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Topic 5 Moderators of the Stress Experience

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8 views

Topic 5 Moderators of the Stress Experience

Uploaded by

rafikimuhd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 6:

MODERATORS OF THE
STRESS EXPERIENCE
We will discuss about:
1. Coping with stress
2. Coping interventions and
stress management

2
Coping with Stress
What is coping?

3
“
Managing the internal
and external demands of
stressful situations using
thoughts and behaviors

4
5
Stressful event,
Appraisal and Coping
its stage, and Coping Coping
interpretation of responses
anticipated tasks outcomes
the stressor and strategies
future course

The Coping Process


Identifying both external and internal coping resources or
impediments are important

6
Coping resources or impediments

External Internal
• Tangible resources • Usual coping styles
• Social support • Other personality
• Major life events and factors that influence
daily hassles selection of coping
responses and
strategies

7
Personality and Coping

Negative affectivity
• Marked by anxiety, depression, and hostility
• Associated with poor health habits
• People do not respond well to treatments
• Can create an illusion of poor health

Positive emotional states


• Linked to lower levels of stress indicators
• Triggers better immune responses
• Improves coping
8
Psychosocial Resources
Optimism

Emotional Psychological
stability control

Being Self-
smart esteem

9
Resilience

Helps individuals bounce back and adapt


flexibly to stressful situations

+ Sense of coherence and purpose about


life
+ Sense of humor and trust in others
+ Sense that life is worth living
+ Religious beliefs

10
Coping Style

Avoidant coping Approach coping


style: Coping by style: Coping by
avoiding gathering information
or directly taking action
Emotion-focused
coping: Regulating Problem-focused
emotions experienced coping: Attempting to
because of the do something
stressful event constructive about the
stressful conditions

11
Emotional-approach Proactive coping:
coping: Clarifying, Anticipating potential
focusing on, and stressors and acting in
working through the advance
emotions experienced
in response to a
stressor

12
TIME

MONEY

EXTERNAL
RESOURCES

13
Coping Outcomes

+ Reducing or + Tolerating or + Maintaining a


eliminating adjusting to positive self-
stressors negative image
events or
realities

+ Maintaining + Continuing + Enhancing


emotional satisfying recovery when ill
equilibrium relationships and keeping low
with others physiological,
neuroendocrine,
and immune
reactivity
14
Coping interventions
and stress management
What are some ways to cope?

15
Mindfulness Meditation
Have a higher awareness of the present and
focus on the present and accept it

16
Mindfulness-based
stress reduction
(MBSR)

Acceptance and
commitment
therapy (ACT)

17
Expressive Writing

+ Reduces psychological and


physiological indicators of stress
+ Aids in effective coping
+ Helps organize thoughts and find
meaning
+ Helps to focus attention on
positive aspects
+ Provides an opportunity to clarify
emotions
+ Affirms one’s personal values
18
Self-affirmation

+ Helps individuals feel better


about themselves

+ Lowers physiological activity and


distress

+ Reduces defensive reactions to


health threats

19
Relaxation Training
Deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation training, guided imagery,
transcendental meditation and yoga, and self hypnosis

20
Coping Effectiveness
Training
Assess stressful events and
disaggregate the stressors into
specific tasks

Maintain their social support

Phases of stress management

Stress management program


21
Social support
Information from others that one is loved and cared for,
esteemed and valued, and part of a network of
communication and mutual obligations

22
Tangible Informational
assistance support

Social Support

Emotional Invisible
support support

23
Effects of Social Support on Illness

+ Lowers the likelihood of illness


+ Speeds up recovery
+ Reduces the risk of mortality
+ Encourages individuals to use health
services and stick to their medical
regimens
+ Can lead to some bad health habits

24
Biopsychosocial Pathways:
Social support has positive effects
on the cardiovascular, endocrine,
and immune systems

25
Direct effects hypothesis: Social
support is generally beneficial
during nonstressful as well as
stressful times

Buffering hypothesis: Physical and


mental health benefits of social
support are chiefly evident during
periods of high stress
26
Extracting Support

Effectiveness of Social skills


social support influence the ability
depends on how an to develop social
individual uses a support
social support
network

Matching hypothesis: Support that meets


the needs of a stressful event is the most
effective support
27
Who provides support?
+ Social support is ineffective if
the type of support provided is
not useful

+ Emotional support is best


provided by someone close to
the individual

+ Social support is effective


when the person from whom
one is seeking support is
perceived to be responsive to
one’s needs 28
Stressful
Intrusive events
social
contact

Controlling
or
directive
support

Threats to Social Support


29
Giving social support
Benefits both mental and physical health

30

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