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SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

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4 views

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

Uploaded by

maryrose.vdelossantos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

Learning
Competency:
Analyze the forms and functions of social
organizations
Social Organizations
• Many people belong to various
social structures—institutional
and informal. These include
clubs, professional organizations,
and religious institutions.
• Social organizations are
structured to where there is a
hierarchical system. A
hierarchical structure in social
group influences the way a group
is structured and how likely it is
that the group remains together.
Social Group
• consisting of two or more people
who interact with one another and
who recognize themselves as a
distinct social unit.
• are formed as an assemblage of
people who often interact with
each other on the basis of a
common outlook concerning
behavior and a sense of common
identity.
• defined as specified number of
individuals where each recognizes
members as distinct from non-
members.
• Social Aggregate - collection of
people who are in the same
place at the same time, but
who otherwise do not
necessarily have anything in
common, and who may not
interact with each other.
• Social Category - is a
collection of people that have
certain characteristics or traits
in common, but they tend not
to interact with each other on
a regular basis.
Three
Requirements for
a Group
1. There must be two
or more people.
2. There must be
interaction.
3. The members must
be together
physically.
1. Motivational base shared by individuals (based on needs,
Factors that interests, desires, noble activities, insecurities, or problems)
Influence 2. Size of the group
Groups 3. Type of group goals
4. The kind of a group cohesion/unity (the capability to
function and interact collectively in the direction of their
goals)
HOW IS A GROUP
FORMED?
1. The desire to
achieve an
objective .
2. To meet the
needs of the
individual
member.
3. People are
treated alike by
others.
General Characteristics
of a Group
Group is characterized by the
following:
1. A group has identity identifiable
by both its members and
outsiders.
2. A group has a social structure in
the sense that each part or
member has a position related to
other positions.
3. Each member in a group has roles
to play.
4. There is mutual reciprocity among
members in a group.
IMPORTANCE OF A GROUP
1. A group is a major source
of solidarity and cohesion.
2. A group reinforces and
strengthens our integration
into society.
3. A group shares basic
survival and problem-
solving techniques to
satisfy personal and
emotional needs.
4. A group gives meaning and
support to an individual.
Basic Classifications of Social
Groups
Primary Groups
• Primary groups are marked by
concern for one another,
shared activities and culture,
and long periods of time spent
together.
• Small, intimate and less
specialized group whose
members engage in face-to-
face and emotion-based
interactions over extended
period of time.
• Examples: Family, close
friends, work-related peers,
classmates and church groups
• Involve weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of one
another. These groups are based on usual or habitual interests or
affairs.
Secondary • Less intimate and more specialized groups where members engage in
an impersonal and objective-oriented relationship for a limited time.
Groups • Examples: Nation, Church Hierarchy, Professional Association,
Corporation, University classes, Athletic teams, and groups of
coworkers. *employees treat their colleagues as secondary group since
they know that they need to cooperate with one another to achieve a
certain goal.
In-group
• Belonging to the same group
as others who share the
same common bond and
interests who are more likely
to understand each other
refers to an in- group.
• Group with which the
individual identifies, and
which gives him sense of
belonging, solidarity,
camaraderie, esprit de corps,
and a protective attitude
toward the other members.
• Examples: Sports team,
Unions and Sororities
Out-group
• Viewed as outsiders by the in-
group.
• Any member of the in-group has
insufficient contact with the
members of the out-group.
• Members of the in-group have
feelings of strangeness, dislikes,
avoidance, antagonism,
indifference and even hatred
toward the out-group.
Reference Groups
• A collection of people that
we use as a standard of
comparison for ourselves
regardless of whether we
are part of that group.
• Group that is significant to
us as models even though
we ourselves may not be a
part of the group.
• Is one which an individual
does not only have a high
regard for but one after
which he or she patterns
his/her life.
Network
• Refers to the structure of
relationships between
social actors or groups.
These are
interconnections, ties,
linkages between
people, their groups,
and the larger social
institutions to which
they all belong to.
• A collection of people
tied together by a
specific pattern of
connections.
TYPES OF GROUP
BOUNDARIES
FORMAL GROUP BOUNDARIES
• groups in which duties and
privileges are clearly defined and
expectations are prescribed,
independent of the person who
happens to occupy a given position.
• Individual roles are explicitly
designed as president, v-president,
secretary, and treasurer.
• With constitution or set of by-laws .
INFORMAL GROUP BOUNDARIES
• Arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or more
TYPES OF people.
GROUP • They are unplanned, have no explicit rules for membership,
BOUNDARIES and do not have specific objectives to be attained .
• The members exchange confidences, share a feeling of
intimacy and acquire a sense of belongingness.
CONSEQUENCES OF
GROUP BOUNDARIES

• people gain a clearer


sense of their diversity.
• ethnocentrism may grow.
• serious personal and
social problems may
arise.
Sociological Theories or
Perspectives
Structural – Functional Theory
• Also called functionalism, sees society as
a structure with interrelated parts
designed to meet the biological and
social needs of the individuals in that
society.
• Functionalism grew out of the writings of
English philosopher and biologist, Hebert
Spencer (1820–1903)
• Social Institutions - various parts of
society that work together to keep
society functioning (Spencer 1898).
Patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused
on meeting social needs.
Sociological Theories or
Perspectives.
Structural – Functional Theory
• Émile Durkheim - believed that
society is a complex system of
interrelated and interdependent
parts that work together to maintain
stability (Durkheim 1893).
• Social facts are the laws, morals,
values, religious beliefs, customs,
fashions, rituals, and all of the
cultural rules that govern social life
(Durkheim 1895).
• Social Solidarity - social ties within a
group.
Sociological Theories or
Perspectives.
Structural – Functional Theory
• Robert Merton (1910–2003) -
pointed out that social processes
often have many functions. Manifest
functions are the consequences of a
social process that are sought or
anticipated, while latent functions
are the unsought consequences of a
social process.
• Social processes that have
undesirable consequences for the
operation of society are called
dysfunctions.
Sociological Theories or
Perspectives.
Conflict Theory
• Looks at society as a competition for limited
resources.
• Identified with the writings of German
philosopher and sociologist Karl Marx (1818–
1883). He saw society as being made up of
two classes, the bourgeoisie (capitalist) and
the proletariat (workers), who must compete
for social, material, and political resources
such as food and housing, employment,
education, and leisure time.
• In the economic sphere, Marx focused on the
“mode of production” (e.g., the industrial
factory) and “relations of production” (e.g.,
unequal power between workers and factory
owners).
Sociological Theories
or Perspectives.
Conflict Theory
• False consciousness is Marx’s term
for the proletarian’s inability to see
her real position within the class
system, a mis-recognition that is
complicated by the control that the
bourgeoisie often exerts over the
media outlets that disseminate and
normalize information.
• Class Consciousness - a common
group identity as exploited
proletarians and potential
revolutionaries.
Conflict Theory
Sociological Theories or • German sociologist Max Weber agreed with some of
Marx’s main ideas, but also believed that in addition to
Perspectives. economic inequalities, there were inequalities of
political power and social structure that caused conflict.
• Ida B. Wells articulated the conflict perspective when
she theorized a connection between an increase in
lynching and an increase in black socio-economic
mobility in the United States from the late 1800s into
the mid-20th century. She also examined competition
within the feminist movement as women fought for the
right to vote, yet the presumably egalitarian mainstream
suffragist movements were headed by white women
who excluded black women from suffrage.
• W.E.B. DuBois also examined race in the U.S. and in U.S.
colonies from a conflict perspective, and emphasized the
importance of a reserve labor force, made up of black
men. Race conflict paradigms will be examined later in
the course in the module devoted to race and ethnicity.
Sociological Theories or Perspectives
Symbolic Interactionist Theory
• Theory that focuses on meanings attached to
human interaction, both verbal and non-verbal,
and to symbols.
• Communication—the exchange of meaning
through language and symbols—is believed to be
the way in which people make sense of their social
worlds.
• Charles Horton Cooley introduced the looking-
glass self (1902) to describe how a person’s self of
self grows out of interactions with others, and he
proposed a threefold process for this development:
1) we see how others react to us, 2) we interpret
that reaction (typically as positive or negative)
and 3) we develop a sense of self based on those
interpretations.
Sociological Theories or
Perspectives.
Symbolic Interactionist Theory
• Herbert Blumer, actually coined the
term “symbolic interactionism” and
outlined these basic premises: humans
interact with things based on meanings
ascribed to those things; the ascribed
meaning of things comes from our
interactions with others and society;
the meanings of things are interpreted
by a person when dealing with things in
specific circumstances (Blumer 1969).
• Erving Goffman (1922–1982) to develop
a technique called dramaturgical
analysis. Goffman used theater as an
analogy for social interaction and
recognized that people’s interactions
showed patterns of cultural “scripts.”

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