1 INTRODUCTION OF ETABS

ETABS is an engineering software product that provides to multi-story building

analysis and design. I TABS stand for Extended Three dimensional Analysis of
Building Systems. Modeling tools and templates, code-based load
prescriptions, analysis methods and solution techniques, coordinate with the
grid-like geometry unique to this class of structure. Basic or advanced system
under static or dynamic conditions may be evaluated using ETABS. For a
sophisticated assessment of seismic performance, modal and direct-integration
time-history analyses may couple with Delta and Large Displacement effects.
Nonlinear links and fiber hinges may capture mater nonlinearity under
monotonic or hysteretic behavior. Intuitive and integrated features mal
applications of any complexity practical to implement. Interoperability with a
series of design a documentation plat forms makes ETABS a coordinated and
productive tool for designs while range from simple 2D frames to elaborate
modern high-rises.

For nearly thirty years, ETABS has been identified as the industry standard for
Building Analysis and Design Software. Today, continuing along with the similar
tradition, ETABS I emerged into a quietly developed structure analysis and
design program. The system built around an aesthetically object based
graphical user interface, powered by desired new special aspiration algorithms
for analysis and design, with facilities for drafting as well as producing output
recreating standards of integration, creativity and technical innovation.
ETABS is a software that provides analysis and design of multi-story buildings. It is
primarily used by civil engineers, structural engineers, and architects for the analysis and
design of buildings and other structures.

Most important use of ETAB are as follows;

• ETABS allows users to create 3D models of structures using various modeling

tools. The software supports various types of structural elements such as beams,
columns, slabs, walls, and shells.
• ETABS provides a range of analysis methods, including static analysis, dynamic
analysis, and time history analysis.
• It can handle both linear and nonlinear behavior of structures, making it suitable for
complex and realistic simulations.
• ETABS allows users to apply various types of loads such as dead loads, live loads,
wind loads, seismic loads, and more to simulate real-world conditions and assess
the structural response.
• ETABS provides graphical visualization of analysis results, enabling engineers to
understand and interpret the behavior of the structure under different loading
conditions.
Today there are hundreds of software which consult into the designing of the
civil related structures and also managerial software which deals with the
management of the construction activities on the site. The various software in
the field of designing are namely E-Tabs STAAD.pro, SAFE etc. These are most
widely used software around the world. The main focus being on E-Tabs
software. Since in India, it is been used from recent past even though it has
been existing since last three decades. The software ETABS has an ultimate
integrated system which helps in computing the values required for the
designing and analysis of the building. n this Step,the dimensions and story height are
set. Then column, beam, and slab sections are defined along with vertical loads. A.
Start the program. The Start Page will display.
B. Click the New Model button on the Start Page and the Model Initialization
form shown in will display.
 Lots of things can be done using ETABS software including moment resisting
frames and braced frame, any type of truss roof system, structure with beam
size reduction or side plates, rigid floor system or flexible floors, sloppy
roofing structure, slope slab/ramp as well as parking system structure,
intermediate level floor system, and couple of tower structure and different
level diaphragm method along with critical concrete, composite floor system
or steel joist floor framing technique. Internally manageable and associated
with a couple more of design and integration applications ETABS provides a
well-managed and productive application for designs that ranges from the
normal two dimensional structure to more detailed modern multi storied
structure.

C Choose the Use Built-in Settings With: option.

D . Select U.S. Customary base units from the Display Units drop-
down list on the Model Initialization form. To review the display units
hold the mouse cursor over the information icon . To change the units
once initialized, click the Options menu > Display Units command. E.
Select ACI 318-19 from the Concrete Design Code drop-down list.
Click the OK button and the New Model Quick Templates form The New Model
Quick Templates form is used to specify horizontal grid line spacing, story data,
and template models. Template models provide a quick, easy way of starting a
model. They automatically add structural objects with appropriate properties
to the model. We highly recommend that you start your models using
templates whenever possible.
In this example, the model is built using the Flat Slab with Perimeter Beams
template
Tools bars:
The toolbar, also called a bar or standard toolbar (originally known as
ribbon), is a graphical control element on which on-screen icons can be
used. A toolbar often allows for quick access to functions that are commonly
used in the program. Some examples of functions a toolbar might have are
open file, save, and change font. Toolbars are usually distinguished from
palettes by their integration into the edges of the screen or of other
windows. This can result in wasted space if multiple underpopulated bars
are stacked atop each other or interface inefficiency if overloaded bars are
placed on small windows.

Figure 4
There are several user interface elements derived from toolbars:

• An address bar, location bar or URL bar is a toolbar that mainly consists
of a text box. It typically accepts URLs or file system addresses. They are
found in web browsers and file managers.
• A breadcrumb or breadcrumb trail allows users to keep track of their
locations within a program or a file system. They are toolbars whose
contents dynamically change to indicate the navigation path.
• A ribbon was originally used to refer to a toolbar, but it now means a
complex user interface which consists of multiple toolbars chosen
between through tabs.
• A taskbar is a toolbar provided by an operating system to launch, monitor
and manipulate software. A taskbar may hold other sub-toolbars.
• A search box is not in itself a toolbar but one may appear within a
toolbar, as is the case with the address bar.
• Toolbars may appear in various software. Some internet browsers allow
the user to customize its toolbars' contents or location. Plug-ins can be
used to add new toolbars to some programs.
• Sometimes horse viruses will take the form of a toolbar.

2 SURE, LET'S DELVE INTO MORE DETAIL ABOUT THE TOOLBAR

IN ETABS:
 1. *Selection Tools*:
- *Select*: Allows you to select objects in the model.
- *Move*: Used to move selected objects.
- *Rotate*: Rotates selected objects around a specified axis.
- *Scale*: Changes the size of selected objects.
- *Mirror*: Mirrors selected objects about a specified plane. - *Align*: Aligns
selected objects based on specified criteria.
2. *Drawing Tools*:
- *Draw Frame*: Creates frame elements like beams and columns.
- *Draw Area*: Draws area elements like slabs and walls.
- *Draw Line*: Draws lines, which can be used for modeling or as reference
lines.
- *Draw Point*: Places points in the model.
3. *Analysis Tools*:
- *Define Loads*: Allows you to define various types of loads such as gravity
loads, lateral loads, and point loads.
- *Assign Load Cases*: Assigns loads to different load cases for analysis.
- *Apply Constraints*: Specifies boundary conditions and restraints on
structural elements.
- *Run Analysis*: Executes the structural analysis based on the defined
model and loads.
4. *Design Tools*:
- *Design Beam/Column/Slab*: Initiates the design process for the specified
structural member type
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- *Design Preferences*: Sets design preferences and criteria such as design
codes and material properties.
5. *Display Tools*:
- *View Options*: Controls various display settings such as view type, render
mode, and visibility of different model components.
- *Layer Display Options*: Manages the visibility of objects on different
layers.
- *Object Properties*: Allows you to view and edit properties of selected
objects such as material, section, and boundary conditions.
6. *Results Visualization Tools*:
- *Show Analysis Results*: Displays analysis results such as displacements,
forces, and stresses.
- *Contour Display*: Shows contour plots of analysis results.
- *Result Envelopes*: Displays envelopes of selected analysis results.
7. *Modeling Aids*:
- *Create Grids*: Generates a grid system for the model.
- *Snap Options*: Controls snap settings for precise modeling.
- *Coordinate Systems*: Manages coordinate systems for the model.
8. *Utility Tools*:
- *Copy/Paste*: Copies and pastes selected objects.
- *Undo/Redo*: Reverses or reapplies the last action.
- *Save/Print*: Saves or prints the model and analysis results.
These tools collectively provide users with the necessary functionality to
efficiently model, analyze, and design complex structural systems within ETABS\
MENU BARS
ETABS provides a comprehensive set of menus that offer access to various
features and functions for modeling, analysis, design, and post-processing of
structural systems. Here's a detailed breakdown of the main menus typically
found in ETABS:

1. *FILE MENU:*
- New Model: Starts a new ETABS project.
- Open Model: Opens an existing ETABS project.
- Save Model: Saves the current ETABS project.
- Save As: Saves the current ETABS project with a new name or location.
- Close Model: Closes the current ETABS project.
- Import: Imports data from other file formats.
- Export: Exports data to other file formats.
- Print: Prints the current view or model.
- Preferences: Adjusts application settings and preferences.
- Exit: Quits the ETABS application.
2. *EDIT MENU:*
- Undo/Redo: Reverses or reapplies the most recent action.
- Cut/Copy/Paste: Manipulates selected elements.
- Select All: Selects all elements in the model.
- Find/Replace: Searches for specific elements or text in the model.
- Preferences: Adjusts editing preferences and settings.
3. *VIEW MENU:*
- Toolbars: Toggles the display of various toolbars.
- Show/Hide: Controls the visibility of different elements in the model.
- Zoom/Pan/Rotate: Adjusts the view of the model.
- Grid/Axis Systems: Controls the display of grid and axis systems.

- View Options: Customizes the view settings.

- Results Display: Controls the display of analysis results.
- Render: Adjusts the rendering settings for graphical display.
4. *MODEL MENU:*
- Draw: Tools for creating structural elements like beams, columns, slabs,
walls, etc.
- Modify: Tools for modifying existing elements, such as move, rotate,
stretch, etc.
- Mesh: Tools for generating mesh for finite element analysis.
- Import/Export: Tools for importing and exporting model data.
- Preferences: Adjusts modeling preferences and settings.
5. *DEFINE MENU:*
- Materials: Defines material properties such as concrete, steel, etc.
- Section Properties: Defines section properties for structural elements.
- Frame Sections: Defines frame section properties for beams and columns.
- Area Sections: Defines area section properties for slabs and walls.
- Load Patterns: Defines load patterns for analysis.
- Load Cases: Defines load cases and combinations for analysis.
6. *ASSIGN MENU:*
- Frame Loads: Assigns loads to frame elements like point loads, distributed
loads, etc.
- Area Loads: Assigns loads to area elements like uniform loads, hydrostatic
pressure, etc.
- Joint Loads: Assigns loads to joints. –
Mass Source: Assigns masses to structural elements.

7. *ANALYSIS MENU:*
- Run Analysis: Performs structural analysis.
- Display Options: Controls the display of analysis results.
- Analysis Options: Adjusts analysis settings and parameters.
- Preferences: Adjusts analysis preferences and settings.

8. *DESIGN MENU:*
- Design Strips: Defines design strips for slab design.
- Design Sections: Performs section design for frame elements.
- Design Options: Adjusts design preferences and settings. - Preferences:
Adjusts design preferences and settings.
9. *DISPLAY MENU:*
- Show/Hide: Controls the visibility of different elements in the model.
- Render: Adjusts the rendering settings for graphical display.
- Display Options: Customizes the display settings.
- Results Display: Controls the display of analysis results.

10. *UTILITIES MENU:*

- Define Groups: Creates and manages element groups.
- Select/Modify: Tools for selecting and modifying elements.
- Database Editing: Edits material and section properties in the database.
- Report Generation: Generates reports and output files.
- Customize: Customizes toolbars, menus, and shortcuts.

These menus provide users with access to a wide range of tools and functions,
allowing for efficient modeling, analysis, and design of structural systems within
the ETABS software.

 GRID FORMATION
Certainly! Let's break down the process of grid formation in ETABS into a detailed
guide with key points:
1. *INTRODUCTION TO ETABS*:
- ETABS is a powerful structural analysis and design software developed by
Computers and Structures, Inc. (CSI).
- Widely used by structural engineers and designers for modeling and
analyzing buildings and other structures.

2. *PURPOSE OF GRID FORMATION*:

- Grid formation in ETABS serves as a foundational step in structural
modeling.
- Establishes a systematic framework for accurate placement and alignment
of building elements.

3. *ACCESSING GRID MODE*:

- Begin by opening an ETABS project and navigating to the desired plan
view.
- Access Grid Mode either through the toolbar or the menu bar (View >
Grid).

4. *DEFINING GRID LINES*:

- Grid lines are created to divide the plan view into sections and provide
reference points for modeling.
- Use the "Add Grid Line" tool to place grid lines in the X and Y directions.

5. *SETTING GRID SPACING*:

- Determine the spacing between grid lines based on project requirements
and scale.
- Grid spacing ensures uniformity and organization in the model.

6. *ASSIGNING LABELS*:
- Each grid line is assigned a label or identifier to distinguish it from others.
- Labels are typically alphanumeric characters for horizontal lines and
numerical values for vertical lines.
7. *PLACING GRID LINES*:
- Grid lines should be strategically placed to intersect key reference points
in the building layout.

- Ensure accurate alignment with structural elements such as corners and

intersections.

8. *MODIFYING THE GRID*:

- Users can modify the grid layout as needed to accommodate changes in
the building design.
- Add, delete, or move grid lines using the editing tools provided in ETABS.

9. *UTILIZING SNAP OPTIONS*:

- Snap options enhance precision and efficiency by allowing elements to
snap to grid intersections.
- Ensure accurate placement and alignment of structural elements.

10. *BENEFITS OF A WELL-DEFINED GRID*:

- Facilitates accurate modeling and analysis of building structures.
- Provides a systematic framework for dimensional control and spatial
orientation.
- Enhances efficiency and productivity in the modeling process.
*CONSIDERATIONS FOR GRID FORMATION*:
- Grid spacing should be chosen carefully based on project requirements
and complexity.
- Grid lines should be positioned to align with structural elements and key
reference points.
- Regularly review and refine the grid layout to maintain accuracy and
consistency.

12*Best Practices for Grid Formation

Plan grid layout carefully before adding grid lines to the model.
- Use labels effectively to organize and differentiate grid lines.
- Regularly check grid alignment and adjust as needed to maintain
accuracy.

11. *CONCLUSION*:
- Grid formation is a crucial aspect of structural modeling in ETABS.
- By establishing a well-defined grid system, users can ensure accuracy and
efficiency in their building designs.
- Understanding the process and principles of grid formation is essential for
successful modeling and analysis in ETABS.
In summary, grid formation in ETABS is a systematic process that involves
defining, modifying, and managing grid systems within the software. By following
these key points and best practices, users can establish a reliable framework for
accurately placing and aligning structural elements within their building models,
ensuring the integrity and efficiency of their designs.

UNITS
In structural engineering, accurate unit management is crucial for ensuring the
integrity and reliability of analysis and design processes. ETABS, being a
sophisticated software tool for structural analysis and design, offers
comprehensive capabilities for managing units effectively. In this detailed
exploration, we'll delve into the nuances of unit management in ETABS, covering
various aspects such as unit systems, length units, force units, mass units,
temperature units, and other relevant parameters.

2.1 *1. UNIT SYSTEM SELECTION:*

ETABS allows users to choose between different unit systems, primarily Imperial
(English) and Metric, based on their project requirements and preferences.
During the initial setup of an ETABS project, users have the option to select the
desired unit system. Additionally, users can change the unit system later in the
model settings if needed. This flexibility ensures compatibility with regional
standards and conventions, as well as the convenience of working with familiar
units.

2.2 *2. LENGTH UNITS:*

Length units in ETABS determine the scale for dimensions such as distances,
heights, and lengths of structural elements. Users can choose from a range of
length units including inches, feet, millimeters, centimeters, and meters.
Selecting the appropriate length unit is essential for accurately representing the
physical dimensions of the structure within the software. It ensures that
geometric parameters, such as member sizes and building dimensions, are
correctly interpreted and displayed in the model.

2.3 *3. FORCE UNITS:*

Force units in ETABS define the scale for loads, reactions, and internal forces
within the structural model. Common force units available in ETABS include kips
(k), pounds (lb), newtons (N), and kilonewtons (kN). Choosing the correct force
unit is critical for accurately representing applied loads, reactions at supports,
and internal forces in structural members. It ensures consistency between input
loads, analysis results, and design calculations, thereby enhancing the reliability
of the structural analysis.

2.4 *4. MASS UNITS:*

Mass units in ETABS are used for defining the mass of structural elements and
applying mass loads in dynamic analyses. Typical mass units include pounds (lb)
and kilograms (kg). Mass distribution plays a significant role in dynamic analysis,
especially in seismic analysis and vibration studies where the dynamic response
of the structure is influenced by its mass properties. Selecting the appropriate
mass unit ensures accurate representation of mass-related parameters and
dynamic behavior in the analysis results.
*5Temperature Units
Temperature units in ETABS specify the scale for temperature changes, which can
affect material properties and thermal analyses. Common temperature units
available in ETABS include Fahrenheit (°F) and Celsius (°C). Temperature
variations can impact material behavior, such as thermal expansion and
contraction, and may need to be considered in certain types of analyses,
particularly those involving thermal loading or fire resistance assessments.
Choosing the correct temperature unit ensures consistency in thermal analysis
and material modeling.

2.5 *6. OTHER UNITS:*

ETABS also allows users to specify units for other quantities such as area,
volume, time, pressure, and velocity. These units are relevant for various aspects
of structural analysis and design, including material properties, loading
conditions, and environmental factors. Consistent unit management across all
parameters ensures accuracy and coherence in the model representation and
analysis results.

2.6 *7. UNIT CONVERSION:*

ETABS provides tools for converting between different unit systems and units
within the same system. This feature is useful for users working with projects
that require conversion between Imperial and Metric units or between different
unit magnitudes within the same system. Unit conversion ensures seamless
integration of data from different sources and simplifies the process of adapting
models to specific project requirements.
In conclusion, unit management in ETABS is a critical aspect of structural
modeling and analysis, influencing the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of
results. By selecting appropriate unit systems and units for length, force, mass,
temperature, and other parameters, users can ensure that their models
accurately represent real-world conditions and meet engineering standards and
specifications. Effective unit management enhances the efficiency and
effectiveness of structural analysis and design processes in ETABS, ultimately
contributing to the safety and performance of engineered structures.

ASSIGNING OF MATERIALS
Assigning materials in ETABS is a crucial step in structural modeling, as it
defines the mechanical properties and behavior of structural elements within
the software. Here's a detailed guide on how to assign materials in ETABS:
2.7 *1. ACCESSING MATERIAL ASSIGNMENT:*
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- Open your ETABS project and navigate to the plan or elevation view where
you want to assign materials.

- Select the structural elements (e.g., beams, columns, slabs) to which you
want to assign materials.

2.8 *2. MATERIAL PROPERTY ASSIGNMENT:*

- Once the elements are selected, access the "Assign Material" tool. This
tool is typically located in the toolbar or can be accessed from the menu bar
(e.g., Assign > Material Properties).
- Alternatively, right-click on the selected elements and choose the "Assign
Material" option from the context menu.
2.9 *3. MATERIAL SELECTION:*
- A dialog box or panel will appear, displaying the available materials from
the ETABS material library.
- Browse through the material library to find the desired material for the
selected elements.
- Materials are categorized by type (e.g., concrete, steel, wood) and may
include predefined materials with default properties.

2.10 *4. ASSIGNING MATERIAL BY TYPE:*

- ETABS allows users to assign materials by element type. For example, you
can assign concrete material to all beams or columns in one step.
- Select the desired material from the library and choose the option to
assign it to all selected elements of the same type.

2.11 *5. INDIVIDUAL MATERIAL ASSIGNMENT:*

- If you prefer to assign materials individually to each element, select the
desired material from the library and apply it to each selected element
separately.
- This method provides more control over material assignment and allows
for customization based on specific requirements.
2.12 *6. GROUP ASSIGNMENT METHODS:*
- ETABS offers group assignment methods for assigning materials to
multiple elements simultaneously.
- Group assignment options may include selection by frame section, object
type, story level, or other criteria.
- Choose the appropriate group assignment method based on the modeling
complexity and organization of your structural model.

2.13 *7. REVIEW AND CONFIRMATION:*

- After assigning materials, review the assigned materials for accuracy and
consistency.
- Verify that the assigned materials match the intended design
specifications and project requirements.
- Confirm the material assignment to apply the changes to the selected
elements in the model
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2.14 *8. MODIFYING MATERIAL PROPERTIES:*
- If necessary, modify material properties to reflect specific project
requirements or material specifications.
- ETABS allows users to edit material properties directly from the material
library or during the material assignment process.
- Customize mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity, Poisson's
ratio, compressive strength, and tensile strength as needed.

2.15 *9. ADVANCED MATERIAL EDITING:*

- For advanced analysis and design scenarios, users can define nonlinear
material behavior or specify material grades.
- Advanced material editing capabilities enable users to model complex
material behavior accurately and account for nonlinear effects such as plasticity,
creep, and relaxation.

2.16 *10. VERIFYING MATERIAL ASSIGNMENT:*

- After assigning materials, verify the material properties assigned to each
element using the ETABS property editor or object properties dialog.
- Ensure that the assigned material properties align with the structural
design requirements and project specifications.

2.17 *11. SAVING CHANGES:*

- Once material assignment is complete, save the changes to the ETABS
project file to preserve the assigned materials for future reference and analysis.
- Save the project regularly to maintain the integrity of the model and avoid
data loss.

In summary, assigning materials in ETABS involves selecting the appropriate

materials from the material library and applying them to structural elements
within the model. By following these detailed steps and best practices, users can
ensure accurate representation of material properties and behavior in their
ETABS models, facilitating reliable structural analysis and design.

LOAD CASES:
cases in ETABS are fundamental components of structural analysis, enabling
engineers to evaluate the behavior of a structure under different loading
conditions. In this detailed guide, we'll explore load cases in ETABS
comprehensively, covering their definition, types, creation, application, analysis,
ombinations, and best practices for effective load case management.
2.18 *1. DEFINITION OF LOAD CASES:*
Load cases in ETABS represent specific combinations of loads applied to a
structural model to assess its response. These loads include dead loads, live
loads, wind loads, seismic loads, temperature loads, and other external forces
acting on the structure. Each load case defines a unique set of loading conditions
under which the structure's behavior is analyzed.

2.19 *2. TYPES OF LOAD CASES:*

- *Primary Load Cases:* Primary load cases consist of basic loading conditions,s
uch as dead loads and live loads, applied individually or in combination.
- *Secondary Load Cases:* Secondary load cases encompass additional loading
conditions, such as wind loads, seismic loads, temperature loads, and other
environmental factors, applied in conjunction with primary loads.
- *Load Combinations:* Load combinations are predefined sets of load cases
combined according to design codes and standards, accounting for different load
factors, load patterns, and load combinations specified by regulatory
requirements.
2.20 *3. CREATION OF LOAD CASES:*
Load cases can be created manually or generated automatically within ETABS. -
*Manual Creation:* Users specify the type, magnitude, distribution, direction, and
application point of each load case manually.
- *Automatic Generation:* ETABS provides tools for automatically generating load
cases based on predefined templates, design codes, or imported data.
2.21 *4. APPLICATION OF LOAD CASES:*
Once created, load cases are assigned to structural elements within the model to
simulate various loading scenarios. Users define the type and magnitude of loads
applied to each element and specify load case combinations as needed for
analysis.
2.22 *5. ANALYSIS WITH LOAD CASES:*
ETABS performs structural analysis based on the defined load cases to determine
the response of the structure under different loading conditions. Analysis results
include deflections, stresses, reactions, displacements, member forces, and other
relevant parameters calculated for each load case.
6. Load Case Combinations:*
Load combinations in ETABS combine primary and secondary load cases
according to design codes and standards. They account for various load factors,
load patterns, and combinations specified by regulatory requirements, such as
ASCE, IBC, Eurocode, and other design codes.
2.23 *7. BEST PRACTICES FOR LOAD CASE MANAGEMENT:*
- Use descriptive names for load cases to indicate the type, magnitude,
direction, and application point of loads.
- Ensure consistency in units for defining loads, including force units (e.g.,
kips, pounds, newtons) and length units (e.g., inches, feet, meters).
- Thoroughly document load cases, including descriptions, assumptions, and
references, to facilitate model review and interpretation.
- Periodically review and update load cases to account for changes in
project requirements, design criteria, or regulatory standards.
- Verify load combinations against design codes and standards to ensure
compliance with safety and performance requirements.
- Perform sensitivity analysis to assess the influence of individual load cases
on structural response and design outcomes.
In summary, load cases in ETABS are essential for evaluating the structural
behavior of a building under various loading conditions. By defining, creating,
applying, analyzing, and managing load cases effectively, engineers can
accurately simulate real-world scenarios, assess structural performance, and
design safe and efficient structures that meet regulatory requirements and client
expectations.

 LOAD COMBINATION

Load combinations in ETABS are predefined sets of load cases combined

according to design codes and standards. They account for various load factors,
load patterns, and combinations specified by regulatory requirements, such as
ASCE, IBC, Euro code, and other design codes. In this detailed guide, we'll
explore load combinations in ETABS comprehensively, covering their purpose,

types, generation, application, analysis, verification, and best practices for

effective load combination management.

2.24 *1. PURPOSE OF LOAD COMBINATIONS:*

Load combinations are used to assess the structural response of a building under
multiple loading conditions, representing the simultaneous effects of different
types of loads. They ensure that the structure is designed to withstand the most
critical loading scenarios as per regulatory requirements and safety standards.

2.25 *2. TYPES OF LOAD COMBINATIONS:*

- *Strength Design Load Combinations:* These combinations are used for
strength-based design, considering combinations of dead loads, live loads, wind
loads, seismic loads, temperature loads, and other applicable loads. They are
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formulated based on the principles of structural mechanics and engineering
codes.
- *Serviceability Load Combinations:* These combinations are used for
serviceability-based design, considering combinations of dead loads, live loads,
and other serviceability-related loads such as deflection limits, vibration criteria,
and temperature differentials. They ensure that the structure meets functional
requirements and performance criteria under serviceability conditions.

2.26 *3. GENERATION OF LOAD COMBINATIONS:*

Load combinations in ETABS can be generated automatically based on
predefined load combination templates or created manually by specifying load
factors and load patterns according to design codes and standards.
- *Automatic Generation:* ETABS provides tools for automatically
generating load combinations based on selected design codes (e.g., ASCE 7, IBC,
Eurocode). Users can specify load factors, load patterns, and load combinations
to be considered in the analysis.
- *Manual Creation:* Users can create custom load combinations by
selecting individual load cases, specifying load factors, and defining load
patterns according to project-specific requirements
2.27 *4. APPLICATION OF LOAD COMBINATIONS:*
Load combinations are applied to the structural model in ETABS to simulate
various loading scenarios. Users define the type and magnitude of loads applied
to each load case and specify load combination groups as needed for analysis.
 2.28 *5. ANALYSIS WITH LOAD COMBINATIONS:*
ETABS performs structural analysis based on the defined load
combinations to determine the response of the structure under critical
loading conditions. Analysis results include deflections, stresses, reactions,
displacements, member forces, and other relevant parameters calculated
for each load combination.

2.29 *6. VERIFICATION OF LOAD COMBINATIONS:*

Load combinations in ETABS are verified against design codes and standards to
ensure compliance with safety and performance requirements. Engineers review
and analyze the results of load combination analysis to assess the structural
adequacy, identify critical load combinations, and verify the design capacity of
structural members.

2.30 *7. BEST PRACTICES FOR LOAD COMBINATION MANAGEMENT:*

- Use design codes and standards to determine the appropriate load
combinations for strength and serviceability-based design.
- Verify load combinations against regulatory requirements and project-
specific criteria to ensure structural safety and performance.

- Document load combinations thoroughly, including descriptions,

assumptions, and references, to facilitate model review and interpretation.

- Periodically review and update load combinations to account for changes

in project requirements, design criteria, or regulatory standards.
- Perform sensitivity analysis to assess the influence of individual load
combinations on structural response and design outcomes.

in summary, load combinations in ETABS play a critical role in structural design,

ensuring that the structure is capable of withstanding the most critical loading
scenarios. By defining, generating, applying, analyzing, verifying, and managing
load combinations effectively, engineers can design safe and efficient structures
that meet regulatory requirements and client expectations.

2.31 EXAMPLE OF LOADS COMBINATION:

Let's consider a simplified example of load combination for a
residential building structure according to the American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE) 7 design standard. Load combinations are typically
expressed as a linear combination of different types of loads, each
multiplied by a load factor to account for their varying effects on the
structure. Here's an example load combination:

2.32 *LOAD COMBINATION FOR STRENGTH

DESIGN:*
This load combination is used for strength-based design, ensuring that the
structure can withstand the most severe loading conditions.

1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S) + 0.8W

 Where:

- D = Dead Load
- L = Live Load
- Lr = Roof Live Load
- S = Snow Load
- W = Wind Load

2.33 *EXPLANATION:*
- The load factors (1.2, 1.6, 0.5, and 0.8) are applied to each load
component based on their respective characteristics and expected behavior. -
Dead loads (D) represent the permanent loads due to the weight of the
structure and fixed elements such as walls, floors, and roofs.
- Live loads (L) represent the transient loads due to the occupants,
furniture, and movable loads within the structure
In this Step, the extent of the rigid floor diaphragms will be displayed. Rigid diaphragms are
typically used to model floor systems that have a large stiffness in-plane by removing the in-plane
degrees of freedom. A rigid diaphragm has no in-plane deformations, and therefore, no in-plane
shell stresses are reported by the program. However, in reality, these diaphragms do carry inplane
forces (see the Display menu > Force/Stress
Diagrams > Diaphragm Forces command), and thus users should make sure that they design and
detail the diaphragms for these forces, e.g. by using chords and collectors to transfer forces from the
diaphragms into the lateral resisting frames and walls.
- Roof live loads (Lr) or snow loads (S) account for additional loads on the roof,
depending on the building location and climate conditions.
- Wind loads (W)
represent the lateral forces exerted by wind on the building envelope, including
walls, roofs, and façades.

This load combination ensures that the structure is designed to withstand the
combined effects of dead loads, live loads, roof live loads or snow loads, and
wind loads, providing a safe and structurally sound building for its intended use.

It's important to note that the specific load combination and load factors may
vary depending on the design code, building type, and project requirements.
Engineers should always refer to the applicable design standards and consult
with relevant authorities to determine the appropriate load combinations for their
specific design scenarios.
 MODELING:
Modeling in ETABS involves creating a digital representation of a building or
structure for analysis and design purposes. In this detailed guide, we'll explore
the process of modeling in ETABS comprehensively, covering various aspects
such as geometry creation, structural elements, properties assignment, load
application, analysis settings, and best practices for effective modeling.

2.34 *1. GEOMETRY CREATION:*

- Begin by creating the geometric layout of the structure in ETABS.
- Use the drawing tools to define the footprint of the building,
including columns, beams, slabs, walls, and other structural
elements.
- Pay attention to the accuracy and precision of dimensions,
alignments, and connectivity between elements to ensure a
realistic representation of the structure.

2.35 *2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS:*

- Define different
types of structural elements based on the building configuration and framing
system.


- Common
structural elements include columns, beams, slabs, walls, braces, and
foundations.
- Specify the size,
shape, orientation, and connectivity of each element to accurately represent the
structural system.
2.36 *3. PROPERTIES ASSIGNMENT:*
- Assign material
properties to structural elements based on the type of construction materials
used in the building.
- Define
mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, compressive
strength, and tensile strength for each material.
- Assign section
properties (e.g., cross-sectional dimensions, moments of inertia) to beams,
columns, and other members to capture their structural behavior accurately.

2.37 *4. LOAD APPLICATION:*

- Apply various
types of loads to the structural model to simulate real- world loading conditions.
- Types of loads
include dead loads (self-weight), live loads (occupancy loads), wind loads,
seismic loads, temperature loads, and other environmental loads.
- Specify the
magnitude, distribution, direction, and duration of each load to represent its
effect on the structure.

2.38 *5. ANALYSIS SETTINGS:*

- Configure analysis settings to define the parameters and criteria for
structural analysis.
- Specify analysis options such as load combinations, analysis type
(e.g., linear static, nonlinear static, dynamic), and solution controls.
 - Define output settings to specify the types of analysis results to be
generated (e.g., displacements, forces, stresses).

2.39 *6. MODEL VERIFICATION:*

- Verify the structural model for accuracy, completeness, and
consistency before performing analysis.
- Check for errors or inconsistencies in geometry, connectivity,
material properties, and load application.

- Conduct a visual
inspection of the model and review input data to ensure it aligns with project
specifications and design intent.
2.40 *7. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:*
- Perform
structural analysis using the defined load cases, load combinations, and analysis
settings.
- Review analysis
results to assess the structural response under different loading conditions.
- Interpret
analysis results to identify critical areas, evaluate performance criteria, and
optimize the structural design.
2.41 *8. MODEL REFINEMENT AND ITERATION:*
- Refine the
structural model based on analysis results, feedback, and design revisions.
- Make
adjustments to geometry, element properties, load application, and analysis
settings as needed.
-
-
-
-
- Iterate the
modeling process to achieve the desired level of accuracy, reliability, and
efficiency in the structural analysis and design.

2.42 *9. DOCUMENTATION AND REPORTING:*

- Document the
modeling process, analysis results, and design decisions for future reference and
communication.
- Prepare reports,
drawings, and documentation to present the structural analysis and design
findings to stakeholders, clients, and regulatory authorities.
- Include relevant
details, assumptions, and conclusions to facilitate understanding and decision-
making.

2.43 *10. BEST PRACTICES FOR MODELING:*

- Follow industry best practices and guidelines for modeling in ETABS.
- Maintain a clear and organized project structure with proper naming
conventions and file management.
- Document assumptions, limitations, and data sources to ensure
transparency and accountability in the modeling process.
- Collaborate with other team members, such as architects, engineers,
and consultants, to integrate architectural and structural
considerations into the model effectively.
- Stay updated
with the latest software updates, training resources, and technical advancements
to enhance modeling efficiency and effectiveness.
- Results and
analysis:
1. Select Dead from the Load Case drop-down list.
2. Select Resultant Forces as the Component Type.
3. Select the M11 component.
4. Select Display on Deformed Shape from the Contour
Option drop-down list.
5. Check the Show Fill checkbox.
6. Click the OK button to generate the moment
contours shown in

Make the Plan View active by clicking on the Plan View Title Tab.
D. Click the Show Deformed Shape button, , or the Display menu
> Deformed Shape command to display the Deformed Shape form.
1. On the Deformed Shape form, select Wind from the Case
Load drop-down list.
2. Set the Step Number to 1 - there should be a total of 12 step
s
available for the Wind load case
.
3. Click the OK button to display the deformed shape
Note that even though the wind load for Step 1 (Set 1) is applied in the X direction, there is a
rotation of the structure due to the

lateral stiffness eccentricity caused by the non-symmetric layout of

the walls.
E. Each of the deformed shapes due to the 12 different wind load permutations (as specified by
the
ASCE 7-16 code) may be viewed by clicking on the VCR buttons, , located in
the lower righthand corner of the display. F. After reviewing the different
deformed shapes, set the plan view back to an undeformed
view by clicking on the Show Undeformed Shape button, ,
or the Display menu > Undeformed Shape command.

In summary, modeling in ETABS involves creating a digital

representation of a building or structure, defining its geometry,
structural elements, properties, loads, and analysis settings. By
following a systematic approach and adhering to best practices,
engineers can develop accurate, reliable, and insightful
structural models to support informed decision- making and
optimize the design of buildings and structures.
Design the Slabs

In this Step, the concrete slabs will be designed using design strips. Note that the
analysis (Step 7) should be run before performing design.
NOTE: The design of concrete slabs is not available in all levels of the
program.
A. Make sure that the Plan View is active - this can be done by clicking on the
Display Title Tab.
B. Click the Set Display Options button or use the View menu >

Set Display Options command and the Set View Options form will
appear.
C. In the Objects Present in View area, check the Design Strip Layer A option and the
Design Strip Layer B option. This will display the template defined design strips –
these design strips are typically mutually perpendicular and arranged based on the
location of supports.
D. Click OK to close the Set View Options form.
 E. Right click on a design strip to display the Strip Object Information

Review the information on the form. Note the Strip Layer – typically strips are defined as

A or B, and the Strip Design Type (e.g., middle or column). Also note that the Ignore PT

for Design is set to No, which means that post-tensioning stresses will be included in the
design, but only if post-tensioning has been defined. Since no posttensioning has been

defined in this model, this setting will be ignored. Design strip settings should be defined

prior to running the analysis, and the commands to control the design strip options are

located under the Edit menu. Post-tensioning tendons may be added to selected design

strips by using the Edit menu > Add/Edit Tendons command. Mild reinforcing (rebar)

may be added to design strips by using the Edit menu > Add/Edit Slab Rebar

command. Design strips may be added to the model or modified after they are added

using the

Edit menu > Add/Edit Design Strips command This example will use the default design

strip settings as laid out by the model template. Click the OK button to close the form after

reviewing.

G. Click the Design menu > Concrete Slab Design > View/Revise

Preferences command. The Concrete Slab Design Preferences form will display.

1. On the Minimum Cover for Slabs tab,

select #5 from the Preferred Bar Size drop-down

list under the assumption that this bar size is more

readily available for this job.

2. Review the other design parameters shown

on this form and then click the OK button to

accept any changes made.

H. Click the Design menu > Concrete Slab

Design > Select Stories for Design command to

display the Select Stories for Slab Design

1. Click the Select All button to select

all the stories. At least one story must

be selected for design prior to running the design.

2. Click the OK button to close the Select Stories for Slab Design form.

3. Click the Design menu > Concrete Slab Design > Start Design command to

start the design process. The program designs the selected concrete slab(s),

specifying the required flexural reinforcing based on the shape and size of the

design strips using the ultimate strength design method. Alternatively,

reinforcement may be determined based on a finite element method design.

When the design is complete, the top and bottom slab reinforcing for

a layer is displayed as rebar intensity on the model. Move the

cursor along a design strip to see the reinforcing at a specific
location.

Click the Design menu > Concrete Slab Design > Display Flexural
Design command to display the Slab Design

1. In the Choose Strip Direction area, uncheck the Layer A checkbox, and
check the

Layer B checkbox.

2. Select the Show Number of Bars of Size option and verify that #5 bars are

selected.

3. Click the Apply button to display on the Plan View the design strip

reinforcing in the Layer B direction, reported in terms of the number of #5

bars required. The model appears as shown in Figure 40.

4. Click the OK button to close the Slab Design form.

K. Click the Show Undeformed Shape button, , to clear the display. Click the File menu >

Save command, or the Save button, , to save your model. The concrete building design tutorial

is now complete

the conclusion of etab:

In conclusion, ETABS is a robust and comprehensive tool that significantly aids

structural engineers in the efficient and accurate design and analysis of buildings

and other structures. Its combination of advanced features, user-friendly interface,

and reliable performance makes it a cornerstone in the field of structural

engineering.