STRUCTURAL CALCULATION OF

UPVC WINDOWS Rev.00

LOCATION : DUBAI, UAE

CLIENT : DAMAC
CONSULTANT : ENGINEERING CONSORTIUM
CONTARCTOR: ROYAL INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION
1.0 Introduction & Specification
 DESIGN CRITERIA

General
The structural performance of UPVC windows system for the above-mentioned project shall be checked using
the following design codes and standards:

Wind load according to ASCE 7 ‐05

ASTM E 1300‐03: for glazing members
Structural use of steelwork in building, Part 1: Code of practice for design rolled and welded sections
BS 5950‐1:2000

Mechanical Properties of Material

Properties of Glass
(Based on ASTM E1300‐03 Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings)

Modulus of Elasticity Eg := 71700 Mpa

Shear Modulus Gg := 28300 Mpa

Coefficient of Linear expansion Ɛg := 8.30E‐06 Δ ̊C‐1

Density ωg := 2500 Kg.m‐3

Properties of UPVC

Modulus of Elasticity E := 3.5 Gpa

Shear Modulus G := 1.4 Gpa

Coefficient of Linear expansion Ɛ := 8.0E‐05 Δ ̊C‐1

Density ωg := 1450 Kg.m‐3

Yield Strength (Extrusion) Y := 55 Mpa

Tensile Strength (Extrusion) Ta := 60 Mpa

Properties of Grade S275 Steel Material

Modulus of Elasticity E := 205000 Mpa

Coefficient of Linear expansion Ɛ := 1.20E‐05 Δ ̊C‐1

Design Strength Py := 275 Mpa

Bearing Strength Pbs := 460 Mpa

Properties of GI Bolts (Grade 8.8) and Stainless-Steel Bolts (Grade A4‐70)

1) GI Bolts
Yield Strength Yb := 520 Mpa
Ultimate Tensile Strength Ub := 800 Mpa
2) SS Bolts
Yield Strength Yb := 450 Mpa
Ultimate Tensile Strength Ub := 700 Mpa

Anchor Fixing Materials

Fischer Fixing System

Design Criteria for Wind Load

Based from the project specification:

Basic Wind Speed Vb := 45 m/s Exposure = B

Building Height (Roof Deck) H := 15 m

Building length L := 45 m

Building Width W := 65 m

Clear Height of Profile h := 2.4 m

Tributary Width ‐1 tw1 := 0.0 m

Tributary Width‐2 tw1 := 1.3 m

Mean Tributary Width tw = (tw1+tw2)/2 tw := 0.65 m

6 mm tempered glass (inner) + 12 mm air gap+ 6mm tempered glass (outer)

tg = 24 mm

Design Criteria for Dead Load

Dead Loads (i.e, extrusions, glass) shall be incorporated within the calculation set.
STAAD Pro automatically computes the self weight of the member being analyzed

Deflection Limits under Serviceability Loading

Deflection limits shall be according to the project specification and AAMA code
Deflection of Framing members:
Allowable deflection of framing members perpendicular to the plane of the wall shall not exceed
Span / 65 or 19mm whichever is lesser as per project specification

Allowable deflection of framing members parallel to the plane of the wall shall not exceed 3.20mm (Do not
deflect an amount which will reduce glazing bit below 75% of design dimension =15*75%=11.25mm. The
allowable deflection is 15‐11.25 = 3.75mm. minimum value taken for allowable deflection 3.75 or 3.20mm)

Deflection of glass:
Maximum allowable lateral center deflection of glass at design wind pressure limits to
1/50 of short side length or 25 mm whichever is less

Load Combinations
For UPVC members and glazing:
The following combination according to BS 8118: Part 1: 1991 code & BS 5950‐1:2000 code &
ASTM E1300 ‐ 03 ‐ STANDARD
I. Serviceability limit state: 1.0 (Self Weight + Dead Load + Wind Load)
II. Ultimate limit state: 1.2 (Self Weight + Dead Load + Wind Load)
For Brackets:
1.4 ( Self Weight + Dead Load + Wind Load)
 PROJECT : PAGE :
CLIENT : DESIGN BY :
JOB NO. : DATE : REVIEW BY :
Wind Analysis for Building with h < 60 ft, Based on ASCE 7-05 / IBC 2006 / CBC 2007

INPUT DATA
Exposure category (B, C or D) B
Importance factor (0.87, 1.0 or 1.15) I = 1.00 Category II, page 77
Basic wind speed (IBC Tab 1609.3.1V 3S) V = 101 mph
Topographic factor (Sec.6.5.7.2) Kzt = 1 Flat, page 26 & 45
Building height to roof H = 49.2 ft
Parapet height HP = 3.28 ft
Building length L = 147.6 ft
Building width B = 213.2 ft
Natural frequency (Sec.6.2 & 6.5.8.2) n1 = 4.5 Hz, (1 / T)
2
Effective area of profile AM = 6.3 ft
2
Effective area of panel AP = 33.5 ft

DESIGN SUMMARY
Max building horizontal force normal to building length, L, face = 410 kips
Max overturning moment at wind normal to building length, L, face = 79500 ft - kips
Max building horizontal force normal to building length, B, face = 595 kips
Max overturning moment at wind normal to building length, B, face = 125500 ft - kips
Max building upward force = 670 kips
Max building torsion force = 22000 ft - kips

ANALYSIS
Velocity pressures
2
qz = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V I
where: qz = velocity pressure at height, z. (Eq. 6-15, page 27)
Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient evaluated at height, z. (Tab. 6-3, Case 2, page 79)
Kd = wind directionality factor. (Tab. 6-4, for building, page 80)
z = height above ground
Kh = Kz

Design pressures for MWFRS

p = q G Cp - qh (G Cpi)
where: p = pressure on surface for rigid building with all h. (Eq. 6-17, page 28).
q = qz for windward wall at height z above the ground, see table above.
G Cp i = internal pressure coefficient. (Fig. 6-5, Enclosed Building, page 47)
qh = qz value at mean roof height, h, for leeward wall, side walls, and roof.
Cp = external pressure coefficient, see right down tables.
G = gust effect factor (Sec. 6.5.8.1 & 6
Design pressures for components and cladding
p = q (G Cp) - qi (G Cpi)
where: p = pressure on component for building with h > 60 ft. (Eq. 6-23, page 29).
pmin = 10.00 psf (Sec. 6.1.4.2, pg 21)
q = qz for windward wall at height z above the ground,, see table above..
qh = qz value at mean roof height, h, for leeward wall, side walls, and roof.
G Cp i = internal pressure coefficient. (Fig. 6-5) = 0.18 or -0.18
a = Zone width = MAX[ MIN(0.1B, 0.1L), 3] = 32.9 ft, (Fig 6-17 note 8, pg 65)
G Cp = external pressure coefficient. (Fig. 6-17, page 65)

UPVC profile Pressure (psf) Glass Panel Pressure (psf)

z (ft) Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 4 Zone 5
Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative
0 - 15 12.34 -22.15 12.34 -30.75 12.34 -22.15 12.34 -30.75
20 13.05 -23.41 13.05 -32.40 13.05 -23.41 13.05 -32.40
25 13.58 -24.36 13.58 -33.72 13.58 -24.36 13.58 -33.72
30 14.10 -25.29 14.10 -35.01 14.10 -25.29 14.10 -35.01
40 15.11 -27.07 15.11 -37.52 15.11 -27.07 15.11 -37.52
50 16.12 -28.85 16.12 -40.03 16.12 -28.85 16.12 -40.03
2.0 Load Computation
Glass Load Computation (Dead Load):

Density of glass, d= 2500 Kg/m³

Thickness of Internal glass t1 = 6 mm

Thickness of external glass t2 = 6 mm

Total thickness of glass Tthick 12 mm

Total weight of glass Tglass 30 Kg/m²

Glass adopter provided on both side to transfer load of glass on profile, so considering point load on both side @ 50mm from the ends

10% additional Load distribution on

Height of Glass (clear
SI No. Width of Glass opening) Weight of Glass weight of glass profile on both side (D/2)
(Accessories)

meter meter Kg Kg KN

1 1.3 2.4 72 7.2 0.388

Wind Load Computation:

SI No. Width of Panel 1 Width of Panel 2 Tributary width Wind Pressure on profile Uniform load on profile

m m m Kpa KN

1 0 1.3 0.65 1.9 1.235

3.0 Profile Details
4.0 Design of Shutter Profile
 SHUTTER PROFILE TAKEN FOR DESIGN

Material type
Modulus of Elasticity E := 3.5 Gpa

Shear Modulus G := 1.4 Gpa

Coefficient of Linear expansion Ɛ := 8.0E‐05 Δ ̊C‐1

Density ωg := 1450 Kg.m‐3

Yield Strength (Extrusion) Y := 55 Mpa

Tensile Strength (Extrusion) Ta := 60 Mpa

̊ρ0 := 55 Mpa limiting stress for bending and over all yielding

̊ρV := 31.8 Mpa limiting stress for shear

̊ρa := 60 Mpa limiting stress for local capacity

To analyze the composite section of UPVC and Steel using the provided properties, the following steps were taken to
determine the stress limits and performance under the given wind load.

1. Composite Section Properties

A) Cross-sectional Area:

• UPVC:

AUPVC= b⋅t=80 mm⋅2.6 mm=208 mm2

• Steel:

ASteel= b⋅t=25 mm⋅1.5 mm=37.5 mm2

• Total:

ATotal= AUPVC+ASteel=208+37.5=245.5 mm2

B) Neutral Axis (NA):

The location of the neutral axis for the composite section is calculated as:

∑(𝐴𝑖.𝑌𝑖)
yNA=
∑ 𝐴𝑖

• UPVC: Centroid at yUPVC=80/2=40 mm

• Steel: Centroid at ySteel=25/2=12.5 mm

(208∗40)+(37.5∗12.5)
yNA= 245.5
= 35.7mm
2. Moment of Inertia (I):
I=∑[Ii+Ai⋅(di)2]

• UPVC:

IUPVC=b⋅h3/12+AUPVC⋅(dUPVC)2

Where dUPVC=∣yNA−yUPVC∣

dUPVC=∣35.7−40∣=4.3 mm
IUPVC=(80⋅(2.6)3/12)+208⋅(4.3)2
IUPVC=1.173+3847.8=3849 mm4

• Steel:

ISteel=(b⋅h3/12)+ASteel⋅(dSteel)2

Where dSteel=∣yNA−ySteel∣

dSteel=∣35.7−12.5∣=23.2 mm
ISteel=(25⋅(1.5)3/12)+37.5⋅(23.2)2
ISteel=0.703+20151=20151.7 mm4

• Total:

ITotal=IUPVC+ISteel=3849+20151.7=23998.7 mm4

3. Stresses and Bending:

Maximum Stress Under Bending Moment:
σmax=M/I⋅ymax

• Wind Load: Given load WL=1.9 kN/m=1900 N/m

Moment at mid-span for a simply supported beam:

𝑊𝐿⋅𝐿2 1900∗24002
M= = 8
=1.989 kNm
8

Converting to N.mm:

M=1.989×106 N.mm

Stress Calculation:

1.989×106
σmax= 23998.7
x 35.7=2.96 MPa
 4. Comparison with Stress Limits:

• Bending Stress: σmax=2.96 MPa

o Compared to ρ0=55 MPa→ Safe.
• Shear Stress: Using:
o τ=V/A
= 2280/245.5 = 9.29 MPa
Compared to ρv=31.8 MPa→ Safe.

Final Conclusion:

The composite section of UPVC and Steel performs safely under the given wind load
WL=1.9 kN/m. The stresses are well within the material limits for both bending and shear.

1. Deflection Formula (Δ):

5𝑤∗𝐿4
Δmax=
384𝐸𝐼

Where:

• w: Distributed load per unit length (N/m) = 1.9 kN/m=1900 N/m

• L: Beam length (m) = 2.4 m=2400 mm
E: Composite modulus of elasticity
• I: Moment of inertia = 23998.7 mm4

2. Composite Modulus of Elasticity (Ecomposite):

To calculate the equivalent modulus of elasticity for the composite section:

∑(𝐸𝑖 ∗𝐼𝑖 )
Ecomposite=
∑ 𝐼𝑖
Calculations:

• EUPVC=3.5 GPa=3.5×103 MPa

• ESteel=210 GPa=210×103 MPa
• Moment of inertia:
o IUPVC=3849 mm4
o ISteel=20151.7 mm4

Ecomposite=(3.5×103⋅3849)+(210×103⋅20151.7)/3849+20151.7
Ecomposite=(13471.5×103)+(4231857×103)/24000.7 Ecomposite≈4245328.5×10324000.7≈176.9 GPa
 3. Deflection Calculation (Δ\DeltaΔ):

Using the formula:

5∗𝑤∗𝐿4
Δmax=
384∗𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 ∗𝐼

• w=1900 N/m=1.9 N/mm

• L=2400 mm
• Ecomposite=176.9×103 MPa=176.9×106 N/mm2
• I=23998.7 mm4

5∗1.9∗24004
Δmax= = 19.4𝑚𝑚
384∗176.9∗106 ∗23998.7

Allowable deflection: L/65 or 25mm = 25mm

Max deflection: SAFE
6.1 UPVC profile Analysis 2.4 m height.
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Job Information
Engineer Checked Approved

Name:
Date:

Structure Type SPACE FRAME

Number of Nodes 4 Highest Node 4

Number of Elements 4 Highest Beam 4

Number of Basic Load Cases 2

Number of Combination Load Cases 3

Included in this printout are data for: all the Whole Structure Included in this printout are results for load cases:

Type L/C Name

Primary 1 DEAD LOAD

Primary 2 WIND LOAD
Combination 3 LOAD COMBINATION FOR DEFELCTION
Combination 4 LOAD COMBINATION FOR LIMIT STATE
Combination 5 LOAD COMBINATION FOR ANCHOR DE

Nodes
Node X Y Z
(m) (m) (m)
1 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 1.300 0.000 0.000
3 1.300 2.400 0.000
4 0.000 2.400 0.000

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Beams
Beam Node A Node B Length Property 
(m) (degrees)
1 1 2 1.300 2 90
2 2 3 2.400 2 90
3 3 4 1.300 2 90
4 4 1 2.400 2 90

Section Properties
Prop Section Area Iyy Izz J Material
(cm2) (cm4) (cm4) (cm4)
1 SHUTTER60X80X2.6 7.00 42.28 - - UPVC
2 C-SHAPE28X26X1.5 1.50 16.64 - - GI STEEL

Materials
Mat Name E  Density 
(kN/mm2) (kg/m3) (1/°K)
1 STEEL 205.000 0.300 7.83E+3 12E -6
2 UPVC 3.500 0.400 1.45E+3 80E-6

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Supports
Node X Y Z rX rY rZ
(kN/mm) (kN/mm) (kN/mm) (kN-m/deg) (kN-m/deg) (kN-m/deg)
1 - Fixed But Fixed But - - -
2 - ButBut
Fixed ButBut
Fixed - - -
3 - ButBut
Fixed ButBut
Fixed - - -
4 - ButBut
Fixed ButBut
Fixed - - -
But But

Basic Load Cases

Number Name

1 DEAD LOAD
2 WIND LOAD

Combination Load Cases

Comb. Combination L/C Name Primary Primary L/C Name Factor

3 LOAD COMBINATION FOR DEFELCTION 1 DEAD LOAD 1.00

2 WIND LOAD 1.00
4 LOAD COMBINATION FOR LIMIT STATE 1 DEAD LOAD 1.20
2 WIND LOAD 1.20
5 LOAD COMBINATION FOR ANCHOR DE 1 DEAD LOAD 1.40
2 WIND LOAD 1.40

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Beam Displacement Detail Summary

Displacements shown in italic indicate the presence of an offset
Beam L/C d X Y Z Resultant
(m) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Max X 2 3:LOAD COMB 0.765 0.000 -0.355 0.000 0.355
Min X 1 3:LOAD COMB 0.972 -0.303 -0.008 -11.504 11.508
Max Y 13 3:LOAD COMB 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Min Y 2 3:LOAD COMB 0.765 0.000 -0.355 0.000 0.355
Max Z 1 3:LOAD COMB 0.600 -0.000 -0.027 0.019 0.033
Min Z 4 3:LOAD COMB 1.701 -0.079 -0.014 -19.445 15.445
Max Rst 4 3:LOAD COMB 1.701 -0.079 -0.014 -15.445 19.445

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Beam Maximum Forces by Section Property

Axial Shear Torsion Bending
Section Max Fx Max Fy Max Fz Max Mx Max My Max Mz
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
UPVC+STEEL INSERT Max +ve 0.000 2.280 2.280 0.000 0.000 1.368
Max -ve -2.280 -2.280 -0.000 -0.000 -1.368

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9.0 Analysis of Glass
ANALYSIS OF CURTAIN WALL GLASS

6mm tempered glass (glass inner) + 18 mm Air gap + 6mm tempered glass (outer)

Reference Drawings and Pane

a= 2400 mm Long side

b= 1300 mm Short side

t1 = 6 mm Interior Lite Thickness LG

t2 = 6 mm Exterior Lite Thickness FT

AR = a/b = 1.876 Aspect Ratio

Computation for Load Resistance Capacity

As per ASTME 1300‐03

qw = 1.9 kPa Design wind pressure

NFL1 = 1.75 kPa Non factored load for 6mm interior lite‐figureA1.6

GT1 = 3.6 Glass type factor for interior lite‐FT (Table 2)

LS1 = 2 Load share factor for interior lite ‐ table 5

LR1 = NFL1.GT1.LS1 kPa Load Resistance Capacity ‐ for interior Lite

LR1 = 12.6 kPa

NFL2 = 1.75 kPa Non factored load for 6mm Exterior lite‐figureA1.6

GT2 = 3.6 Glass type factor for interior lite‐FT (Table 2)

LS2 = 2 Load share factor for interior lite ‐ table 5

LR2 = NFL2.GT2.LS2 kPa Load Resistance Capacity ‐ for interior Lite

LR2 = 12.6 kPa

LR = min(LR1,LR2)

LR = 12.6 kPa

Since qw = 1.9 Kpa < LR = 12.6 Kpa OK

Ok for 6mm fully tempered glass FT glass + 6mm fully tempered glass in strength
Computation for Center of Glass Deflection
using alternate analysis prescribed by ASTM E1300‐03

qdef = qw Design wind pressure

qdef = 1.9 Kpa

E= 71700 Mpa Modulus of Elasticity for Glass

AR = 1.846 Aspect Ratio

r0 = 0.553 ‐ 3.83 AR + 1.11 AR² ‐ 0.0969 AR³

r0 = ‐ 3.339472 Calculation Parameters

r1 = ‐2.29 + 5.83 AR ‐ 2.17 AR² + 0.2067 AR³

r1 = 2.372537 Calculation Parameter

r2 = 1.485 ‐ 1.91 AR + 0.82 AR² ‐ 0.0822 AR³

r2 = 0.236959 Calculation Parameter

Ls1 = t1³/(t1³+t2³) = 0.5 Deflection load share factor for interior lite

Ls2 = t2³/(t1³+t2³) = 0.5 Deflection load share factor for exterior lite

4
X1 = ln[ ln {Ls1.qdef.((a.b)²/(E.t1 ))}] = 0.995 For interior lite

X2 = ln[ ln {Ls2.qdef.((a.b)²/(E.t24))}] = 0.995 For interior lite

r0+r1.X1+r2.X1²
δ1 = t1.e = 4.86 mm

r0+r1.X2+r2.X2²
δ2 = t2.e = 4.86 mm

δmax = 4.86 mm

Allowable Glass Deflection

δallow = min (b/50, 25mm) = 25 mm

Since: δmax = 4.86 mm < δallow = 25 mm OK

Since the maximum center of glass deflection

δmax = 4.86 mm is less than the allowable δallow = 25 mm

Ok for 6mm fully tempered FT glass + 6mm fully tempered glass in deflection
10.0 Technical References
 STRUCTURAL CAPACITIES OF GRADE 8.8 BOLTS AS PER BS 8118 - 1 : 1991
TABLE S1. Tension, Shear & Bearing Capacity
Nominal Tensile Bolt Capacity Bearing Capacity, min (VRF, VRP) < VRS (KN)
Size Diameter Stress area Tensile Shear Aluminum ply thickness, t (mm)
df (mm) As (mm²) PRT (KN) VRS (KN) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
M6 6.00 20.10 16.75 9.97 1.75 2.63 3.5 4.38 5.25 6.13 7 7.88 8.75 9.63 10.5 11.38 12.25 13.13 14 14.88 15.75 16.63 17.5
M8 8.00 36.60 30.5 18.15 2.33 3.5 4.67 5.83 7 8.17 9.33 10.5 11.67 12.83 14 15.17 16.33 17.5 18.67 19.83 21 22.17 23.33
M10 10.00 58.00 48.33 28.76 2.92 4.38 5.83 7.29 8.75 10.21 11.67 13.13 14.58 16.04 17.5 18.96 20.42 21.88 23.33 24.79 26.25 27.71 29.17
M12 12.00 84.30 70.25 41.8 2.92 5.25 7 8.75 10.5 12.25 14 15.75 17.5 19.25 21 22.75 24.5 26.25 28 29.75 31.5 33.25 35
M14 14.00 115.00 95.83 57.02 3.06 6.13 8.17 10.21 12.25 14.29 16.33 18.38 20.42 22.46 24.5 26.54 28.58 30.63 32.67 34.71 36.75 38.79 40.83
M16 16.00 157.00 130.83 77.85 3.5 6.58 9.33 11.67 14 16.33 18.67 21 23.33 25.67 28 30.33 32.67 35 37.33 39.67 42 44.33 46.67
M18 18.00 192.00 160 95.2 3.94 6.58 10.5 13.13 15.75 18.38 21 23.63 26.25 28.88 31.5 34.13 36.75 39.38 42 44.63 47.25 49.88 52.5
M20 20.00 245.00 204.17 121.48 4.38 6.56 11.67 14.58 17.5 20.42 23.33 26.25 29.17 32.08 35 37.92 40.83 43.75 46.67 49.58 52.5 55.42 58.33
M22 22.00 303.00 252.5 150.24 4.81 7.22 11.68 16.04 19.25 22.46 25.67 28.88 32.08 35.29 38.5 41.71 44.92 48.13 51.33 54.54 57.75 60.96 64.17
M24 24.00 353.00 294.17 175.03 5.25 7.88 11.69 17.5 21 24.5 28 31.5 35 38.5 42 45.5 49 52.5 56 59.5 63 66.5 70

WHERE :
α = 1.00 ; For steel and stainless steel bolts and rivets (BS 8118 : Part 1:1991 Section 6.4.3)
c = 2 ; When df/t<10 (BS 8118 : Part 1:1991 Section 6.4.4)
c = 20t / df ; When 10<df/t<13 (BS 8118 : Part 1:1991 Section 6.4.4)
c = 1.5 ; When df/t>13 (BS 8118 : Part 1:1991 Section 6.4.4)
αs = 0.7 ; For steel bolts or rivets (BS 8118 : Part 1:1991 Section 6.4.2)
K1 = 0.85 ; For Normal Clearance bolts (BS 8118 : Part 1:1991 Section 6.4.2)
γm = 1.2 ; Material factor (BS 8118 : Part 1:1991 Section 3.3.3 Table 3.3)
pa = 175 N/mm² ; Limiting stress for local Capacity (Alum. Alloy 6063-T6) (BS 8118 : Part 1:1991 Section 4.2 Table 4.1)
pf = 1000 N/mm² ; yield strength of bolts (bearing) (BS 8118 : Part 1:1991 Section 6.4.1)

PRT = αpf As / γm ; Tensile Capacity (BS 8118 : Part 1:1991 Section 6.4.3)
VRS = αspf As K1 / γm ; Shear Capacity (BS 8118 : Part 1:1991 Section 6.4.2)
BRF = df t 2 pf / γm ; Bearing Capacity of fastener (BS 8118 : Part 1:1991 Section 6.4.4)
BRP = c df t pa / γm ; Bearing Capacity of connected ply (BS 8118 : Part 1:1991 Section 6.4.4)

NOTES :
*Shaded bearing capacity values are greater than the shear capacity of bolt
Hence, use minimum shear capacity of bolt
 BS 5950-1:2000

Section 3. Properties of materials and section

properties
3.1 Structural steel
3.1.1 Design strength
This standard covers the design of structures fabricated from structural steels conforming to the grades
and product standards specified in Bs 5950-2. If other steels are used, due allowance should be made for
variations in properties, including ductility and weldability.
The design strength py should be taken as 1.0Ys but not greater than Us /1.2 where Ys and Us are
respectively the minimum yield strength ReH and the minimum tensile strength Rm specified in the
relevant product standard. For the more commonly used grades and thicknesses of steel from the product
standards specified in Bs 5950-2 the value of py may be obtained from Table 9. Alternatively, the values of
ReH and Rm may be obtained from the relevant product standard.
NOTE Additional requirements apply where plastic analysis is used, see 5.2.3.
Table 9 - Design strength py
Steel grade Thicknessa less than or equal to Design strength py

mm N/mm2
s 275 16 275
40 265
63 255
80 245
100 235
150 225
s 355 16 355
40 345
63 335
80 325
100 315
150 295
s 460 16 460
40 440
63 430
80 410
100 400
a For rolled sections, use the specified thickness of the thickest element of the cross-section.

3.1.2 Notch toughness

The notch toughness of the steel, as quantified by the Charpy impact properties, should conform to that for
the appropriate quality of steel for avoiding brittle fracture, see 2.4.4.
BS 5950-1:2000 section 3

3.1.3 Other properties

For the elastic properties of steel, the following values should be used.
- Modulus of elasticity: E = 205 000 N/mm2
- shear modulus: G = E/[2(1 + v)]
- Poisson's ratio: v = 0.30
- Coefficient of linear thermal expansion
(in the ambient temperature range): a = 12 x 10-6 per °C
3.2 Bolts and welds
3.2.1 Bolts, nuts and washers
Assemblies of bolts, nuts and washers should correspond to one of the matching combinations specified in
Bs 5950-2. Holding-down bolt assemblies should conform to Bs 7419.
3.2.2 Friction grip fasteners
Friction grip fasteners should generally be preloaded HsFG bolts, with associated nuts and washers,
conforming to Bs 4395-1 or Bs 4395-2. Direct tension indicators conforming to Bs 7644 may be used.
Other types of friction grip fasteners may also be used provided that they can be reliably tightened to at
least the minimum shank tensions specified in Bs 4604.
3.2.3 Welding consumables
All welding consumables, including covered electrodes, wires, filler rods, flux and shielding gases, should
conform to the relevant standard specified in Bs 5950-2.
The yield strength Ye, tensile strength Ue and minimum elongation of a weld should be taken as equal to
respectively the minimum yield strength ReL or Rp0.2 (depending on the relevant product standard), tensile
strength Rm and minimum percentage elongation on a five diameter gauge length according to the
appropriate product standard, all as listed for standard classes 35, 42 and 50 in Table 10.
Table 10 - Strength and elongation of welds
Class Yield strength Ye Tensile strength Ue Minimum elongation

(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)

35 355 440 22
42 420 500 20
50 500 560 18

3.3 Steel castings and forgings

steel castings and forgings may be used for components in bearings, junctions and other similar parts.
Castings should conform to Bs 3100 and forgings should conform to Bs EN 10250-2. Unless better
information is available, design strengths corresponding to structural steel grade s 275 may be adopted.
NOTE Guidance on steel castings is given in reference [4], see Bibliography.
BS 5950-1:2000 Section 2

Table 2 - Partial factors for loads yf

Type of load and load combination Factor yf

Dead load, except as follows. 1.4

Dead load acting together with wind load and imposed load combined. 1.2
Dead load acting together with crane loads and imposed load combined. 1.2
Dead load acting together with crane loads and wind load combined. 1.2
Dead load whenever it counteracts the effects of other loads. 1.0
Dead load when restraining sliding, overturning or uplift. 1.0
Imposed load. 1.6
Imposed load acting together with wind load. 1.2
Wind load. 1.4
Wind load acting together with imposed load. 1.2
Storage tanks, including contents. 1.4
Storage tanks, empty, when restraining sliding, overturning or uplift. 1.0
Earth and ground-water load, worst credible values, see 2.2.4. 1.2
Earth and ground-water load, nominal values, see 2.2.4. 1.4
Exceptional snow load (due to local drifting on roofs, see 7.4 in BS 6399-3:1988). 1.05
Forces due to temperature change. 1.2
Vertical crane loads. 1.6
Vertical crane loads acting together with horizontal crane loads. 1.4a
Horizontal crane loads (surge, see 2.2.3, or crabbing, see 4.11.2). 1.6
Horizontal crane loads acting together with vertical crane loads. 1.4
Vertical crane loads acting together with imposed load. 1.4a
Horizontal crane loads acting together with imposed load. 1.2
Imposed load acting together with vertical crane loads. 1.4
Imposed load acting together with horizontal crane loads. 1.2
Crane loads acting together with wind load. 1.2a
Wind load acting together with crane loads. 1.2
a Use y f = 1.0 for vertical crane loads that counteract the effects of other loads.
!NOTE 1 The imposed loads are the imposed floor loads and the imposed roof loads.
NOTE 2 The crane loads are the self-weight of the crane, the lifted load and the allowances for dynamic effects."
12 Page 90
Page 96
100
 E 1300 – 03
3.2.4.1 annealed (AN) glass, n—a flat, monolithic, glass lite
TABLE 1 Glass Type Factors (GTF) for a Single Lite of of uniform thickness where the residual surface stresses are
Monolithic or Laminated Glass
nearly zero as defined in Specification C 1036.
GTF
3.2.4.2 fully tempered (FT) glass, n—a flat, monolithic,
Glass Type Short Duration Load Long Duration Load
glass lite of uniform thickness that has been subjected to a
AN 1.0 0.5
HS 2.0 1.3
special heat treatment process where the residual surface
FT 4.0 3.0 compression is not less than 69 MPa (10 000 psi) or the edge
compression not less than 67 MPa (9 700 psi) as defined in
Specification C 1048.
TABLE 2 Glass Type Factors (GTF) for Insulating Glass (IG),
Short Duration Load
3.2.4.3 heat strengthened (HS) glass, n—a flat, monolithic,
Lite No. 2

Lite No. 1 Monolithic Glass or Laminated Glass Type glass lite of uniform thickness that has been subjected to a
Monolithic Glass or
AN HS FT
special heat treatment process where the residual surface
Laminated Glass Type compression is not less than 24 MPa (3 500 psi) or greater than
GTF1 GTF2 GTF1 GTF2 GTF1 GTF2
52 MPa (7 500 psi) as defined in Specification C 1048.
AN 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.9 1.0 3.8
HS 1.9 1.0 1.8 1.8 1.9 3.8 3.2.4.4 insulating glass (IG) unit, n—any combination of
FT 3.8 1.0 3.8 1.9 3.6 3.6 two glass lites that enclose a sealed space filled with air or
other gas.
TABLE 3 Glass Type Factors (GTF) for Insulating Glass (IG), 3.2.4.5 laminated glass (LG), n—a flat lite of uniform
Long Duration Load thickness consisting of two monolithic glass plies bonded
Lite No. 2 together with an interlayer material as defined in Specification
Lite No. 1 Monolithic Glass or Laminated Glass Type C 1172. Discussion—Many different interlayer materials are
Monolithic Glass or AN HS FT used in laminated glass. The information in this practice
Laminated Glass Type
GTF1 GTF2 GTF1 GTF2 GTF1 GTF2 applies only to polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayers.
AN 0.45 0.45 0.5 1.25 0.5 2.85 3.2.5 glass type (GT) factor, n—a multiplying factor for
HS 1.25 0.5 1.25 1.25 1.25 2.85
adjusting the load resistance of different glass types, that is,
FT 2.85 0.5 2.85 1.25 2.85 2.85
annealed, heat-strengthened, or fully tempered in monolithic,
LG or IG constructions.
TABLE 4 Minimum Glass Thicknesses 3.2.6 lateral, adj—perpendicular to the glass surface.

Nominal
Minimum 3.2.7 load, n—a uniformly distributed lateral pressure.
Thickness or
Thickness 3.2.7.1 specified design load, n—the magnitude in kPa
Designation
mm (in.)
mm (in.) (psf), type (for example, wind or snow) and duration of the

2.5 (3⁄32) 2.16(0.085) (c) Exception: The costruction of two 6 mm (1⁄4 in.) glass
2.7 (lami) 2.59(0.102) plies plus 0.76 mm (0.030 in.) interlayer shall be defined as 12
3.0 (1⁄8) 2.92 ( 0.115)
4.0 (5⁄32) 3.78 ( 0.149) mm (1⁄2 in.).
5.0 (3⁄16) 4.57(0.180) 3.2.4 Glass Types:
6.0 (1⁄4) 5.56(0.219)
8.0 (5⁄16) 7.42(0.292)
10.0 (3⁄8) 9.02(0.355)
12.0 (1⁄2) 11.91(0.469)
16.0 (5⁄8) 15.09(0.595)
19.0 (3⁄4) 18.26(0.719)
22.0 (7⁄8) 21.44(0.844)

3.2.3.2 thickness designation for laminated glass (LG), n—

a term used to specify a LG construction based on the
combined thicknesses of component plies.
(a) Add the minimum thicknesses of the two glass plies and
the interlayer thickness. For interlayer thicknesses greater than
1.52 mm (0.060 in.) use 1.52 mm (0.060 in.) in the calculation.
(b) Select the monolithic thickness designation in Table 4
having the closest minimum thickness that is equal to or less
than the value obtained in 3.2.3.2(a).
load given by the specifying authority.
3.2.7.2 load resistance (LR), n—the uniform lateral load
that a glass construction can sustain based upon a given
probability of breakage and load duration.
(a) Discussion—Multiplying the non-factored load from
figures in Annex A1 by the relevant GTF and load share (LS)
factors gives the load resistance associated with a breakage
probability less than or equal to 8 lites per 1 000.
3.2.7.3 long duration load, n—any load lasting approxi-
mately 30 days. Discussion—For loads having durations other
than 3 s or 30 days, refer to Table X6.1.
3.2.7.4 non-factored load (NFL), n—three second duration
uniform load associated with a probability of breakage less
than or equal to 8 lites per 1 000 for monolithic annealed glass
as determined from the figures in Annex A1.
3.2.7.5 glass weight load, n—the dead load component of
the glass weight.
3.2.7.6 short duration load, n—any load lasting 3 s or less.
3.2.8 load share (LS) factor, n—a multiplying factor de-
rived from the load sharing between the two lites, of equal or
different thicknesses and types (including the layered behavior
of laminated glass under long duration loads), in a sealed IG
unit.
 E 1300 – 03
TABLE 5 Load Share (LS) Factors for Insulating Glass (IG) Units
NOTE 1—Lite No. 1 Monolithic glass, Lite No. 2 Monolithic glass, short or long duration load, or Lite No. 1 Monolithic glass, Lite No. 2 Laminated
glass, short duration load only, or Lite No. 1 Laminated Glass, Lite No. 2 Laminated Glass, short or long duration load.
Lite No. 1 Lite No. 2

Monolithic Glass Monolithic Glass, Short or Long Duration Load or Laminated Glass, Short Duration Load Only
Nominal 2.5 2.7 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 19
Thickness (3⁄32) (lami) (1⁄8) (5⁄32) (3⁄16) (1⁄4) (5⁄16) (3⁄8) (1⁄2) (5⁄8) (3⁄4)
mm ( in.) LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2

2.5 (3⁄32) 2.00 2.00 2.73 1.58 3.48 1.40 6.39 1.19 10.5 1.11 18.1 1.06 41.5 1.02 73.8 1.01 169. 1.01 344. 1.00 606. 1.00
2.7 (lami) 1.58 2.73 2.00 2.00 2.43 1.70 4.12 1.32 6.50 1.18 10.9 1.10 24.5 1.04 43.2 1.02 98.2 1.01 199. 1.01 351. 1.00
3 (1⁄8) 1.40 3.48 1.70 2.43 2.00 2.00 3.18 1.46 4.83 1.26 7.91 1.14 17.4 1.06 30.4 1.03 68.8 1.01 140. 1.01 245. 1.00
4 (5⁄32) 1.19 6.39 1.32 4.12 1.46 3.18 2.00 2.00 2.76 1.57 4.18 1.31 8.53 1.13 14.5 1.07 32.2 1.03 64.7 1.02 113. 1.01
5 (3⁄16) 1.11 10.5 1.18 6.50 1.26 4.83 1.57 2.76 2.00 2.00 2.80 1.56 5.27 1.23 8.67 1.13 18.7 1.06 37.1 1.03 64.7 1.02
6 (1⁄4) 1.06 18.1 1.10 10.9 1.14 7.91 1.31 4.18 1.56 2.80 2.00 2.00 3.37 1.42 5.26 1.23 10.8 1.10 21.1 1.05 36.4 1.03
8 (5⁄16) 1.02 41.5 1.04 24.5 1.06 17.4 1.13 8.53 1.23 5.27 1.42 3.37 2.00 2.00 2.80 1.56 5.14 1.24 9.46 1.12 15.9 1.07
10 (3⁄8) 1.01 73.8 1.02 43.2 1.03 30.4 1.07 14.5 1.13 8.67 1.23 5.26 1.56 2.80 2.00 2.00 3.31 1.43 5.71 1.21 9.31 1.12
12 (1⁄2) 1.01 169. 1.01 98.2 1.01 68.8 1.03 32.2 1.06 18.7 1.10 10.8 1.24 5.14 1.43 3.31 2.00 2.00 3.04 1.49 4.60 1.28
16 (5⁄8) 1.00 344. 1.01 199. 1.01 140. 1.02 64.7 1.03 37.1 1.05 21.1 1.12 9.46 1.21 5.71 1.49 3.04 2.00 2.00 2.76 1.57
19 (3⁄4) 1.00 606. 1.00 351. 1.00 245. 1.01 113. 1.02 64.7 1.03 36.4 1.07 15.9 1.12 9.31 1.28 4.60 1.57 2.76 2.00 2.00

6.12.5 The load resistance of the IG unit is the lower of the 6.13.3 Determine GTF1 for lite No.1 and GTF2 for lite No.
two calculated LR values. 2) from Table 3 for the relevant glass type.
6.13 For Insulating Glass (IG) with One Monolithic Lite 6.13.4 Determine LS1 for lite No. 1and LS2 for lite No. 2
and One Laminated Lite, Under Long Duration Load: from Table 6 for the relevant lite thickness.
6.13.1 The load resistance of each lite must first be calcu-
6.13.5 Multiply NFL by GTF and by LS for each lite to
lated for that load acting for a short duration as in 6.11, and
determine LR1 for lite No.1 and LR2 for lite No. 2 of the
then for the same load acting for a long duration as given in
6.13.2-6.13.5. insulating glass unit, based on the long duration load resistance
of each lite, as follows:
NOTE 3—There are some combinations of IG with laminated glass
LR1 5 NFL1 X GTF1 X LS1 and LR2 5 NFL2 X GTF2 X LS2
where its monolithic-like behavior under a short duration load gives the IG
a lesser load resistance than under the layered behavior of long duration 6.13.6 The load resistance of the IG unit is the lowest of the
loads.
four calculated LR values LR1 and LR2 for short duration
6.13.2 Determine the values for the NFL1 for Lite No.1 and loads from 6.11.4 and LR1 and LR2 for long duration loads
NFL2 for lite No. 2 from the upper charts of Figs. A1.1–A1.12 from 6.13.5.
and A1.27–A1.33 (see Annex A2 for examples).

TABLE 6 Load Share (LS) Factors for IG Units

NOTE 1—Lite No. 1 Monolithic glass, Lite No. 2 Laminated glass, long duration load only.
Lite No. 1 Lite No. 2

Monolithic Glass Laminated Glass

Nominal 5 6 8 10 12 16 19
Thickness (3⁄16) (1⁄4) (5⁄16) (3⁄8) (1⁄2) (5⁄8) (3⁄4)
mm ( in.) LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2

2.5 (3⁄32) 3.00 1.50 4.45 1.29 11.8 1.09 20.0 1.05 35.2 1.03 82.1 1.01 147 1.01
2.7 (lami) 2.16 1.86 3.00 1.50 7.24 1.16 12.0 1.09 20.8 1.05 48.0 1.02 85.5 1.01
3 (1⁄8) 1.81 2.24 2.39 1.72 5.35 1.23 8.68 1.13 14.8 1.07 33.8 1.03 60.0 1.02
4 (5⁄32) 1.37 3.69 1.64 2.56 3.00 1.50 4.53 1.28 7.34 1.16 16.1 1.07 28.1 1.04
5 (3⁄16) 1.21 5.75 1.36 3.75 2.13 1.88 3.00 1.50 4.60 1.28 9.54 1.12 16.4 1.07
6 (1⁄4) 1.12 9.55 1.20 5.96 1.63 2.59 2.11 1.90 3.00 1.50 5.74 1.21 9.54 1.12
8 (5⁄16) 1.05 21.3 1.09 12.8 1.27 4.76 1.47 3.13 1.84 2.19 3.00 1.50 4.60 1.28
10 (3⁄8) 1.03 37.4 1.05 22.1 1.15 7.76 1.26 4.83 1.47 3.13 2.11 1.90 3.00 1.50
12 (1⁄2) 1.01 85.0 1.02 49.7 1.06 16.6 1.11 9.84 1.20 5.92 1.48 3.07 1.87 2.15
16 (5⁄8) 1.01 172 1.01 100 1.03 32.8 1.06 19.0 1.10 11.0 1.24 5.23 1.43 3.35
19 (3⁄4) 1.00 304 1.01 176 1.02 57.2 1.03 32.8 1.06 18.7 1.13 8.46 1.24 5.15
22 (7⁄8) 1.00 440 1.00 256 1.01 82.5 1.02 47.2 1.04 26.7 1.09 11.8 1.17 7.02
 E 1300 – 03

FIG. A1.6 (upper chart) Nonfactored Load Chart for 6.0 mm (1⁄4 in.) Glass with Four Sides Simply Supported
(lower chart) Deflection Chart for 6.0 mm (1⁄4 in.) Glass with Four Sides Simply Supported
 E 1300 – 03

FIG. A1.7 (upper chart) Nonfactored Load Chart for 8.0 mm (5⁄16 in.) Glass with Four Sides Simply Supported
(lower chart) Deflection Chart for 8.0 mm (5⁄16 in.) Glass with Four Sides Simply Supported
 E 1300 – 03

FIG. A1.8 (upper chart) Nonfactored Load Chart for 10.0 mm (3⁄8 in.) Glass with Four Sides Simply Supported
(lower chart) Deflection Chart for 10.0 mm (3⁄8 in.) Glass with Four Sides Simply Supported
 E 1300 – 03

FIG. A1.9 (upper chart) Nonfactored Load Chart for 12.0 mm (1⁄2 in.) Glass with Four Sides Simply Supported
(lower chart) Deflection Chart for 12.0 mm (1⁄2 in.) Glass with Four Sides Simply Supported
 E 1300 – 03
APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING THE APPROXIMATE CENTER OF GLASS DEFLECTION

X1.1 The first optional procedure presented in this appen- X1.2.2 The aspect ratio (AR) of a glass plate is found by
dix gives the determination of the approximate lateral deflec- dividing the glass length by the glass width as follows:
tion of a monolithic rectangular glass plate (note the special AR 5 a/b (X1.2)
procedures for laminated and insulating glass) subjected to a
uniform lateral load. In development of this procedure, it was where:
assumed that all four edges of the glass are simply supported a = plate length (long dimension), mm (in.), and
and free to slip in the plane of the glass. This boundary b = plate width (short dimension), mm (in.).
condition has been shown to be typical of many glass instal- X1.2.2.1 The aspect ratio is always equal to or greater than
lations.5,7,8 1. The aspect ratio is plotted along the horizontal axis of the
deflection chart.
X1.1.1 This procedure can be used for laminated glass under
X1.2.3 The nondimensional load, q, is calculated using the
short-term loads using the laminated glass thickness
following equation:
designation.
X1.1.2 For laminated glass under long-term loads and for q 5 qA2 / Et4 (X1.3)
symmetrical IG units under long or short-term loads, the
where:
approximate lateral deflection is the single lite deflection at half
q = applied load, kPa (psi),
of the design load. t = true glass thickness, mm (in.),
X1.1.3 For IG units under uniform lateral load both lites E = Modulus of elasticity of glass, kPa (psi), and
will deflect by almost equal amounts. The deflection is calcu- A = area of the rectangular glass plate, mm2 (in.2).
lated using the load carried by either lite from Table 5 or Table X1.2.3.1 For practical purposes, the value of E for glass can
6, load share (LS) factors. The total load divided by the LS be taken to be 71.7 3 106 kPa (10.4 3 106 psi). All quantities
factor for either lite gives the approximate load carried by that must be expressed in consistent units.
lite for deflection calculations.
X1.3 The contour lines plotted on the deflection chart in
X1.2 The Vallabhan-Wang nonlinear plate analysis was Fig. X1.1 present the variation of the natural logarithm of the
used to calculate the relationship between the nondimensional nondimensional loads as a function of the nondimensional
load, the nondimensional deflection, and the glass plates aspect deflection and aspect ratio.
ratio.8 The resulting relationship is depicted in the deflection
chart presented in Fig. X1.1. Because the information pre- X1.4 The following procedure can be used to determine the
sented in Fig. X1.1 is nondimensionalized, Fig. X1.1 can be maximum lateral deflection (w) for a particular case.
used with either SI or inch-pound units. X1.4.1 Calculate the aspect ratio (AR) of the glass using Eq
X1.2.1 The nondimensional maximum deflection ŵ is found X1.2. Locate this point on the horizontal axis of the deflection
by dividing the maximum lateral deflection of the glass, w , by chart and project a vertical line.
the true glass thickness, t , as follows: X1.4.2 For monolithic glass and laminated glass under short
duration loads, calculate the nondimensional load using Eq
ŵ 5 w/t (X1.1) X1.3, find its natural logarithm (ln), and interpolate between
The nondimensional maximum deflection is plotted along the contour lines on the deflection chart to locate the corre-
the vertical axis of the deflection chart. When the actual sponding position on the vertical line projected in X1.4.1.
thickness of the glass is unknown, use the minimum thickness X1.4.2.1 For IG units, calculate the load carried by one lite
from Table 4 to calculate the deflections. by dividing the total load by the LS factor. Use this value to
 E 1300 – 03

FIG. X1.1 Deflection Chart

calculate the nondimensional load for that lite using Eq X1.3, X1.5.1.3 Project a horizontal line from the point located in
find its natural logarithm, and interpolate between the contour X1.5.1.2. The corresponding nondimensional maximum lateral
lines on the deflection chart to locate the corresponding deflection (ŵ) is thus seen to be approximately 2.2.
position on the vertical line projected in X1.4.1. X1.5.1.4 Calculate the maximum lateral deflection of the
X1.4.3 Project a horizontal line from the point located in glass as follows:
X1.4.2. The nondimensional maximum deflection (ŵ) of the w 5 ~2.2! ~5.6 mm! 5 12.3 mm (X1.5)
glass is given by the intersection of this horizontal line and the
vertical axis of the chart. X1.5.2 Example 6: Lateral Deflection Calculation in Inch-
X1.4.4 Calculate the maximum deflection (w) of the glass Pound Units—Determine the maximum lateral deflection as-
by multiplying the nondimensional deflection (ŵ) by the true sociated with a vertical 50- by 60- by 1⁄4-in. rectangular glass
glass thickness. plate subjected to a uniform lateral load of 38 psf. The actual
thickness of the glass is 0.220 in. as determined through direct
X1.5 Examples 5 and 6 illustrate this procedure as follows: measurement.
X1.5.1 Example 5: Lateral Deflection Calculation in SI X1.5.2.1 Calculate the aspect ratio of the glass as follows:
Units—Determine the maximum lateral deflection (w) associ- AR 5 60 in./50 in. 5 1.2 (X1.6)
ated with a vertical 1 200- by 1 500- by 6 mm rectangular glass
plate subjected to a uniform lateral load of 1.80 kPa. The actual Locate this point on the horizontal axis of the deflection
thickness of the glass is 5.60 mm as determined through direct chart presented in Fig. X1.1 and construct a vertical line.
measurement. X1.5.2.2 Calculate the natural logarithm of the nondimen-
X1.5.1.1 Calculate the aspect ratio of the glass as follows: sional lateral load from Eq X1.3 as follows:
AR 5 ~1 500 mm! / ~1 200 mm! 5 1.25 (X1.4)
Locate this point on the horizontal axis of the deflection q = (38 lbf/ft2) (1⁄144 psi/psf) = 0.264 psi,
chart presented in Fig. X1.1 and construct a vertical line. A = (50 in.) (60 in.) = 3 000 in.2,
X1.5.1.2 Calculate the natural logarithm of the nondimen- q = (0.264 psi) (3 000 in.2)2/ [(10.4 3 106 psi) (0.22
sional lateral load from Eq X1.3 as follows: in.)4],
q = 97.5, and
ln(q) = ln (97.5) = 4.58.
q = 1.80 kPa, Locate the point corresponding to ln(q) = 4.58 on the
A = (1 500 mm) (1 200 mm) = 1 800 000 mm2, vertical line drawn in X1.5.2.1 by interpolating between the
q = (1.80 kPa) (1 800 000 mm2) 2 (71.7 3 106 kPa) (5.6 contour lines for ln(q) = 4.5 and 5.0.
mm)4,
q = 82.7, and X1.5.2.3 Project a horizontal line from the point located in
ln(q) = (82.7) = 4.42. X1.5.2.2. The corresponding nondimensional maximum lateral
deflection is thus seen to be approximately 2.4.
Locate the point corresponding to ln(q) = 4.42 on the vertical X1.5.2.4 Calculate the maximum lateral deflection of the
line drawn in X1.1 by interpolating between the contour lines glass as follows:
for ln(q) = 4.0 and 4.5. w 5 ~2.4! ~0.22 in.! 5 0.53 in. (X1.7)
 E 1300 – 03

X2. ALTERNATE PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING THE APPROXIMATE CENTER OF GLASS DEFLECTION

X2.1 Maximum glass deflection as a function of plate X2.2.2 a = 1 500

geometry and load may be calculated from the following b = 1 200
polynomial equations by Dalgliesh9 for a curve fit to the From Eq X2.2 r0 = −2.689
Beason and Morgan7 data from: X2.2.3 From Eq X2.3 r1 = 2.011
2

w 5 t 3 exp~r0 1 r 1 3 x 1 r2 3 x ! (X2.1) X2.2.4 From Eq X2.4 r2 = 0.213

where: X2.2.5 q = 1.80

w = center of glass deflection (mm) or (in.), and E = 71.7 3 10 6

t = plate thickness (mm) or (in.). t = 5.60
2 3 From Eq X2.5 x = 1.490

r0 5 0.553 2 3.83 ~a/b! 1 1.11 ~a/b! 2 0.0969 ~a/b! (X2.2) X2.2.6 Therefore from Eq X2.1 the maximum center of
r 5 22.29 1 5.83 ~a/b! 2 2.17 ~a/b!2 1 0.2067 ~a/b!3 glass deflection is:
1
(X2.3) w = 5.6 exp (−2.689 + 2.111 3 1.490 + 0.213 3 1.490 2)
r 5 1.485 2 1.908 ~a/b! 1 0.815 ~a/b!2 2 0.0822 ~a/b!3 w = 12.2 mm
2
(X2.4) X2.2.7 Example 8: Lateral Deflection Calculation in Inch-

x 5 ln$ln@q~ab!2 / Et4 #% (X2.5) Pound Units Using Method X 2—Determine the maximum
lateral deflection (w) associated with a 50- by 60- by 1⁄4-in.
where: rectangular glass plate subjected to a uniform lateral load of 38

q = uniform lateral load (kPa) or (psi), psf. The actual thickness of the glass is 0.220 in. as determined
a = long dimension (mm) or (in.), through direct measurement.
b = short dimension (mm) or (in.), and
E = modulus of6 elasticity of glass (71.7 3 106 kPa) or X2.2.8 a = 60
b = 50

(10.4 3 10 psi).
From Eq X2.2 r 0 = −2.612

X2.2 Examples 7 and 8 illustrate this procedure as follows: X2.2.9 From Eq X2.3 r1 = 1.938
X2.2.1 Example 7: Lateral Deflection Calculation in SI X2.2.10 From Eq X2.4 r2 = 0.227
Units Using Method X2— Determine the maximum lateral X2.2.11 q = 38
deflection (w) of a vertical 1 200- by 1 500- by 6-mm E = 10.4 3 106
rectangular glass plate subjected to a uniform lateral load of t = 0.220
1.80 kPa. The actual thickness of the glass is 5.60 mm as From Eq X2.5 x = 1.527
determined through direct measurement. X2.2.12 Therefore from Eq X2.1 the maximum center of
glass deflection is:
9
Dalgliesh, A. CGSB 12.20 Structural Design of Glass for Buildings, NRC
w = 0.220 exp (−2.612 + 1.938 3 1.527 + 0.227 3 1.5272)
National Research Council of Canada. w = 0.53 in.

X3. OPTIONAL PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATING PROBABILITY OF BREAKAGE FOR ANNEALED GLASS PLATES

X3.1 The purpose of the optional procedure presented in X3.1 is acceptable providing that the calculated probability of
this appendix is to provide a method to estimate the probability breakage is less than 0.05 (50 lites per thousand).
of breakage, Pb, of rectangular annealed glass subjected to a
X3.2 The steps involved in this optional procedure to
specified design load. This is accomplished using the following
evaluate the probability of breakage for an annealed glass plate
approximate relationship:
are listed in X3.2.1-X3.2.5.
12m 2 m J
Pb 5 k~ab! ~Et ! e (X3.1) X3.2.1 Determine the nondimensional lateral load (q) using
where: Eq X1.3 in Appendix X1. Locate this point on the vertical axis
 Pb = the probability of breakage, of Fig. X3.1 and extend a horizontal line to the right.
k and m = surface flaw parameters, X3.2.2 Determine the aspect ratio of the glass (AR) using
a and b = the rectangular dimensions of the glass, Eq X1.2 in Appendix X1. Locate this point on the horizontal
E = the modulus of elasticity of glass, axis on Fig. X3.1 and extend a vertical line upward until it
t = glass thickness, intersects the horizontal line drawn in X3.2.1.
e = 2.7182, and X3.2.3 Use interpolation along the vertical line to estimate
J = the stress distribution factor. the value of J corresponding to the intersection of the two lines.
Fig. X3.1 presents values of J as a function of glass aspect X3.2.4 Use Eq X3.1 to estimate the probability of breakage
ratio, AR, and nondimensional lateral load (q). The use of Eq of the glass.