leg of a tripod equally, The centre of the compass is checked by dropping a small piece of stone
from the centre of the bottom of the compass so that it falls on the top of the station peg. A plumb bob may be
used to judge the centering either bt attaching it with a hook providing at the bottom or otherwise by holding
it by hand.

5) Levelling:-After the compass is centred, it is leveled by means of ball and soket arrangement so that the
graduated circle may swing freely.It can be checked roughly by placing a round pencil on the top of the
compass, when the pencil does not move, that is roughly the horizontal position.

6) Focusing the prism: - The prism attached is moved up and down so that grauation on the graduated circle
should become sharp and clear.

LOCAL ATTRACTION:

Sometimes .the magnetic needle does not point towards magnetic North or South. The reason being that

the needle may be under the influence of external attractive forces which are produced due to magnetic

substances Thus the deflection of the needle from its original position, due to the presence of some

magnetic substances is knownas local attraction. To detect local attraction at a particular place, fore and

back bearing of each line are taken. Then difference comes out to be 180° there is no localattraction at

either station. On the other hand of the difference is other than 180 °,the

presence of iron substance near to the compass. If the difference still remains the

localattraction exists at on or both the stations. Elimination of Local attraction:-

1st method: - In this method, the bearing of the other lines are corrected and calculated on the basis
of the a line which has the difference between its fore bearing and back bearing equal to 180 °.

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 The magnetic of the error is formed due to local attraction by drawing a sketch of observed and correct

bearing of the line at each station. The error will be negative when the observed bearing is less than

the corrected one and the correction will bepositive and vice versa.

If however, there is no such line in which the difference of fore bearing and back bearing is equal to

180°, the correction should be made from the mean value of the bearing of that line in which the

difference between the fore and the back bearing is the least.

If the bearings are observed in quadrantal system, the correction should be appliedin proper direction

by drawing a neat sketch roughly.

2nd Method: - This method is more general as the bearing at a station locally affected may
be incorrect but include angles calculated from these bearing will be correct since the
amount of the error will be the same for all the bearing observedfrom that station. Thus
starting from the unaffected line and using these included angles the correct bearing of all
other lines can be calculated. Note: - The sum of the internal included angles must be equal
to (2n-4) right angles where n=number of sides of a closed traverse.

Four ranging rods are fixed at different points i.e. A, B, C, D, E etc. such that it should bemutually

visible and may be measured easily.

1) Measure the distance between them.

1) At point A the prismatic compass is set on the tripod Stand, centering and leveling isthen properly done.

2) The ranging rod at B is ranged through sighting slits and objective vane attached with horse hair and reading
on prismatic compass is noted down.

3) it is fore bearing of line AB. Then the prismatic compass is fixed at B and ranging rod at C. AND A are
sighted. And reading is taken as forbearing of BC and back bearing OfAB.

4) Repeat the same procedure at the stations C, D etc.

Observation Table

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 Sr. Observed Local Corrected Included
Line error Correction
no bearing attraction bearing angle
A AB
AD
B
BC
BA
C
CD
CB
D DA
DC
SAMPLE CALCULATION:- Error = observed bearing –corrected bearing

Check =(2n-4)x900

RESULT: The prismatic compass is studied and bearing of lines of traverse are Observed, thecorrection due to
local attraction at affected station is done and corrected bearings are written in tabular form.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 3 A

OBJECTIVE: : Determination of elevation of various points with dumpy level by collimation plane method

and rise & fall method.

APPARATUS: Dumpy level, leveling staff

Figure:-

Dumpy Level
THEOR

Levelling: The art of determining and representing the relative height or elevation of different

object/points on the surface of earth is called leveling. It deals with measurement in vertical

plane.

By leveling operation, the relative position of two points is known whether the points are near or far off.

Similarly, the point at different elevation with respect to a given datum can be established by leveling.

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 LEVELLING INSTRUMENTS:- The instrument which are directly used for leveling operation are:- Level,

Levelling staff

Level: - An instrument which is used for observing staff reading on leveling staff kept over

different points after creating a line of sight is called a level.

1) Bubble tube

2) Tripod stand

Dumpy level:

The dumpy level is simple, compact and stable instrument. The telescope is rigidly fixed to its supports.

Hence it cannot be rotated about its Longitudinal axis or cannot be removed from its support. The name

dumpy is because of its compact and stable construction. The axis of telescope is perpendicular to the

vertical axis of the level. The level tube is permanently placed so that its axis lies in the same vertical plane

of the telescope but it isadjustable by means of captain head not at one end.

The ray shade is provided to protect the object glass. A clamp and slow motion screw

are rovided in modern level to control the movement of spindle, about the vertical

axis. The telescope has magnifying power of about thirty diameters.

The level tube is graduated to 2mm divisions and it has normally a sensitiveness of 20

Focusing type.

Adjustment of the level

The level needs two type of adjustment

1) Temporary adjustment and

2) Permanent adjustment

Temporary adjustments of dumpy level

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 These adjustments are performed at each set-up the level before taking any observation

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 .

A) Setting up the level:- this includes

1) Fixing the instrument in the tripod:- the tripod legs are well spread on the ground with tripod head
nearly level and at convenient height. Fix up the level on the tripod.

2) Leg adjustment:- Bring all the foot screws of the level in the centre of their run .Fix any two legs
firmly into the ground by pressing them with hand and move thethird leg to leg to right or left until
the main bubble is roughly in the centre. Finallythe legs is fixed after centering approximately both
bubbles. This operation willsave the time required for leveling.

B) Levelling: - Levelling is done with the help of foot screws and bubbles. The purpose oflevelling is to make
the vertical axis truly vertical. The method of leveling the instrumentdepends upon whether there are three
foot screws or four foot screws. In all moderninstruments three foot screws are provided and this method
only is described.

1) Place the telescope parallel to pair of foot screws.

2) Hold these two foot screw between the thumb and first finger of each hand andturn them uniformly so
that the thumbs move either toward each other until thebubble is in centre.

3) Turn the telescope through 90°so that it lies over the third foot screw.

4) Turn this foot screw only until the bubble is centred.

5) Bring the tescope back to its original position without reversing the eye piece and object glass ends.

6) Again bring the bubble to the centre of its run and repeat these operation untilthe bubble remains in
the centre of its run in both position which are at right angle to each other.

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 7) Now rotate the instrument through 180°,the bubble should remain in centre provided the instrument is in
adjustment: if not ,it needs permanent adjustment.

c) Focusing the eye piece:- To focus the eye piece, hold a white paper in front of the object glass ,and

move the eye piece in or out till the cross hairs are distinctly seen. Care should be taken that the eye

piece is not wholly taken out ,some times graduation are provided at the eye piece and that one can

always remember the

eye piece.

(d) Focusing the object glass: - Direct the telescope to the leveling staff and on looking through the

telescope, turn the focusing screw until the image appears clears and sharp. The image is thus formed

inside the plane of cross hairs, Parallax,if any is removed by exact focusing. It may be noted that parallax

is completely eliminated when there is no change in staff reading after moving the eye up and down.

Reduced Levels

The system of working out the reduced level of the points from staff reading taken in the field is called as

reduced level (R.L) of a points is the elevation of the point with referenceto the same datum.

There are two systems of reduced levels

1) The plane of collimation system (H.I. method)

2) The Rise and fall system

1) The plane of collimation system (H.I. method)

In this system, the R.L. of plane of collimation (H.I) is found out for every set-up of the level and

then the reduced levels of the points are worked out with the respective plane of collimation as

described below.

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 1) Determine the R.L. of plane of collimation for the first set up of the level by adding B.S. to the

R.L. of B.M. i.e( R.L of plane of collimation= R.L. of B.M.+B.S.)

2) Obtained the R.L. of the intermediate points and first change point by subtracting the staff readings (I.S.
and F.S. from the R.L. of plane of collimation( H.I). (R.L. of a point=R.L of plane of collimation

H.I.-I.S or F.S)
collimation is determined by addition of B.S. to the R.L of change point. Thus the levels from two

set-ups of the instruments can be correlated by means of B.S.and F.S. taken on C.P.

4) Find out the R.L.s of the successive points and the second C.P. by subtracting their staff readings from
this plane of collimation R.L.

5) Repeat the procedure until all the R.Ls are worked out.

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 Observation table:-

Reading R.L. of plane Reduced Remarks

Station B.S I.S F.S collimation ( H.I Level
)

Arithmetical check: The difference between the sum of the back sights and the sum of thef ore sights should

be equal to the difference between the last and first reduced levels.

i.e ∑B.S - ∑ F.S.= LAST R.L –FIRST R.L

2)The Rise and fall system

In this system, there is no need to determine R.L. of plane of collimation .Thedifference of level

between consecutive points are obtained as described below.

1) Determine the difference in staff readings between the consecutive pointcomparing each point after the
first with that immediately proceeding it the staff reading at the point is smaller or greater than that of
proceeding point.
.

3) Find out the reduced level of each point by adding the rise to or subtracting fallfrom the R.L. of a

proceeding point.

Observation table:-

Reading Rise Fall Reduced Remarks

Station
B.S I.S F.S Level

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 Arithmetic check:- The difference between the sum of back sight and the sum of fore sight= difference between

the sum of rise and the sum of fall = the difference betweenthe last R.L. and the first R.L.

∑B.S-∑F.S =∑RISE -∑FALL =LAST RL- FIRST RL

Inverted staff reading

When the B.M of staff station is above the line of collimation (or line of sight) the staff ish eld inverted

on the point and reading is taken .This reading being negative is enteredi n the level field book with

minus sign, or to avoid confusion, ‘Staff inverted’ should bewritten in the remarks column against the

entry of the

The results are tabulated as below:

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 B.S. I.S F.S H.I R.L Remarks
-2.795 97.215 100.000 B.M.Staff
inverted
1.500 95.715 Point A
reading. When the reading on the inverted staff is a foresight or intermediate sight .it should alsobe recorded

in field book with minus sign

The R.L. of such points may be worked at as:

R.L.of the point (where the inverted staff is held)

=R.L. of H.I +F.S. or I.S.reading

RESULT:

The various reduced levels are calculated by rise and fall method and by using heightor plane pf collimation

method and are shown in observation table.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 3 B
OBJECTIVE: Fixing bench mark with respect to temporary bench mark with dumpy level by fly leveling
and check leveling.

Apparatus: Dumpy level, leveling staff, tripod stand, arrows, pegs

Theory:

Fly leveling: - It is a very approximate from of levelling in which distances are not measured and sights

are taken as large as possible . in this method a line of levels is runto determine approximately reduced

levels of the points carried out with more rapidlyand less precision.

Check leveling: The main purpose of this type of leveling is to check the values of thereduced levels of

the bench marks already fixed. In this method only back sight andforesight are taken. There is no need

of intermediate sights. However great care has to be taken for selecting the change points and for taking

reading on the change pointsbecause the accuracy of leveling depends upon these.

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 1) Let A and B the two points as shown in figure They are too for apart .The position ofeach set up of level

should be so selected that the staff kept on the two points is visible through the telescope.

2) Let O1, O2, O3 be the positions of the level to be setup. Choose the change points1 ,2 etc. on a stable ground
so that the position of the level should be midway betweenthe two staff reading to avoid error due to imperfect
adjustment of the level.

3) Now setup the level at O1 take the reading on the staff kept vertically on A with bubble central. This will be
a back sight and R.L of the A is is to assumed or say known.Record these values in the same line in the level
book.

4) Now select the position of C.P (1) so that the distance of it from O1 is approximatelyequal to that O1A

5) With the bubble in the centre take the reading of the staff held vertically over the change point. This will be
a fore sight and book this value in the level book on the nextline in the column provided.

6) Now shift the level to O2 and set up it there carefully, with the bubble in the centre take reading on the staff
kept vertically as the fore sight over C.P(1). This will be a back sight, book it in the same line as the fore sight
already recorded in the column provided.

7) Select another CP(2) on the stable ground as before so that station O2 is approximately midway between C.P
(1) and C.P(2).

8) With the bubble central, take the reading on the staff kept vertically over the CP2.Thiswill be fore sight and
book it in the level book page in next line.

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 9) Repeat the process until the point B.M reached .The last reading will be a foresight

method.

11)Complete the remakes column also. Apply the arithmetical check

Observation table:-

Station Readings Height of instrument Reduced Levels Remarks

A B.S. F.S

RESULT: The difference of level between the point be equal to R.L of the last point minus the R.Lat the B.M

is found to be ------

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 3 C
OBJECTIVE: : L-Section and cross section of the road (one full size drawing sheet each for L- sectionand

cross section)

APPARATUS: Dumpy level, leveling staff, ranging rod, tape etc.

THEORY:

Profile leveling: The process of determining elevations at points at short measured intervals along a fixed

line is called Longitudinal or profile leveling.

Cross sectioning: It is a method of leveling to know the nature of Ground on either side of the centerline

of the proposed route. Levels are taken at right angles to the proposed Direction of the road end at

suitable distances and leveling is carried out along this cross Section.

During location and construction of highways, Rail tracks sewers and canals strakes or other

marks are placed at various aligned points and the undulation of the ground surface along a

predetermined line is adjoined. The line of section may be A single straight lines changing directions.

Levels are taken at right angles to the proposed Direction of the road end at suitable distances

and leveling is carried out along this cross section. Cross section are the sections run at right Angles to the

centerline and on the either side of it for the purpose They are taken at each 10,m station on the centerline.

The length of Cross section depends upon the nature of the work if cross sections are Short they are

setsquare out by edge. If long they are set out by the Optical square, box sextant or

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 Theodolite simultaneously with the longitudinal section they may be taken at the hand level, level, abney

level or theodolite

PROCEDURE:

Let ABC be the line of section set out on the ground and marked with pegs driven at equal interval (say

20m to 30m) as in the figure. The level is set up generally on one side of the profile to avoid too short

sight on the points near the instrument and care is taken to set up the level approximately midway

between two change points. The leveling is strated from the bench mark of known value. From each set

up staff reading are taken on pegs already fixed at the desired interval and also at significant points

where abrout changes of slope etc. occur. All these readings are recorded as intermediate slight against

the respective chainages along the line in the level book.Other data of the level book is also filled up

before starting the work. When the lengthof sight is beyond the power of the telescope (usually it is

100m) ,the foresight on the change point is taken. The level is then is then shifted and setup in an

advanced position and a back sight is taken on the change point. The change point may or maynot lie

in the line of section. Chaining and reading are then continued as before, till the whole line of section is

completed.

The work is to be checked in the progress of leveling by taking reading on other benchmarks, on the way

or on bench marks fixed by differential leveling.

The fore and back bearing of the section line should betaken and recorded. Next sketches of the bench mark,

change points, and other feature such as nallah, a road,

column of the level-book.

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 The procedure and corresponding reading and values are represented on the pageo f a level-book for a

part of road project.

Plotting the Longitudinal section

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 When ever leveling operation is carried out the staff reading taken in the field are
entered in the note book called a Level-Book. Each page of it has the followingcolumns which help
in booking of reading and reduction of levels. Page of Level-Book

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 Page of Level-Book
Name of work survey for: Page No:
Levelling from To
Instrument No Conducted by:
Station DistanceIn Bearings Staff Reading Height of Reduced Remarks
meters Instrument Level
or
FORE BACK Back Inter Fore Rise Fall
(B.S) (I.S) (F.S)

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 EXPERIMENT NO. 4 A
OBJECTIVE: : Measurement of horizontal angles theodolite by method of repetition
APPARATUS:- Theodolite , Ranging rod, pegs etc. Figure:

TRANSIT THEODOLITE

THEORY :

Theodolite : The theodolite is the most intricate and accurate instrument used for measurement of

horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of telescope by means of which distant objects can be sighted.

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 The telescope has two distinct motions on in the horizontal plane and the Other in the vertical plane.

The former being measured on agraduated Horizontal vertical circle of two verniear.

Theodolite are primarily classified as

1) To lower plate or screw plate: It carries horizontal circle at its leveled screw.

It carries a lower clamp screw and tangent screw with the help of which it can be fixed accurately in

any desired position.

2) The upper plate or vernier plate:- it is attached to inner axis and carries two vernier and at two
extremities diametrically opposite.

3) Compass: the compass box may be either of circular form or of a rough type. Theformer is mounted
on the vernier plate between the standards while the latter is attached to the underside of the scale or
lower plate or screwed to one of the standards. Modern theodolite is fitted with a compass of the tubular
type and it is screwed to one of the standards.

4) Vertical circle: the vertical circle is rigidly attached to the telescope and moves with it. It is silvered
and it is usually divided into four quadrants.

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 the telescope in front of the vertical axis. It carries two vernier of the extremities of its horizontal

arms or limbs called the index arm. The vertical leg called the clip or clipping screws at its lower

extremity. The index arm and the clipping arm are together known as T-frame.

5) Plumb bob: To centre the instrument exactly over a station mark, a plumb bob is suspended from

the hook fitted to the bottom of the central vertical axis.

Repetition method of measuring Horizontal angles

When it is required to measure horizontal angles with great accuracy as in the case of traverse, the

method of repetition may be adopted. In this method the same angle isadded several times by keeping

the vernier to remain clamped each time at the end of each measurement instead of setting it back to

zero when sighting at the previousstation. The corrected horizontal angle is then obtained by dividing

the final reading by the number of repetitions. Usually six reading, three with face left and three with

face right, are taken The average horizontal angle is then calculated.

Procedure:-

1) Let LOM is the horizontal angle to be measured as shown in fig. O is the station pointfixed on the
ground by a peg. Set up the theodolite over the peg ‘o’ and level it accurately.

2) Set the horizontal graduated circle vernier A to read zero or 360° by upper clamp screw and slow
motion screw. Clamp the telescope to bisect the bottom shoe of the flag fixed at point ‘L’ and tighten
the lower clamp. Exactly intersect the centre of the

3) Repeat the process until the angle is repeated the required number of times (usually3). Add 360° for
every complete revaluation to the final reading and divided the totalangle by number of repetitions
to get the value
of angle LOM.
Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering
 4) Change the face of the theodolite the telescope will now be inverted. Rrpeat the whole process exactly
in the above manner and obtain value of angle LOM.

5) The average horizontal angle is then obtained by taking the average of the two angles obtained with
face left and face right.

6) Usually three repetitions face left and three with face right should be taken and the mean angle should
be calculated.

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 S.N. Instrument Shiftedto Face left readings
Station
VenierA Venier B0 Total angle No of Mean
0,I,II ,I,II Repetition horizontal
angle
0 ,I,II
o L
M
L
M
L
M
S.N. Instrument Shiftedto Face Right readings
Station
VenierA VenierB Total No of Mean Average
0,I,II 0,I,II angle Repatition horizontal horizontal
0,I,II angle 0,I,II angle 0
,I,II

o L
M
L
M
L
M 3
RESULT: Average horizontal angle is found to be -----------

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 EXPERIMENT NO- 4 B

OBJECTIVE:: Measurement of vertical Angles with

Theodolite
APPARATUS:- Theodolite, three ranging rods,

THEORY: Theodolite is an instrument designed for the measurement of horizontal andvertical angle. It is

most precise method it is also used for laying of horizontal angles Locating points on line prolonging the

survey line establishing the gradient, determinationof difference in the elevation setting out curve

.Theodolite are of two types transit andnon transit. Transit theodolite is commonly used now a days .in

transit theodolite telescopecan be revolved a complete revolution about its horizontal axis in a vertical

plane. atransit theodolite consists of essential part.

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 2) A circular graduated are carried on vertical circle: It is attached to the horizontal axis of the telescope, it is
usually divided into 4 quadrants, but in some instruments it is graduated continuously from 0-360 0.the graduation
in each quadrant are numbered from0-90 0 in opposite direction. The subdivisions of vertical circle are similar
to those of vertical circle.

MESURMENT OF VERTICAL ANGLE

A vertical angle is the angle between the inclined line of sight to an object and the horizontal. It may be an

angle of elevation or on angle of depression according as the instrument. To measure angle of elevation or

depression LOM shown in fig. proceed as follows:

1)Set up the theodolite at station point O and level it accurately with reference to thealtitude level.

2) Set vertical verniers C and D exactly to zero by using the vertical circle clamp andtangent screw, while the
altitude level should remain in the centre of its run. Also theface of the theodolite should be left.

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 3)Release the vertical circle clamp screw and rotate the telescope in vertical plane so as to bisect the object M.
tighten the vertical circle clamp and exactly bisect the object by slow motion screw.

4) Read both verniers C and D. the mean of the tow readings gives the value of the required angle. 5)
Similar observation may be made with other face. The average of the tow values thus obtained gives the
value of the required angle which is free from instrumental errors.

6)Similarly the angle of depression can be measured following the above steps.

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 To measure the vertical angle between two points L and M

Some times it is required to measure vertical angle between two points L and M . There

can be three possibilities.

(a) One point is above the line of sight and the other is below the line of sight thenangle

LOM as shown in fig will be equal to (<α +<β )

(b) Both the points are above the line of sight. Then the angle LOM= <α -<β

(Refer Fig 2)

(c) Both the points are below the line of sight, then the angle LOM= <α -<β (Refer Fig 3)

To measure the angle between two points L and M proceed as follows

1) Set the theodolite at station point O and accurately level it.

2) Bisect the flag at L as explained already and take the reading on the verniers Cand
D.

Calculate the mean angle.

3) Bisect the flag at M as before and take the reading on the verniers C and D.

Calculate the mean angle.between points L and M as shown in the figure (4)

Observation table:-
Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil
Engineering
 S.N. Instrument Sightedto Face left readings
Station
VenierC VenierD Mean Angle Vertical

0,I,II 0,I,II Angle

o P
(+ve) L
(-ve) M
S.N. Instrument Sightedto Face Right readings Average Remarks
Station Vertical
Angle
VenierC VenierD Mean Vertical
0,I,II 0,I,II Angle Angle
0 ,I,II
0,I,II 0,I,II

o P
(+ve) L
(-ve) M
Result: The average value of vertical is found to be --.

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil

Engineering
 EXPERIMENT NO- 4 C

OBJECTIVE: To measure and adjust the angles of a braced quadrilateral

APPARATUS: - Theodolite, Ranging rod, pegs, etc.

THEORY:

Adjusting a braced quadrilateral by rigorous method is a tedious and laborious job. This paper
presents the step-by-step computations of adjustment in a simplified manner by making use of
a table designed by the author for the purpose.
A braced quadrilateral being the strongest triangulation figure is preferred in any triangulation
scheme unless field conditions prohibit. When the work requires accuracy in results, the
adjustment of the quadrilateral has to be done by rigorous method. By manual computations in
rigorous method of adjustment being tedious and laborious, one is liable to make mistakes in
computations and, therefore, the rigorous method is avoided unless the conditions demand. This
paper presents a tabular form of step-by step computations involved in the adjustment of a
braced quadrilateral. The advantage of computations using a table is that computations proceed
mechanically without feeling any difficulty in remembering the steps of computations. Some
new notations have been used to make the method looksimpler.

Rigorous method of adjustment

A braced quadrilateral has eight observed angles as shown in Fig. 1. There are four conditions

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil

Engineering
 7 6 5  4


3
8

2

1

which must be satisfied to adjust the angles, excluding the one imposed by the least squares
theory.
Fig. 1 Braced quadrilateral

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil

Engineering
 Condition-1 360 ( 1 + 2 +…..+ 8 )=
C1
Condition-2 ( ( 5 +
1 6 ) 2 ) = C2

+
( 3

Condition-3 ( 7 + 8) + 4 ) = C3

Condition-4 [log sin (Left angles) log sin (Right angles)] 107 = C4

Where C1, C2, C3, and C4 are the total corrections given by each condition equation.
If c1, c2, ….c8 are the individual corrections to the observed angles 1, 2, …. 8 ,
respectively, then we have

c1 + c2 +…..+ c8 = C1 …(1) (c1 + c2) (c5 + c6) = C2 …(2)

(c3 + c4) (c7 + c8) = C3 …(3)

c1f1 + c2f2 +…..+ c8 f8 = C4 … (4)

where f1, f2,…..f8 are log sin differences for 1 in the values of the respective angles multiplied
by 107.

The additional condition from the theory of least squares to be satisfied is

=c2 c2 c2 = a minimum. …(5)

1 2 8
Since we have four condition equations (1) to (4) excluding equation (5), there will be four
correlates 1 , 2 , 3 , and
4 which are multiplied to the differentiated form of equations (1) to (4), respectively, and
the results are added to the differentiated form of equation (5). The resulting equation is

(c1 1 2 f1 4) c1 + (c2 1 2 + f2 4 ) c2 + (c3 1

3 f3 4 ) c3
+ (c4 1 3+ f4 4 ) c4 + (c5 1 + 2 f5 4 ) c5 + (c6 1

+ 2 + f6 4 ) c6
+ (c7 1 + 3 f7 4 ) c7 + (c8 1 + 3 + f8 4 ) c8 = 0

Now equating the coefficients of c1 , c2 , etc., to zero, we get

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil

Engineering
 Substituting the values of the above corrections in equations (1) to (4), we have

where F = f1 + f2 +….+ f8 F12 = f1 f2

F34 = f3 f4 F56 = f5 f6 F78 = f7 f8 F2 = f

2
+ f 2 + + f 2.

1 2 8

Now taking

F12 F56 = B
F34 F78 = C

The solution of the above four equations yields the values of the correlates 1, 2, 3, and

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil

Engineering
 4. The corrections c1, c2, ….c8 to the angles are calculated from equations (6) by substituting
the values of the correlates.

By adopting some new notations above and putting the entire calculations in tabular form
as in Table-1, the author has tried to make the above steps of calculations simpler and
straight forward. It also gives various checks to have a check on the computations.

To explain the use of Table-1, a braced quadrilateral shown in Fig. 1 having the following
observed angles, has been adjusted in Table-2.

1 = 40 08 17.9 , 2 = 44 49 14.7
3 = 53 11 23.7 , 4 = 41 51
09.9 5 = 61 29 34.3 , 6 =
23 27 51.2

7 = 23 06 37.3 , 8 = 71 55 49.0

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil

Engineering
 Table-1: Chandra’s table for adjustment of a braced quadrilateral by rigorous method

Table-2: Chandra’s table for adjustment of a braced quadrilateral by rigorous method

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil

Engineering
Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil
Engineering
 EXPERIMENT NO- 5 A

OBJECTIVE::Determination of elevation of point by trigonometric levelling.

APPARATUS:- Theodolite, three ranging rods,

Theory:- Trigonometrical leveling is the process of determining the difference of elevation of station

from observed vertical angles and known distances, which are assumed to be either horizontal or

geodetic length at mean sea level. The vertical angles may be measured by means of an accurate

theodolite and the horizontal distances may either be measured ( in case of plane surveying) or computed

(in caseof geodetic observation)

Base of the object accessible:-

Height and Distances

1) Base of the object accessible.:- The horizontal distance between the instrument andt he object can be
measured accurately.

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 Let P= instrument station.

Q=Point to be observed

A=centre of the instrument

D= AQ’=horizontal distance between P&Q h’=height

of the instrument at P

h=QQ’

S=Reading on staff kept at B.M, With line of sight horizontal.α=angle of elevation from Ato Q

From triangle AQQ’, h=Dtanα

R.L of Q=R.L of instrument axis +DtanαIf the

R.L. of P is known,

R.L. of Q=R.L of P+h’+Dtanα

If the reading on the staff kept at the B.M. is S with the line of sight horizontal.

R.L of Q=R.L. of B.M+S+Dtanα

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 EXPERIMENT NO- 5 B

1) Base of the object inaccessible: - if the horizontal distance between the instrument and the object can be
measured due to obstracles etc., two stations are used so that they are in the same vertical plane as the
elevated object.

Let h=QQ’,α1 = angle of elevation from A to Q,α2=angle of elevation from B to Q S=

staff reading on B.M taken from both A and B, the reading being the same in theboth the

cases.b=horizontal distance between the instrument stations,

D= horizontal distance between P&Q

From triangle AQQ’,h=Dtanα1 (1)

From triangle BQQ’, h=(b+D) tanα2 (2)
Equating (1) and (2), we get,

Dtanα1=(b+D) tanα2

D(tanα1-tanα2)=btanα2

D b tan 2

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 tan 1 tan 2

h=Dtanα2

b tan 1 tan 2 tan 1

tan 2

b sin 1 sin 2
sin( 1 2 )

R.L. of Q= R.L of B.M.+S+h

Procedure:-

1) Set up the theodolite at P and level it accurately with respect to the altitudebubble.

2) Direct the telescope toward Q and bisect it accurately. Clamp both the planes.

Read the vertical angle α1.

Instrument axes at the same level:-

station R on the ground. Measured the distance RP accurately.

Repeat steps (2)and (3) for both face observation. The mean values should be adopted.

4) With the vertical vernier set to zero reading, and the altitude bubble in the centre ofthe run, take the
reading on the staff kept at nearby B.M.

5) Shift the instrument to R and set up the theodolite there. Measured the verticalangle α2 to Q with both
face observations.

6) With the vertical vernier set to zero reading, and the altitude bubble in the centre ofthe run, take the
reading on the staff kept at the near by B.M.
Observation table:-

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 Instrument R.L @ Reading on Vertical Horizontal R.L o f
Station B.M staff kept at angle (α) distance the
B.M. between object
instrument
station and
object

Result:- the elevation of the object from the B.M is found to be m

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 EXPERIMENT NO- 5 c

DOUBLE PLANE METHOD

To find the reduced level of the top of an object when the base is inaccessible by Double plane method. Given
the R.L. of the B.M.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED
Theodolite with tripod, Levelling staff, Tape, Ranging rod, Arrow.

DIAGRAM
Where α1= Angle of elevation from A to Q. α2= Angle
of elevation from B to Q. b= Horizontal distance
between the instrument stations.
D= Horizontal distance between P and Q.
S1= Staff reading on B.M. from instrument station P. S2=
Staff reading on B.M. from instrument station R.

PROCEDURE
1. Set up theodolite at P and level it accurately with respect to the altitude bubble.
Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering
2. Direct the telescope towards Q and bisect it accurately. Clamp both the plates. Read the vertical angle.
3. Transit the telescope so that line of sight is reversed. Mark the second instrument station R on the
ground. Measure the distance PR accurately.
4. Repeat step 2 and step 3 for both face observations. The mean value should be adopted (α1). 5
. With the vertical vernier set to zero reading (line of sight horizontal), and the altitude bubble in
the centre of its run, take the reading on staff (S1) kept at B.M.
6. Sight the point R with reading on horizontal circle as zero, and measure the angle RPQ 1 i.e., the
horizontal angle Ө1 at P.
7. Set up theodolite at R. Measure the vertical angle α2 to Q with both face observations.
Take staff reading on B.M. when line of sight is horizontal (S2). Measure horizontal angleӨ2.

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS

Measurement of Horizontal angle

S.N. Instrument Sightedto Face left readings

Station
VenierC VenierD Mean Angle Vertical
0,I,II 0,I,II Angle

o P
(+ve) L
(-ve) M
S.N. Instrument Sightedto Face Right readings Average Remarks
Station Vertical
Angle
VenierC VenierD Mean Vertical
0,I,II 0,I,II Angle Angle
0 ,I,II
0,I,II 0,I,II

o P
(+ve) L
(-ve) M
From the Δ 1 Ө1
+ Ө2 + Ө3 =1800
Ө3 = 1800 - (Ө1 + Ө2) =…………
Applying Sine rule to the Δ 1
= =

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 = =
1= sin 1sin 3 =
1= sin 2sin 3 = h1=
PQ1 X tanα1 = h2=
RQ1 X tanα2 =
R.L. of top of object = R.L. of B.M. + S1+ h1 =
OR
R.L. of top of object = R.L. of B.M. + S2+ h2 = Note:
Adopt the mean value as the R.L. of Q

RESULTS
The R.L. of the top of the object is………………..m
Experiment No. 6
AIM
To determine the distance and elevation of an object by finding tachometric constants When
the line of sight is horizontal and inclined.
INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED
Tachometer with tripod, Levelling staff, Arrows.
THEORY
Tachometry is a branch of angular surveying in which the horizontal and vertical distance of points are Obtained
by optical means. An ordinary theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm is generally used for tachometric
survey.
The stadia diaphragm essentially consists of one stadia hair above and the other an equal distance Below
the horizontal cross hair.
Determination of Tachometric Constants a)
Line of sight is horizontal

DIAGRAM

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

Where,
P = Instrument station.
Q and R = Staff station.
FORMULA

D = KS + C
Where
D= Distance measured from tacheomter to the point sighted in m.
S= Staff intercept in m.
K= Multiplying Constant.
C= Additive Constant.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the tacheometer, at P and level it.
2. The line of sight of a telescope is made horizontal by setting verniers C and D to zero.
3. Keep the levelling staff at 20m from P. Read out the staff readings corresponding to the top and bottom Stadia
hairs. The staff intercept S1 is obtained by the algebraic difference of both the readings.
4. Keep the levelling staff at 30m from P. Read out the staff readings corresponding to the top and bottom Stadia
hairs. The staff intercept S2 is obtained by the algebraic difference of both the readings.

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

Instrument Staff Station Staff reading Staff intercept Distance

Station in m in m

P A
B

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

 D1 = KS1 + C
20 = K ( ) + C………… 1
D2 = KS2 + C
30 = K ( ) + C………… 2
By solving equation 1 and 2
K = ............ and C = ……….

Surveying 1 lab Department of Civil Engineering

b) Line of sight inclined
DIAGRAM:
Where
P=Instrument station.
Q and R= Staff station.
FORMULA:
D = KS + Ccos

Where
D = Distance measured from tachometer to the point sighted in m.
S = Staff intercept in m. = Vertical angle.
K = Multiplying Constant.
C = Additive Constant.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the tachometer, at P and level it.
2. Make the line of sight incline. Clamp the vertical circle clamp. Read both the verniers C and
D. The mean of the two readings gives the value of .

1. Keep the levelling staff at 20m from P. Read out the staff readings corresponding to the
2. top and bottom Stadia hairs. The staff intercept S1 is obtained by the algebraic difference of both the readings.
3. Keep the levelling staff at 30m from P. Read out the staff readings corresponding to the
4. top and bottom Stadia hairs. The staff intercept S2 is obtained by the algebraic difference of both the readings
OBSERV Staff Staff Staff Vertical Distance
ATIONS Station reading intercept in angle in m
& m
CALCUL
ATIONS:
Instrument
Station
P A
B
D1 = KS1Cos2 + Ccos

20 = K ( )Cos2 ( )+C…………1 D2
= KS2Cos2 + Ccos
30 = K ( )Cos2 ( ) + C…………2
By solving equation 1 and 2 K
= ............ and C = ……….
TO DETERMINE DISTANCE AND ELEVATION

Civil Engineering Materials Lab Department of Civil Engineering

 DIAGRAM

Where
P = Instrument station.
Q = Staff station
FORMULAE
D = KS + Ccos
V = KS + Csin
For angle of elevation:

Elevation of Q = Elevation of instrument station + h + V- r For

angle of depression:

Elevation of Q = Elevation of instrument station + h – V - r

Where,
D = Horizontal distance measured from tacheomter to the point sighted in m.
S = Staff intercept in m. = Vertical angle.
K = Multiplying Constant.
C = Additive Constant.
H = Height of the instrument V
= Vertical intercept at Q
r = Central hair reading

Civil Engineering Materials Lab Department of Civil Engineering

PROCEDURE
1. Set up the tachometer, at P and level it.
2. Make the line of sight incline. Clamp the vertical circle clamp. Read both the verniers C and D. The mean of the two
readings gives the value of .
3. Read the staff reading corresponding to lower, central and upper hairs.
4. Measure the height of instrument using tape.

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS

Vertical angle = =
Staff intercept = S =
Central hair reading= r =
RESULTS

COMMENTS

Civil Engineering Materials Lab Department of Civil Engineering

 Experiment No. Total Station 7
What is total station

Total station, or total station as known by some, is a surveying equipment used for
measuring large distances. The device has evolved significantly over time to meet
surveyors’ needs with features that make measuring more accurate and comfortable. Read
on to know more about applications of total station.

Learn More:- What is total station?

Features of total station

The features of a total station can vary by manufacturer, but most high-end models will include a digital display with touch screen
interface; GPS, GNSS or GLONASS receiver; internal memory for storing and tracking job locations; electronic distance measurement
tool (EDM); and data collector.

Total stations are ideal for everyday surveying, construction projects and engineering jobs.

Civil Engineering Materials Lab Department of Civil Engineering

The following is an overview of what you can expect from a typical total station.

Instrumentation

Total stations are used in a variety of different applications. From construction to mining, there is an application

for every need. No matter what industry or field you are working in, total stations can help make life easie r and

work safer.

Learn More:- Instrumentation of total station.

Accuracy

A total station is a laser-guided measuring device that allows for high levels of accuracy. In order to obtain

high levels of accuracy, a surveyor must follow specific procedures when using his or her equipment and

also possess certain skills. At times, manual surveying may seem as though it yields more accurate results ,

but in truth, when working with difficult or large-scale projects, a total station proves indispensable.

Uses of total station in geodetic survey

Surveyors have used total stations for land surveying, building construction and various other applications for

nearly half a century. Since its advent in 1962, total station has been utilized extensively for land survey by civil engineers,

geologists and geographic information system (GIS) professionals. Geodetic surveys require high levels of accuracy due to

their applications in determining coordinates of latitude and longitude based on altitudes of celestial bodies. Total stations

are also widely used in boundary surveys and boundary verification, as well as construction project management. Recent

development in technology and software has paved way

for new applications such as GPS-triggered angle measurements that increases accuracy levels when taking angle measurements
from satellites, which is ideal for construction site mapping services and bridge measurement among many others.

Applications of total station in land surveying

Although total station is used in a broad spectrum of land surveying applications, there are certain applications

where total station has marked superiority over other tools. Land surveyors will always find plenty of uses

Civil Engineering Materials Lab Department of Civil Engineering

for their total stations while they go about doing their jobs. A brief look at some application areas that would be incomplete without
using total stations: Topographic Mapping : In remote areas, rugged terrains and/or places where GPS is not available; topographic
mapping can only be done with Total Stations. Watercourse & Traffic Surveys : Surveying watercourses, railroad tracks or highways
by foot or from on a moving vehicle would have been virtually impossible before Total Stations were introduced.

Uses of total station in construction and engineering

Traditionally, total stations have been used in construction and engineering applications. They’re a great

tool for building site surveying and taking architectural measurements. Total stations are also ideal for tracking job progress by

comparing changes over time and calculating height or depth differences. Over time, civil engineers have also begun using

total stations to better monitor traffic conditions and track pollution levels. Total stations have

even been used to determine plume patterns around nuclear power plants that leak into groundwater; they’re often combined with

radioactivity detection devices and photographic equipment to measure hazardous environments on both land and sea.

Considering these extensive uses of total station in industry, it’s clear why they’ve become a standard piece of equipment for

many engineers and contractors.

Uses of total station in agricultural survey

An agricultural survey would help a farmer in assessing whether or not his crops are growing at their maximum

potential. By using a total station, he is able to get detailed measurements of crop yield, how many units of land are being used for

what purposes, if any parts of his field need improvements or adjustments and so on. He will be able to get data from a multitude

of sources as opposed to just looking out from his window or relying on hearsa from other farmers in town. The data collected can

be used for marketing purposes as well; by measuring exactly how much product he has produced he’ll know what kind of

demand there is and can respond accordingly.

Uses of total station in mapping

Total stations, also called theodolites or tachometers are used for surveying and mapping. Total stations are

used to measure distances from one point to another by using angular measurements between three points.

They can be used by professional surveyors or land surveyors, as well as people who want to do their own

surveying projects (such as when building a house). These instruments use transits –

Civil Engineering Materials Lab Department of Civil Engineering

small telescopes mounted onto tripods that swivel 360 degrees – to locate bearings. The data is stored

on a computer, which uses software to calculate horizontal distance by measuri

Civil Engineering Materials Lab Department of Civil Engineering

 SURVEYING-II LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO: 9

CONTOURING USING TOTAL STATION

Aim: Counter plan of given area (One full size drawing sheet)using total station.

PROCEDURE:
The elevation and depression and the undulations of the surface of the ground are shown
as map by interaction of level surface with by means of contour line. A contour may be
defined as the line of intersection of a level surface with the surface of the ground.
1. Fix the total station over a station and level it
2. press the power button to switch on the instrument.
3. select MODE B -------> S function------->file management------>create(enter a name)--
----->accept
4. then press ESC to go to the starting page
5. then set zero by double clicking on 0 set(F3)
6. Then go to S function ------> measure-----> rectangular co-ordinate---->station ---
>press enter.
7. Here enter the point number or name, instrument height and prism code.
8. Then press accept(Fs)
9. Adopt Cross section method for establishing the major grid around the study area.
10. project suitably spaced cross sections on either side of the centre line of the area.
11. Choose several points at reasonable distances on either sides.
12. keep the reflecting prism on the first point and turn the total station to the
prism,focus it and bisect it exactly using a horizontal and vertical clamps.
13. Then select MEAS and the display panel will show the point specification
Now select edit and re-enter the point number or name point code and enter the prism
height that we have set.
15. Then press MEAS/SAVE (F3) so that the measurement to the first point will
automatically be saved and the display panel will show the second point.
16. Then turn the total station to second point and do the same procedure.
17. Repeat the steps to the rest of the stations and get all point details.
18. Plot cross section lines to scale and enter spot levels.
19. The points on the chosen contours are interpolated assuming uniform slope
between adjacent points and join them by a smooth line.

Result: The contour of given land is drawn in the sheet.

29 | P a g e
 Exercise No. 5

Aim: To study compass used in surveying

Theory: Bearing of a line- magnetic and true bearing , WCB system and RB system, Prismatic
compass- parts, Centering and Leveling.

Instruments/ accessories used:

 Prismatic compass and surveyors compass with tripod stand

 Arrows

Exercise:

I.

 Observe the prismatic compass. Note the name and function of each and every part
 Learn to center and level the instrument.
 Measure the bearing of lines from a station to objects around. Record the observation.

II.

 Observe surveyors compass. Prepare a comparative statement between prismatic and

surveyors compass.

Observation:

Least count of compass = _____________

Instruments at Sighted to Line Bearing