SYSTEM ANALYSE AND DESIGN

PHASE1 SYSTEMS PLANNING

Chapter1:
Learning Objectives
 Describe the impact of information technology on business strategy and
success
o Information technology (IT) refers to the combination of hardware, software, and
services that people use to manage, communicate, and share information.
o Information technology enables innovation, efficiency, Decision-Making, Better
Customer Engagement, Competitive Advantage, Global Reach, Collaboration

 Define an information system and describe its components

 Explain how profiles and models can represent business functions and
operations
 Explain how the Internet has affected business strategies and relationships
 Identify various types of information systems and explain who uses them
 Distinguish between structured analysis, object-oriented analysis, and agile
methods
 Compare the traditional waterfall model with agile methods and models
 Apply five basic guidelines for systems development
 Discuss the role of the information technology department and the systems
analysts who work there
  Describe the impact of information technology on business
strategy and success?
 Information technology (IT) refers to the combination of hardware, software, and
services that people use to manage, communicate, and share information.
 Information technology enables innovation, efficiency, Decision-Making, Better
Customer Engagement, Competitive Advantage, Global Reach, Collaboration

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 a company that has been successful for over 100 years is IBM (International Business
Machines), And was founded in 1896 by Herman Hollerith, who invented the punched
card system
 Systems Development Business information systems are developed by people who
are technically qualified, business-oriented, and highly motivated. Successful developers
also must be good communicators with strong analytical and critical thinking skills.
 Systems analysis and design (SAD) is a step-by-step process for developing high-
quality information systems. An information system combines information technology,
people, and data to support business requirements.
 systems analysts are who plan, develop, and maintain information systems.
 a company developed its own information systems, called in-house applications, and the
company that purchase pre-made software from external vendors, it is referred to as a
software package.
 Who develops information technology
o In-house applications
o Software packages
o Internet-based application services
o Outsourcing
o Custom solutions
o Enterprise-wide Software strategies
 INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
 Define an information system and describe its components?
 A system is a set of related components that produces specific results
 An information system has five key components:
o Hardware
 Hardware consists of everything in the physical layer of the information system.
e.g. servers, workstations, networks, telecommunications equipment, fiber-optic
cables, mobile devices, scanners, digital capture devices, and other technology-
based infrastructure.
o Software
 Software refers to the programs that control the hardware and produce the
desired information or results.
 a company must consider how a new system will interface with older systems,
which are called legacy systems.
 e.g. a new human resources system might need to exchange data with an older
payroll application.
 Software consists of system software and application software.
 System Software: manages the hardware components, which can
include a single workstation or a global network with many thousands of
clients. E.g. operating system, security software that protects the
computer from intrusion, device drivers that communicate with
hardware
 application software: consists of programs that support day-to-day
business functions and provide users with the information they require.
e.g. enterprise applications
 Application software includes horizontal and vertical systems.
o A horizontal system: is a system that can be organized
to use in many different types of companies e.g. inventory or
payroll application
o A vertical system: is designed to meet the unique requirements
of a specific business or industry e.g. Web-based retailer, a
medical practice, or a video chain.
 o Data
 Data is the raw material that an information system transforms into useful
information.
 Information system Store data in various locations called tables
 By linking the tables, the system can extract specific information
o Process
 describe the tasks and business functions that users, managers, and IT staff
members perform to achieve specific results
 Processes are the building blocks of an information system because they
represent actual day-to-day business operations.
 To build a successful information system, analysts must understand business
processes and document them carefully.
o People
 People who have an interest in an information system are called stakeholders.
 Stakeholders include the management group responsible for the system, the
users (sometimes called end users) inside and outside the company who will
interact with the system, and IT staff members, such as systems analysts,
programmers, and network administrators who develop and support the system.
 experienced IT professionals agree that the success or failure of a system usually
depends on whether it meets the needs of its users.
 Every system requires input data. For example, your computer receives data when you press a
key or click a menu command
 In an information system, data consists of basic facts that are the system’s raw material.
Information is data that has been transformed into output that is valuable to users.

UNDERSTAND THE BUSINESS

 Explain how profiles and models can represent business

functions and operations

Business Profile
A business profile is an overview of a company’s mission, functions, organization, products, services,
customers, suppliers, competitors, constraints, and future direction.

Business Process
A business process is a specific set of transactions, events, and results that can be described and
documented.

A business process model (BPM)

graphically displays one or more business processes, such as handling an airline reservation, filling a
product order, or updating a customer account.

New Kinds of Companies

Production-Oriented

Service-Oriented

Internet-dependent

Dot-com(.Com)

Brick-and-Mortal

IMPACT OF THE INTERNET

 Explain how the Internet has affected business strategies and the
Internet has revolutionized business strategies and
relationships?
• E-Commerce or I-Commerce

• B2C (Business-to-Consumer)

• B2B (Business-to-Business): This popular form of online B2B interaction is called supply chain
management (SCM), or supplier relationship management (SRM).

– EDI: is a computer to computer over private telecommunications lines

– Extensible markup language (XML): enabled company-to-company traffic to migrate to

the Internet

– Supply chain management (SCM)

– Supplier relationship management (SRM)

 and how the Internet has revolutionized business strategies and

relationships?
 Enhanced Customer Relationships
 Streamlined B2B Operations
 24/7 Availability:
  Network Building and Partnerships:
 Increased Competition:

 Business Information Systems based on the user group the

system served
o Office systems
o Operational systems
o Decision support systems
o Executive information systems

 Business Information Systems based of identifying a system by

its functions and features, rather than by its users

 Identify various types of information systems and

explain who uses them
o Enterprise computing systems:----------------------- uses managers
o Transaction processing systems:----------------------uses Staff
o Business support systems:----------------------------- uses Middle managers
o Knowledge management systems:-------------------uses analysts
o User productivity systems: ---------------------------- uses Employees at all levels

 What Information Do Users Need?

o Top Managers
o Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers
o Supervisors and Team Leaders
o Operational Employees
 Systems Development Methods
o Structured Analysis
 Structured analysis is a traditional systems development technique that
is time-tested and easy to understand.
 Structured analysis uses a series of phases, called the systems
development life cycle (SDLC)
 The SDLC model usually includes five steps
 Systems planning (Phase1):
o Systems request: describes problems
 o Purpose of this phase is to perform a preliminary
investigation
o
 Systems analysis (Phase2):
o is to build a logical model of the new system
o The first step is requirements modeling, where you
investigate business processes and document what the
new system must do to satisfy users.
o The deliverable for the systems analysis phase is the
system requirements document.

Systems design (Phase3):
o The purpose of the systems design phase is to create a
physical model that will satisfy all documented
requirements for the system
 Systems implementation (Phase4):
o New System is Constructed
 Systems support and security (Phase5):
o A well-designed system must be secure, reliable,
maintainable, and scalable.
o Object-Oriented Analysis
 While structured analysis separates process and data O-O analysis
combines data and process into objects
 Object is a member of a class
 Objects possess properties Methods change an object’s properties
 Usually follow a series of analysis and design phases that are similar to
the SDLC
 Interactive model
o Agile Methods
 Agile process determines the end result
 Other adaptive variations and related methods exist
 Two examples are Scrum and Extreme Programming (XP)
 Analysts should understand the pros and cons of any approach before
selecting a development method

o Other Development Methods

 Joint application development (JAD)
 Rapid application development (RAD)
 Might encounter other systems development techniques
 Rational Unified Process (RUP®)
 Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF)
 Systems Development Tools
o Modeling
o Prototyping
o Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools
 Systems Development Guidelines
o Develop a project plan
o Involve users and listen carefully to them
o Use project management tools to identify tasks and milestones
o Develop accurate cost and benefit information
o Remain flexible


1. What is information technology, and why is it important to a business?

Ans:

Information technology (IT) refers to the combination of hardware, software, and services that
people use to manage, communicate, and share information.

Because the success of the business depends on IT

2. Define business profiles, processes, and modeling.?

Ans:

A business profile is an overview of a company’s mission, functions, organization, products,

services, customers, suppliers, competitors, constraints, and future direction.

business process is a specific set of transactions, events, and results that can be described and
documented.

A business process model (BPM) graphically displays one or more business processes, such as
handling an airline reservation, filling a product order, or updating a customer account

3. Identify the main components of an information system, and describe the system’s
stakeholders.?
 Ans:
 The Main components of Information system:
o Hardware
o Software
o Data
o Process
o People

Stakeholders: People who have an interest in an information system are called stakeholders

4. . Explain the difference between vertical and horizontal systems packages.?

Ans: horizontal system is a system, such as an inventory or payroll application, that can be
adapted for use in many different types of companies.

A vertical system is designed to meet the unique requirements of a specific business or industry,
such as a Web-based retailer, a medical practice, or a video chain.
5. How do companies use EDI? What are some advantages of using XML?

Ans:
electronic commerce between two companies used a data sharing arrangement called
electronic data interchange (EDI)

some advantages of using XML

 extensible markup language (XML) enabled company-to-company traffic to the Internet
 universal availability.
 and low communication costs.
6. Describe five types of information systems, and give an example of each.?

Ans:

A: Hardware consists of everything in the physical layer of the information system. e.g. servers,
workstations, networks,

B: Software refers to the programs that control the hardware and produce the results. e.g.:
System software like operating system, security software Application, enterprise applications

C: Data is the raw material that an information system transforms into useful information.
e.g.: payroll system

D: Processes describe the tasks and business functions that users, managers, and IT staff
members perform to achieve specific results.

E: People who have an interest in an information system are called stakeholders

e.g. end users
7. Describe four organizational levels of a typical business and their information requirements.?

o Top Managers: develop long range plan

o Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers: provide direction

o Supervisors and Team Leaders: oversee operational employees

o Operational Employees: users who rely on TP systems

 Distinguish between structured analysis,

object-oriented analysis, and agile methods
7. What is object-oriented analysis, and how does it differ from structured analysis? Ans: Object-
oriented analysis combines data and the processes that act on the data into things called objects
that represent people, things, transactions, and events. Structured analysis uses a series of
phases, called the systems development life cycle (SDLC) that usually is shown as a waterfall
model.

Compare the traditional waterfall model with agile

methods and models
The Waterfall Model follows a linear, step-by-step process where each phase must be
completed before moving to the next

Agile Methods are iterative and flexible, breaking the project into smaller cycles called sprints
Apply five basic guidelines for systems development
o Develop a project plan
o Involve users and listen carefully to them
o Use project management tools to identify tasks and milestones
o Develop accurate cost and benefit information
o Remain flexible
Chapter2: Analyzing the Business Case

Objectives

1.Explain the concept of a business case and how a business case

affects an IT project
. It explains the purpose of the project, evaluates the costs and benefits, identifies
risks, and outlines success metrics.
And how it affects
Justification of the Project
Resource Allocation:
Risk Assessment
Decision-Making Framework
Prioritization
Success Metrics:

2. Describe the strategic planning process and why it is important to

the IT team
Strategic planning is a long-term organizational goal, strategies, guiding the
company’s direction for the future.
it is important to the IT team because:
Aligns IT with Business Strategy
Focus Beyond Day-to-Day Tasks
Larger Role for IT

3.Conduct a SWOT analysis and describe the four factors involved

  Strengths: Internal capabilities or resources that give a competitive
advantage.
 Weaknesses: Internal limitations or areas needing improvement.
 Opportunities: External factors the organization can leverage.
 Threats: External risks or challenges the organization faces

4.Explain the purpose of a mission statement

The purpose of a mission statement is to define an organization's purpose, guide
its strategic goals, and communicate its values and direction to stakeholders.

5. Explain how the SDLC serves as a framework for systems

development
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) serves as a structured
framework for planning, analyzing, designing, implementing, and supporting an
information system

6.List reasons for systems projects Improved Service

– Reduced Cost
– Stronger Controls
– More Information
– Support for New Products and Services
– Better Performance

7. Describe systems requests and the role of the systems review

committee
A systems request is a formal document submitted by an individual or
department to propose a new system or request changes to an existing one
The systems review committee evaluates the systems request once it is submitted

8. Define operational, technical, economic, and schedule feasibility

 Operational Feasibility: Determines if the system will meet business
needs and be accepted by users.
  Technical Feasibility: Assesses if the technology needed is available
and if the organization has the capability to implement it.
 Economic Feasibility: Evaluates if the system's benefits outweigh its
costs.
 Schedule Feasibility: Checks if the project can be completed within
the required time frame.

9. Describe the steps and the end product of a preliminary

investigation
– Understand the problem or opportunity.
– Define project scope and constraints.
– Perform fact-finding.
– Analyze usability, costs, benefits, and schedules.
– Evaluate feasibility.
– Present results and recommendations.

Q&A

1)What is a business case? How does a business case affect an IT project?

The term business case refers to the reasons, or justification, for a proposal A strong business case
suggests that the company should pursue the alternative, above other options, because it would be in
the firm's best interest to do so.

2) What is a SWOT analysis and why is it important? A SWOT analysis is a solid foundation for the
strategic planning process, because it examines a firm's technical, human, and financial resources. SWOT
stands for: Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

3) What are five common reasons for systems projects?

Improved service

Reduced cost

Stronger controls

better performance

More information
4) What are some internal and external factors that affect systems projects?

Internal: Strategic plan Top managers User requests IT department Existing systems and data

External: Technology Suppliers Customers Competitors the Economy Government

5) What are some advantages and disadvantages of a systems review committee? Most LARGE
companies use a systems review committee to evaluate systems requests Most SMALL companies rely on
one person to evaluate systems requests instead of a committee The goal is to evaluate the requests and
set priorities

6) What is feasibility? List and briefly discuss four feasibility tests.

Economic: -Total cost of Ownership (TCO) -Tangible benefits (measured in dollars) -Intangible benefits
Operational: -proposed system will be used effectively after it has been developed -Depend on several
vital issues Schedule: project can be implemented in an acceptable time frame (Time vs Cost)

Technical: -refers to the technical resources needed to develop, purchase, install, or operate the system
7) How do tangible benefits differ from intangible benefits? A part of Economic feasibility Tangible is
measured in dollars and can be considered as increases in revenue, decrease in expenses example: new
scheduling system that reduces overtime Intangible is not measured in dollars, but are beneficial.
example: a user-friendly system that improves employee job satisfaction

8) What are the steps in a preliminary investigation?

1) understand the problem or opportunity

2) define the project scope or constraints

3) perform fact-finding

4) analyze project usability, cost, benefit, and schedule data

5) evaluate feasibility 6) present the results and/or recommendations to management

9) What is project scope? What is a constraint? In what three ways are constraints classified?

project scope: defining the specific boundaries, or extent, of the project. project constraint: clear or
predicted barriers holding back the project/systems advancement or success (goal)
Chapter 4

Learning Objectives
 Describe system analysis phase activities
o Requirements Modeling
o Object Modeling
o Data and Process Modeling
o Development Strategies
 • Explain joint application development (JAD), rapid application development (RAD), and
agile methods
o Joint application development (JAD) is a popular fact-finding technique that
brings users into the development process as active participants.
o Rapid application development (RAD) is a team-based technique that speeds up
information systems development and produces a functioning information
system.
o The Agile method is a flexible and iterative software development.
 What is a systems requirement, and how are systems requirements classified?
o A system requirement is a characteristic that must be included into the system as it is
being developed to satisfy all business requirements so it can satisfy the end user.
o Outputs
o Inputs
o Processes
o performance and security.
 Define total cost of ownership (TCO)
o TCO is where system developers must identify and document indirect expenses
that contribute the total cost of a system.
 Chapter 5

 Describe data and process modeling, and name the main data and process
modeling techniques.
o Data and Process Modeling is a technique used to visually represent the flow of data A
data flow diagram (DFD) shows how data moves through an information system but
does not show program logic or processing steps
 Data Flow Diagrams (DFD):
 Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERD):
 Flowcharts:
 What is the relationship between a context diagram and diagram 0, and which symbol is not
used in a context diagram?
o The Context Diagram provides a high-level view of the system as a single process
o while Diagram 0 breaks down this single process into detailed sub-processes.
 What is meant by an exploded DFD?
o breaking down that Level 0 process into more detailed sub-processes, often starting at
Level 1
 Describe the symbols used in data flow diagrams and explain the rules for their use
o Process
o Data Store
o External Entity
o Data Flow
Chapter6
 What is object-oriented analysis, and what are some advantages of using this technique?
o describes an information system by identifying things called objects
o Maintenance, Reusability, Modularity, Flexibility
 Define an object, and give an example.
o An object represents a real person
o For example,
 when a patient makes an appointment to see a doctor, the patient is an
object, the doctor is an object, and the appointment itself is an object.