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SUBHRA

Biology Project

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16 views

SUBHRA

Biology Project

Uploaded by

tanisq10
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MAHAMAYA PUBLIC SCHOOL, PAIKMAL

BIOLOGY INVWSTI

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON
“PREPARATION OF TOILET SOAP”

GUIDED BY:
MRS. SUSMITA PRIYADARSINI PANI
(PGT CHEMISTRY)

PREPARED BY:
NAME: ______________________
CBSE ROLL NO:______________

CERTIFICATE
THIS TO CERTIFY THAT SUBHRRA AGRAWAL OF CLASS-

XII HAS SUCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ON THE TOPIC “POLLINATION” UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MRS.

SUSMITA PRIYADARSINI PANI (PGT CHEMISTRY) AND THANKFUL TO

OUR SCHOOL PRINCIPAL MR. SHUBHENDU KUMAR MEHER.

THE ORIGINAL AND GENUINE INVESTIGATION, WORK HAS

BEEN OUT TO INVESTIGATE ABOUT THR SUBJECT MATTER AND THE

RELATED DATA.

EXAMINER SIGNATURE TEACHER INCHARGE

PRINCIPAL

ACKNOWLEGMENT

IT WOULD MY OUTMOST PLEASURE TO EXPRESS MY

SINCERE THANKS TO MY CHEMISTRY TEACHER MRS. SUSMITA


PRIYADARSINI PANI PROVIDING HELPING HAND IN THIS PROJECT

AND EVEN THANKS TO MY SCHOOL.

PRINCIPAL MR. SHUBHENDU KUMAR MEHER HIS

VALUABLE GUIDANCE, SUPPORT AND SUPERVISION ALL THROUGH

THIS PROJECT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ATTAINING ITS PRESENT FROM

I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANKS MY FRIENDS AS THEY HELPED ME

OUT TO PUT.

FORWARD MY PROJECT

NAME: SUBHRA AGRAWAL

DATE:

ABSTRACT:
Preparation of Toilet Soap

THEORY:
Soaps are water soluble sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acids.
Soaps are made from fats, oils by treating them chemically with a strong alkali.
The fats and oils used in soaps coming from animals or plants sources. Each fat or
oil is made up of a distinctive mixture of several different triglyceride molecule,
three fatty acid molecules are attached to one molecule of glycerine
There are many types of trigycerides, each type consists of its own
particular combination of fatty acids. Fatty acids are the components of fats and
oils that are uses in making soap. They are weak acids are composed of two parts.
A carboxylic acid group consisting of one hydrogen atom, two oxygen atom and
one carbon atom with a hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxylix acid group.
The alkali used in soap making was obtained from ashes of plants but they are now
made commercially.
Today the term alkali describes a substance that chemically is a base
and netralizes an acid. Thr coomon alakali used in soap making are sodium
hydroxide, also called caustic soda and potassium hydroxide also called caustic
potash. When soaps is shaken it produces foam which is responsible for removal of
dirt. A soap which produces more foam is more effective in cleaning. So a best
soap among a group of much soap can be identified by comparing their foaming
capacities. More the time taken for the disappreance of foam more is its foaming
capacity and more efficient it is , in its cleansing action .

CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP


Most of the dirt is oily in nature and oil does not dissolve in water. The molecule
of soap constitutes sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. In the
case of soaps, the carbon chain dissolves in oil and the ionic end dissolves in
water. Thus, the soap molecules form structures called micelles. In micelles, one
end is towards the oil droplet and the other end which is the ionic faces outside.
Therefore, it forms an emulsion in water and helps in dissolving the dirt when we
wash our clothes.
Soap is a kind of molecule in which both the ends have different properties.

 Hydrophilic end
 Hydrophobic end
The first one is the hydrophilic end which dissolves water and is attracted to it
whereas the second one is the hydrophobic end that is dissolved in hydrocarbons
and is water repulsive in nature. If on the surface of the water, soap is present then
the hydrophobic tail which is not soluble in water will align along the water
surface.

REQUIRED MATERIALS:
 Coconut oil: 1200ml
 Stone powder: 200gm
 Caustic soda: 100gm
 Perfume: 10ml
 Water: 600ml
 Colour : 200gm

PROCRDURE:
 First of all, NaOH is added to 600ml of water and kept aside for 5 hours.
 To another container containing 200 ml oil and colour added and stirred
well.
 To this oil-colour mixture, then added the stone powder and stirred till no
precipitate or solid component exists.
 Then add 1ltr of oil and mixed well.
 Now add the dilute NaOH solution prepared to the initial step to the oil
colour mixture.
 Then the solution is stirred in the clockwise direction for 35-45 minutes in a
medium speed.
 To this perfume is added and stirred well for 5 minutes.
 It is then transferred in to the mould.
 Next day, the mould is removed and the soap is converted with wrapper.
RESULT:
 Toilet soaps of 30 numbers oval in shape and 150 curved is prepared.
 By preparing the soap it is possible to find the contents of it.
 The soap thus obtained will contain less impurities as it made under our
presence
 In short, this project is the humble contribution to the quest for knowledge
exploration.
BIBILOGRAPHY:
 World bibliography of saponification, volume 1, volume 2 , kofan
 The blue book, holzner, New Delhi
 www.google.com
 www.practicalchemistry.org

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