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4.01 Lecture Introduction to Bernoullis Equation Notes

Water and Environmental Systems

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14 views

4.01 Lecture Introduction to Bernoullis Equation Notes

Water and Environmental Systems

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q2930177410
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CL216 Hydraulics and Hydrology

Semester 2
Lecture – Introduction to Bernoulli’s
Equation
Session Objectives

• Introduction to Bernoulli’s Equation.


• State the limitations and assumptions made when using
Bernoulli’s Equation.
• Describe the three different forms of Bernoulli’s Equation.
Bernoulli’s Principle

• Named after Daniel Bernoulli, a


Swiss mathematician and physicist.
• Based on the principle of
conservation of energy.
• Shows the relationship between
fluid velocity, pressure and potential
energy in a pipe network.
• An increase in velocity of the fluid Daniel Bernoulli
results in either a decrease in (8th February 1700 –
17th March 1782)
pressure or potential energy.
Venturi Effect

• In order to understand how to apply Bernoulli’s Equation


we need to learn about the Venturi Effect in a pipe.
• The Venturi Effect: the reduction in pressure of a fluid
and increase in velocity that occurs at a constricted
section of a pipe when fluid flows through it.
• If we apply the equation:
• Q=V*A (Volumetric Flow Rate= Velocity*Area).
Venturi Effect

• We can set the following set of criteria which


will help us when solving pipe flow equations
which apply Bernoulli’s Equation:

•A

•V

•P
School of Engineering & ICT
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Bernoulli’s Equation
What does Bernoulli’s equation deal with?
• Fluid dynamics deals with the fluid behavior when it is moving (or
“flowing”).
• Bernoulli’s Equation is concerned with the conservation of kinetic,
potential and pressure energy of a fluid stream, and their conversion to
each other during idealised frictionless flow that is applicable under certain
restrictions.
• A relationship exists between pressure, velocity and elevation in steady,
incompressible and frictionless flow.
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Bernoulli’s Equation: Assumptions and Limitations

1. Steady flow
Not applicable during the transient start-up and slow-down.

2. Frictionless flow
Frictional effects must be negligible.

3. Incompressible flow
One of our assumption is constant density. The condition is suitable for
liquid and gases at reasonably low velocity.
School of Engineering & ICT
Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology

Bernoulli’s Equation: Assumptions and Limitations

4. No heat transfer
The density will change with the temperature.

5. Flow along a streamline


The constant is different for different streamlines,
but if the flow is irrotational, the constant is the
same for all streamline.
Bernoulli’s Equations

Bernoulli’s Equation can be written in the following three forms:

1. Energy
2. Pressure
3. Head
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Bernoulli’s Equation: Energy Form

P 1 2
+ V + gz = constant
r 2 Potential energy (unit: m/s 2m = N m/kg= J/kg)

Kinetic energy (unit: m2/s2 = N m/kg=J/kg

Pressure energy (or flow energy, flow work)


(unit: N/m2 /(kg/m3)=N m/kg=J/kg)

From the energy perspective, Bernoulli’s Equation is an


expression of mechanical energy balance
School of Engineering & ICT
Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology

Bernoulli’s Equation: Energy Form


The sum of the kinetic, potential and pressure energies of a fluid particles is
constant along a streamline during steady flow when the compressibility and
frictional effects are negligible.
For any two points along a streamline, the Bernoulli equation could be
represented as:
streamline
P11 2 P2 1 2
+ V1 + gz1 = + V2 + gz2 (2)
r 2 r 2 (1)

(1) (2)
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Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology
Bernoulli’s Equation: Pressure Form

P 1 2
+ V + gz = constant
r 2
´r
1
P + rV 2 + r gz = constant
2
Hydrostatic pressure
Dynamic pressure
Static pressure (actual pressure in the fluid)
By multiplying Bernoulli’s Equation by the fluid density, it
demonstrates that, along a streamline, kinetic and potential
energies can be converted to pressure (units- N/m2).
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Bernoulli Equation: Pressure Form

1
Ptotal  P  V 2  gz  constant
2

total pressure
Pstag: stagnation pressure
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Bernoulli’s Equation: Pressure Form


Pitot tube

dynamic pressure
piezometer

1 Pstag: stagnation pressure


V 2
2
P: static pressure pitot tube

V
1
Pstag  P  V 2
2

stagnation point

1 2 2(Pstag - P)
Pstag = P + rV V=
2 r
Pitot Tube

• Pitot Tube: flow measuring device which is used to


measure fluid flow velocity.
• It consists of a tube pointing directly into a fluid flow.
• The moving fluid is brought to rest (stagnates) as
there is no outlet to allow flow to continue.
Piezometer

• Piezometer: a device used to measure liquid


pressure in a system by measuring the height to
which a column of the liquid rises against gravity.
• It is designed to measure static pressure, and
therefore differs from a Pitot Tube, by not being
pointed into the fluid flow.
Bernoulli’s Equation: Pressure Form
1Τ 𝜌𝑉 2 is termed the dynamic pressure. Considering the
2
pressure at the end of a small tube inserted into the flow and
pointing upstream.

After the initial transient motion has died out, the liquid will fill the
tube to a height of H as shown.
Bernoulli Equation: Pressure Form

The fluids in the tubes will be stationary and also the velocity of
the flow at the entrance to the tube (2) will zero. This is referred
to as the stagnation point.
Bernoulli Equation: Pressure Form

Apply Bernoulli’s equation, in pressure form, along the stream


line from (1) to (2):

1 2
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑉 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2

1 1
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑉1 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑉2 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧2
2
2 2
Bernoulli Equation: Pressure Form

As the flow is horizontal (z1=z2) and V2=0:

1
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑉1 2 = 𝑃2
2
Bernoulli Equation: Pressure Form

Hence the pressure at (1) is greater than the pressure at (2) by


the amount:
1 2
𝜌𝑉
2
Because this is dependent on the speed of the flow it is referred
to as the dynamic pressure.
Bernoulli Equation: Pressure Form

Note that at point (2), where the velocity is zero, that flow has
stagnated. The point that this has occurred is referred to as a
stagnation point.

The pressure at the point where the flow has stagnated is


referred to as the stagnation pressure.
Bernoulli Equation: Pressure Form

Because the pressure at the stagnation point is the sum of the


dynamic and static pressures it is the maximum pressure
possible in the flow along the streamline.

Also, as it is the sum of the static and dynamic pressures it is


called the total pressure.
School of Engineering & ICT
Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology
Bernoulli’s Equation: Heads Form

P 1 2
+ V + gz = constant
r 2
¸g
P V 2
+ + z = H = constant (along a streamline)
r g 2g
Elevation head
Velocity head
Pressure head
By dividing Bernoulli’s Equation by gravity, each term has
the dimension of length (m) and represents some kind of
‘head’ of the flowing fluid
School of Engineering & ICT
Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology

Bernoulli’s Equation: Heads Form


Pressure head: height of fluid column that produces P
static pressure P rg
Velocity head: elevation needed for fluid to reach V2
velocity V during free fall 2g
Elevation head: potential energy of the fluid z
Pressure head + Velocity head + Elevation head = H
Total head
Summary

• Bernoulli’s Equation has various limitations and


assumptions have to be made when applying it.
• Bernoulli’s Equation can be written in three different
forms: Energy, Pressure and Head.

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