COMSATS University Islamabad

Islamic Studies
Lecture 2
Articles of Faith

Belief in Angels in Islam

Belief in angels is one of the key articles of faith in Islam. It emphasizes that
angels are created by God to carry out His commands and are not divine
beings.
Who Are Angels?
Angels are invisible beings made from light. They do not have free will and can
only follow God’s orders. They never disobey Him.
Roles of Angels
• Gabriel (Jibreel): Delivers God’s messages to prophets.
• Michael (Mika’eel): Responsible for rain and nature.
• Angel of Death: Takes souls at the time of death.
• Guardian Angels: Protect believers and record their actions.
• Munkar and Nakeer: Test people in the grave.
Angels’ Nature
Angels are pure and sinless. They are not to be worshipped or seen as partners
with God. Unlike humans, they do not eat, drink, or get tired.
Angels Are Numerous
Only God knows their exact number. Every day, 70,000 angels visit the Kaaba in
Mecca and never return again.
Belief in angels reminds Muslims of God’s power and His careful control over all
things.
Angelic Abilities
Angels have special powers given to them by God. One of these abilities is to
take on different forms. For example, when God sent Angel Gabriel (Jibreel) to
Lady Mary (Maryam) at the time of Jesus' conception, he appeared to her in
the form of a man. This is mentioned in the Quran:
“…Then We sent to her Our angel, and he appeared before her as a man in all
respects.” (Quran 19:17)

Faith in the Books of God

The third article of Islamic faith is belief in the Books of God, which were
revealed to humanity through His prophets. God sent many books before the
Quran, some of which include:
1. Books of Prophet Abraham (now extinct).
2. The Torah revealed to Prophet Moses.
3. The Zabur (Psalms) revealed to Prophet David.
4. The Injil (Gospel) revealed to Prophet Jesus.
Though these books were originally from God, over time, people altered their
texts, and what exists today is a mix of God's words and human additions. Even
Jews and Christians acknowledge that their scriptures have been translated and
changed over centuries. Therefore, Muslims are commanded to believe in the
original divine nature of these books but also to understand that they are no
longer in their pure form.
The Quran's Uniqueness
The Quran, however, is different from previous books:
1. Preserved Text: It remains exactly as it was revealed to Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH), without any change.
2. Pure Word of God: The Quran contains only God's words, without any
human additions.
3. Historical Evidence: It is well-documented that the Quran was revealed
to Prophet Muhammad, with no doubt about its origin.
4. Living Language: The Quran is in Arabic, a language still spoken by
millions today, making it understandable and relevant.
 5. Universal Message: Unlike earlier books meant for specific people and
times, the Quran is addressed to all humanity and can be followed in any
era.
6. Comprehensive Guidance: The Quran includes all the teachings of
previous books and provides a complete way of life for all of humanity.
In summary, belief in God's Books includes respect for the previous revelations
while acknowledging that the Quran is the final, complete, and unaltered
message for all people.

Faith in God's Prophets (Short)

• Rasool: A prophet who receives a new Divine book, establishes a new
law (Shariah), performs miracles, and directly sees the angel delivering
God's message.
• Nabi: A prophet who follows the previous Rasool's book and laws, does
not receive a new book, and may see the angel in dreams or be informed
by the Rasool.
All prophets are equal in their mission from God. Muslims must believe in all
the prophets named in the Qur'an and respect others, as some may have been
prophets whose teachings were later corrupted.
Differences with Prophet Muhammad (PBUH):
1. He was sent for all of humanity and for all time.
2. His teachings and life are fully preserved, unlike previous prophets.
3. His guidance is final and complete, with no need for further prophets.
To be a true Muslim, one must believe in Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as the
final and perfect messenger of God.

The Finality of Prophethood

The concept of the finality of Prophethood refers to the belief that Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) is the last prophet sent by God. Key points include:
1. End of Prophethood: No new prophets will come after Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH). His teachings are eternal and have been fully
preserved in the Qur'an, which remains unchanged.
2. Complete Guidance: His life and teachings provide complete guidance
for humanity. God has perfected and completed the religion of Islam
through him.
3. Timelessness of Islam: Islam's teachings are relevant for all times and
are based on unchanging human nature. They balance permanence and
change, ensuring that they can adapt to different contexts.
4. Universal Message: Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was sent as a
messenger for all humanity, and his message transcends specific times
and places.
5. Finality Affirmed: The Qur'an explicitly states that Muhammad (PBUH) is
the "Khatam-an-Nabiyyin" (the last of the prophets), and he himself
confirmed this.
6. Mission of Followers: The world does not need a new prophet but
requires individuals who believe in Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) to
spread his message and implement his teachings in society.
In summary, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is the final prophet, and his teachings
are the complete and lasting guidance for all mankind.

Islamic Studies
Lecture 3
Articles of Faith

Belief in Life After Death

The fifth article of Islamic faith is the belief in life after death, which
emphasizes the following key points:
 1. End of the World: The world and everything in it will come to an end on
a designated day known as Qayamah (the Last Day).
2. Resurrection: All humans who have ever lived will be restored to life and
presented before God on this day, a process called Hashr (Resurrection).
3. Final Judgment: Every person's actions will be reviewed, and a complete
record of their deeds will be presented to God.
4. Reward and Punishment: God will justly reward or punish individuals
based on their actions. Those who have done good will be rewarded with
paradise, while those whose wrongdoings outweigh their good deeds
will face punishment in Hell.
Importance of this Belief
Belief in life after death is fundamental to the teachings of all Prophets,
including Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Disbelief in this concept is considered a
sign of being a Kafir (disbeliever) because denying life after death renders other
beliefs meaningless.
In daily life, humans naturally assess the usefulness and consequences of their
actions. A strong belief in life after death influences individuals to prioritize
long-term benefits over immediate gratification, guiding them to make better
moral choices.
Rational Justification for Life After Death
1. Counterarguments:
o Some argue there is no life after death, citing a lack of evidence.
However, just because something hasn’t been observed doesn’t
mean it doesn’t exist.
o Others believe in reincarnation, suggesting humans become
animals or lower beings based on their actions. This perspective
creates circular reasoning, leading to absurd conclusions.
2. Supporting Beliefs: The belief in life after death aligns with reason and
common sense. The universe will eventually face destruction, suggesting
that it can evolve into a higher existence rather than becoming non-
existent.
 Belief in Al-Qada’ wa’l-Qadar (Divine Will)
Belief in Al-Qadar is the sixth pillar of Islamic faith and essential for a complete
understanding of faith. It emphasizes that Allah (SWT) has preordained
everything that happens, and this belief includes four key components:
1. Al-'Ilm (Knowledge): Allah (SWT) has complete knowledge of everything
that happens, both past and future. He knows all events in detail. As
stated in the Quran, "Truly, nothing is hidden from God, in the earth or in
the heavens" (3:5).
2. Kitab (Writing): Allah (SWT) has recorded everything that will happen
until the Day of Judgment in Al-Lawh al-Mahfooz (the Preserved Tablet).
The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) mentioned, "The first thing which Allah
created was the Pen, and He said to it, ‘Write’” (Abu Dawood).
3. Mash'eeah (Will): Nothing happens or does not happen without Allah's
will. He has the ultimate authority over all events. The Quran states, "He
it is who shapes you in the wombs as He wills" (3:5).
4. Al-Khalq (Creation): Allah (SWT) is the Creator of everything. He has
created all things according to His precise measurements, as mentioned
in the Quran: "He has created everything, and has measured it exactly
according to its due measurements" (25:2).
Importance of Belief in Qadar
1. Dependence on Allah: Believers strengthen their reliance on Allah after
making efforts to achieve their goals.
2. Acceptance of Outcomes: This belief leads to contentment with the
results of one's efforts, fostering inner peace. As Allah (SWT) says, "No
evil befalls on the earth nor in your own souls, but it is in a book before
We bring it into existence" (57:22).
3. Coping with Calamities: It helps believers manage the impacts of
misfortunes by recognizing them as part of Allah's divine plan. The
Prophet (PBUH) advised not to dwell on "if only" but to accept what has
occurred as Qadar.
4. Forgiveness of Sins: Enduring hardships can lead to forgiveness of sins,
as indicated by the Prophet (PBUH): "No Muslim is fatigued... except that
Allah forgives sins through it" (Bukhari).
Misunderstandings
Belief in Qadar is not a reason to neglect one’s responsibilities. The Prophet
(PBUH) illustrated this when asked if one should leave their camel untied and
trust in Allah, responding, "Tie it and trust in Allah" (Tirmidhi). This shows that
striving for one's goals is part of fulfilling divine will.
In summary, belief in Al-Qada’ wa’l-Qadar helps Muslims understand the
relationship between divine will and human actions, ensuring a balanced
approach to faith and life.

Islamic Studies
Lecture 4

System of Worship in Islam

Purpose of Worship
In Islam, worship is the fundamental purpose of human existence, as stated in
the Quran: “I did not create Jinn and mankind except to worship Me” (Quran
51:56). Worship involves loving and submitting to Allah (God), the Creator of
the universe. It encompasses traditional rituals (like prayers and fasting) as well
as any lawful action done with a God-conscious intention.
Nature of Worship
Worships is not limited to religious rituals; it is a daily pursuit that can occur
anywhere, provided the action is performed with sincere intention to please
Allah. The merit of actions is determined by one's intention (niyyah), making
the heart's sincerity crucial for worship.
The Five Pillars of Islam
The Five Pillars form the foundation of a Muslim's faith and practice:
1. Shahadah (Creed): The declaration of faith that there is no god but Allah,
and Muhammad (PBUH) is His Messenger. This is recited during the
Azaan (call to prayer) and when someone converts to Islam.
 2. Salaat (Prayer): Muslims perform five daily prayers, which foster a strong
belief in God and moral growth. Prayer is a discipline that involves
physical and spiritual devotion, serving as a reminder of God's presence.
Types of Prayer:
o Obligatory (Fard): Includes the five daily prayers and the Friday
congregational prayer.
o Supererogatory (Wajib and Sunnah): Additional prayers that are
recommended but not obligatory.
o Optional: Voluntary prayers performed at any time.
3. Sawm (Fasting): Fasting during Ramadan is obligatory. It involves
abstaining from food, drink, and certain desires from dawn to sunset.
Fasting develops self-control, empathy for the less fortunate, and
strengthens one's relationship with Allah.
4. Zakat (Almsgiving): Muslims are required to give a portion of their
wealth to those in need, promoting social welfare and community
support.
5. Hajj (Pilgrimage): The pilgrimage to Makka must be performed at least
once in a lifetime by those who are physically and financially able.
Fasting in Ramadan
Fasting is a time for spiritual reflection, increased devotion, and worship. It
teaches love for God, patience, and selflessness. Those who are exempt from
fasting include children, the elderly, the sick, travelers, and pregnant or nursing
women.
Key Practices During Ramadan
• Suhoor: A pre-dawn meal before fasting begins.
• Breaking Fast: Traditionally starts with dates and water, accompanied by
the prayer of gratitude.
• Taraweeh: Special prayers performed during Ramadan.
• Recitation of the Quran: Increased study and recitation during the holy
month.
Conclusion
The system of worship in Islam is comprehensive, guiding Muslims to live a life
of devotion and moral integrity, fostering a deep connection with Allah in all
aspects of life.

Lecture 5

The Qur'an provides several proofs to testify that it is the word of God. Here
are brief explanations of the five main proofs mentioned:
1. Falsification Test (‫)تصدیق کا امتحان‬
The Qur'an issues a challenge that if it were from anyone other than Allah
(SWT), it would contain contradictions. Allah says in Surah an-Nisa 4:82, "Do
they not then consider the Qur'an carefully? Had it been from other than Allah,
they would surely have found therein many contradictions." Despite extensive
study over centuries, no contradictions have been found. Furthermore, Allah
challenges humanity to produce a text like the Qur'an, and none have
succeeded, showing its uniqueness.
2. Scientific Phenomenon
The Qur'an mentions many scientific facts that were unknown at the time of its
revelation, such as the stages of human embryonic development, the structure
of mountains, and the water cycle. Over 1000 verses in the Qur'an relate to
natural phenomena, including the expansion of the universe and the origin of
life from water. These descriptions, later confirmed by science, indicate divine
knowledge.
3. Non-Muslim Sources
Even non-Muslims have recognized the Qur'an as a divine text. For example,
the New Catholic Encyclopedia acknowledges that the Qur'an is regarded as a
revelation from God, despite differing religious beliefs. This academic stance
highlights that even outside Islamic scholarship, the Qur'an is respected as a
unique and divine scripture.
4. Preservation of the Text
The Qur'an has remained unchanged for over 1400 years. Unlike other religious
texts, which have undergone alterations, the Qur'an has been meticulously
preserved in its original form. This preservation includes both written copies
and the memorization of the entire Qur'an by millions of Muslims worldwide,
ensuring its unchanged transmission.
5. Linguistic Miracle
The Qur'an’s language is considered a miracle due to its unmatched eloquence,
complexity, and beauty in classical Arabic. Despite challenges issued to create a
single verse or surah comparable to the Qur'an, no one has been able to
replicate its linguistic style. The challenge is further appreciated by those who
study Arabic in depth, as they realize the impossibility of matching its unique
expression and structure.
These five proofs collectively affirm the divine origin of the Qur'an and its
significance as the ultimate guide for humanity

Lecture 6

Surah Al-Fatihah (The Opening)

The Quran is the final and unaltered word of Allah (SWT), revealed to Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) through the Angel Jibril (Gabriel). It holds a central place in
Islam, recited daily in prayers by Muslims around the world. It is also known by
various names such as Al-Kitab (The Book), Al-Furqan (The Criterion), Al-Huda
(The Guidance), and others.
The Quran has remained unchanged for over 1400 years, as Allah has promised
to protect it from corruption: "Indeed, it is We who sent down the Qur'an and
indeed, We will be its guardian." (Quran 15:9)
Division of the Quran into Surahs and Verses
The Quran is divided into 30 equal parts (Juz) to facilitate its recitation over a
month, especially during Ramadan. It contains:
• 114 Surahs (Chapters): The longest is Surah Al-Baqarah (286 verses), and
the shortest is Surah Al-Kawthar (3 verses).
• 6,236 verses (Ayat).
 • 558 sections (Ruku).
• 14 prostrations (Sajdah): These are verses where Muslims are instructed
to prostrate as a sign of humility before Allah.
The Quran was revealed over 23 years, during the Prophet Muhammad’s
mission in Mecca and Medina.
Compilation of the Quran
1. During Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) Lifetime:
The Prophet (PBUH) would receive revelation and immediately dictate it
to his scribes. These revelations were recorded on various materials like
parchment, stones, and animal skins. Though memorized and written
down by many companions, it was not compiled as a complete book at
the time.
2. Under Caliph Abu Bakr (RA):
After the Battle of Yamama, in which many of the Quran’s memorisers
(Hafiz) were martyred, Umar (RA) suggested to Caliph Abu Bakr (RA) to
compile the Quran into one written collection to prevent its loss. Hazrat
Zayd bin Thabit (RA), who had been the Prophet's scribe, was tasked
with this responsibility. This was the first compilation of the Quran into a
single volume.
3. Under Caliph Uthman (RA):
As Islam spread, variations in recitation became apparent due to
differences in dialects. To preserve the uniformity of the Quran, Caliph
Uthman (RA) ordered the Quran to be standardized in the Quraish
dialect, the language of the Prophet (PBUH). Several copies were made
and sent to major Islamic cities. This Uthmani Mushaf (the standardized
copy) is the basis of all Quranic texts today.
Makki and Madani Surahs
The Quran’s 114 Surahs are categorized based on the period of revelation:
• Makki Surahs (86 chapters): These were revealed before the Prophet's
migration to Medina. They focus on fundamental beliefs such as
monotheism, the afterlife, the Day of Judgment, and stories of previous
prophets. The style is often short, with powerful and poetic verses to
appeal to the hearts of people.
 • Madani Surahs (28 chapters): These were revealed after the migration
and focus on laws, social conduct, and guidelines for the growing Muslim
community. They are often longer and cover issues related to Islamic
governance, family life, and interpersonal conduct.
Categories of the Quran's Content
The Quran covers various aspects of life, offering guidance on spiritual and
practical matters. Its major themes include:
1. Belief in Allah and His Attributes: Emphasizes the oneness of Allah
(Tawhid), His mercy, wisdom, and power.
2. The Day of Judgment: Describes the events of the afterlife, including the
Day of Judgment, Heaven (Jannah), and Hell (Jahannam), urging mankind
to reflect on their actions.
3. Stories of Previous Nations: Shares the accounts of earlier prophets like
Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus (peace be upon them all),
providing lessons on the fate of those who accepted or rejected divine
guidance.
4. Guidance for Personal Conduct: Offers principles for leading a righteous
life, including honesty, kindness, charity, and justice.
5. Invitation to Islam (Dawah): Invites mankind to worship Allah alone and
follow the path shown by His last Messenger, Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH).
Surah Al-Fatihah (The Opening)
Surah Al-Fatihah is the opening chapter of the Quran and is considered one of
the most important Surahs. It is recited in every unit of the Muslim prayer
(Salah) and serves as a summary of the Quran's message.
The Surah begins with praising Allah, recognizing Him as the Lord of all worlds,
the Most Merciful, and the Master of the Day of Judgment. It then shifts to a
personal prayer, asking for guidance on the straight path, away from the paths
of those who have gone astray.
It holds a special place in Muslim life, serving as a reminder of Allah’s mercy
and the importance of seeking His guidance at every step
 Lecture 7

Surah Al-Baqarah: Summary

Introduction
Surah Al-Baqarah is a Madani Surah named after the story of the cow
mentioned in verses 67-73. It begins with an answer to the prayer in Surah Al-
Fatihah for guidance and declares that the Quran is free from doubt and a
guide for the pious.
Five Characteristics of Successful People
1. Belief in the Unseen:
Muslims believe in Allah, angels, prophets, divine books, the Day of
Judgment, and predestination.
2. Establishing Prayer:
Regular prayer is essential for Muslims, and it helps prevent sinful
behavior.
3. Charity:
Giving to the needy, whether through wealth or effort, brings happiness
and success.
4. Belief in Revelation:
Muslims believe in the Quran and the previous scriptures revealed to
earlier prophets.
5. Strong Faith (Yaqeen):
Having certainty in Allah and the afterlife transforms behavior and keeps
a believer on the right path.
Other Key Themes
• Address to the Jews:
The Surah criticizes the Jews of Medina for altering their scripture and
rejecting Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
• Rules and Regulations:
The Surah gives guidance on social, economic, and legal matters,
prohibiting harmful practices like drinking and gambling.
 • Stories of the Prophets:
It includes lessons from the lives of past prophets, emphasizing belief in
resurrection and accountability.
• Change of Qiblah:
The direction of prayer was changed from Jerusalem to the Kaaba,
marking a new identity for Muslims.

Lecture 8

Surah Al-Asr: Summary

Introduction
Surah Al-Asr is the 103rd chapter of the Quran, revealed in Makkah. It is one of
the shortest yet most comprehensive Surahs, as it outlines the essential
requirements for success in both this life and the Hereafter. Imam Ash-Shafi’i
once said that if Allah had only revealed this Surah, it would have been enough
for humanity's guidance.
Translation of Surah Al-Asr
• "By the Time, Verily man is in loss, except those who believe, do
righteous deeds, encourage truth, and recommend patience."
Key Themes
1. Swearing by Time
Allah swears by time to emphasize its importance, reminding us that
every moment is valuable. As time passes, it brings people closer to
either success or failure in both this life and the Hereafter.
2. Man's Loss
Allah declares that all humans are in loss, except for those who meet
four conditions:
o Belief in Allah
o Doing righteous deeds
o Encouraging truth
o Practicing patience
 3. Belief (Iman)
The foundation for success is strong faith in Allah and His attributes,
including belief in angels, divine books, prophets, the Day of Judgment,
and predestination.
4. Righteous Deeds
Faith must be supported by good actions, such as performing prayers,
giving charity, and maintaining good behavior. Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH) emphasized that righteousness involves good manners and
integrity.
5. Encouraging Truth and Patience
Muslims must not only act righteously but also encourage others to
uphold truth and remain patient through life's difficulties. This mutual
support ensures the success of individuals and communities.
Levels of the Deen (Religion)
1. Islam
The first level is practicing the five pillars:
o Testifying faith in Allah and Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
o Performing Salah (prayer)
o Giving Zakat (charity)
o Fasting during Ramadan
o Performing Hajj (for those who can)
2. Iman (Faith)
The second level is believing in six articles of faith:
o Allah
o His angels
o His scriptures
o His messengers
o The Last Day
o Divine decree (Taqdeer)
 3. Ihsan (Excellence)
The highest level is worshipping Allah as though you see Him, knowing
that He sees you. It represents the utmost level of devotion and
consciousness of Allah's presence.
In summary, Surah Al-Asr teaches that success requires faith, good deeds,
promoting truth, and patience. These qualities are essential for salvation in this
world and the Hereafter.

Lecture 9

Deen
The word "Deen" in Arabic is often translated as "religion," but it carries a much
broader and deeper meaning. In Islam, "deen" refers to a complete way of life
that includes beliefs, laws, moral values, and actions. It encompasses not just
religious rituals but also how a person interacts with others, behaves ethically,
and submits to the laws and authority of Allah (SWT).
In the Quran, "deen" can mean submission to Allah's will, a system of rules and
ethics, or a way of life. It also refers to judgment, as in accountability for one's
actions on the Day of Judgment. Therefore, "deen" is a comprehensive system
that includes rulership, obedience, a framework for life, and eventual reward or
punishment.
Given these meanings, translating "deen" as just "religion" doesn't capture its
full essence. It includes all aspects of a person's life—spiritual, social, and
moral—under Allah's guidance.

Shariah

Shariah refers to the divinely ordained path set by Allah (SWT) for human beings
to follow in all aspects of life. Literally, Shariah means a “wide, lightened, and
straight path,” representing guidance for living a moral and righteous life. It
encompasses the laws, ethics, and guidance provided by Allah through His
prophets, with the Islamic Shariah being the final one, meant to last for all time.
Shariah is not limited to just religious rituals but also includes rules for personal
conduct, social norms, and legal principles. It covers political, economic, familial,
civil, and criminal matters, thus functioning as a comprehensive system for life.
It is sometimes used synonymously with "Deen," implying the all-encompassing
way of life that Muslims are expected to follow, which includes both faith and
practice.
Scholars provide different perspectives on Shariah:
• Khurram Murad describes it as synonymous with Deen, suggesting Shariah
is eternal and applicable in all circumstances.
• Sayyid Qutb emphasizes that Shariah governs every aspect of life.
• Yusuf Qaradawi highlights its comprehensiveness and its equivalence with
Islamic law.
In essence, Shariah is the divine framework for Muslims, guiding them in all areas
of life, and abandoning it is seen as forsaking Islam itself.

Difference Between Deen And Shariah

Deen:
- Refers to the overarching religion or way of life in Islam, including faith and
beliefs.
- Shared by all prophets (e.g., Hazrat Noah, Musa, and Isa) promoting the same
core message: belief in one God and following His messengers.
- Remains constant across different prophets and times.

Shariah:
- Refers to Islamic law derived from the Quran and Sunnah (the teachings and
practices of the Prophet Muhammad).
- Specific to each prophet and can vary over time and context.
- Provides guidelines on legal, social, and moral issues in daily life.

Functions of Shariah

1. Wajib or Fard (Obligatory): Required actions, like the Five Pillars of Islam.
2. Mustahabb (Preferred): Commendable actions, such as extra prayers or
visiting family.
3. Mubah/Halal (Permissible): Allowed actions that do not contradict Islamic
teachings.
4. Makruh (Discouraged): Actions that are discouraged but not sinful, like
excessive decoration.
5. Haram (Forbidden): Actions that are absolutely prohibited, such as alcohol
consumption and theft.

Objectives of Shariah (Maqasid al-Shariah)

1. Preservation of Religion: Protecting and promoting faith.

2. Preservation of Life: Ensuring the safety and welfare of individuals.
3. Preservation of Intellect: Encouraging mental well-being and prohibiting
substances that impair judgment.
4. Preservation of Lineage: Protecting family and lineage through lawful
marriage and reproduction.
5. Preservation of Property: Safeguarding wealth and fair transactions.

Sources of Shariah

1. Primary Sources:
- Quran: The literal word of God, providing guidance on all aspects of life.
 -Sunnah: Practices and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad.

2. Secondary Sources:
Ijma: Consensus of scholars on legal issues.
Qyas: Analogical reasoning based on the Quran and Sunnah.
Ijtihad: Independent juristic reasoning to derive legal rulings.

This summary captures the essential differences and roles of Deen and Shariah
in Islam. If you need further details or specific aspects explained, feel free to ask!

Lecture 10

Here's a summary of the concepts of Sunnah, Ijma, Qiyas, and Ijtihad based on
the detailed text you provided:
Sunnah
• Meaning: The term "Sunnah" literally means "way," "path," or "method."
In Islamic context, it refers to the practices, sayings, and approvals of the
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
• As a Source of Shariah: Sunnah is the second primary source of Islamic
law, following the Qur'an. It complements the Qur'an by providing specific
applications and details to its general guidelines.
• Significance: The Qur'an emphasizes the importance of following the
Prophet's example (Surah Al-Ahzab 33:21). The reliability of Sunnah is
established through collections of Hadith, which document the Prophet’s
teachings via a chain of narrators.
• Complementarity with Qur'an: The Qur'an provides general guidance,
while Sunnah makes these instructions specific and detailed. Both are
essential for understanding and applying Islamic law.
Ijma (Consensus)
• Definition: Ijma means consensus among Islamic scholars on a particular
issue after the death of the Prophet (PBUH).
• Importance: It serves as a source of law and helps address new issues by
reflecting the unified stance of scholars.
• Conditions for Validity:
1. Agreement must be among qualified mujtahids.
2. Must be unanimous and occur after the Prophet's death.
3. Should be based on Islamic law principles.
4. Relies on authoritative sources (sanad).
• Types:
o Explicit Ijma: Clear and stated consensus.
o Silent Ijma: Tacit approval where scholars do not object to a legal
opinion.
o

Qiyas (Analogy)
• Definition: Qiyas refers to deriving legal rulings through analogy when
there is no specific provision in the Qur'an or Sunnah.
• Authority: It is based on the rationale of existing laws and applies to new
situations sharing similar circumstances.
• Pillars of Qiyas:
1. Asl: The original case or text.
2. Far': The new case for which a ruling is needed.
3. ‘Illah: The effective cause shared by both cases.
4. Hukm: The ruling of the original case extended to the new case.
• Example: The prohibition of trading during the Friday prayer is
analogously extended to all types of transactions that divert attention
from prayer.
Ijtihad (Independent Reasoning)
• Definition: Ijtihad literally means "to strive" and refers to the independent
reasoning applied to derive rulings in new situations not explicitly covered
by the Qur'an or Sunnah.
• Role of the Mujtahid: A mujtahid is a qualified scholar who interprets
Islamic law, applies it to contemporary issues, and strives to uphold the
principles of Shariah.
• Conditions for Ijtihad:
1. Proficiency in Arabic and knowledge of Qur'an and Sunnah.
2. Understanding of legal principles, consensus (ijma), and analogical
reasoning (qiyas).
3. Awareness of societal contexts and public interest.
• Example: The example of Abu Bakr (RA) fighting against those who
refused to pay Zakat demonstrates the application of Ijtihad to uphold
Islamic obligations.

Lecture :11

Definition of Morality
1. Descriptive Use: Refers to societal or religious codes of conduct.
2. Normative Use: Refers to universally acceptable codes of conduct by
rational individuals.
Moral Teachings in the Qur'an
• The Qur'an emphasizes Divine laws, connecting morality to Divine
attributes, which shape human beings into moral agents.
• It covers various aspects of life, including personal ethics, family morals,
social conduct, business ethics, and more.
Importance of Morality in Islam
• A Muslim is expected to uphold high moral standards, reflecting the
teachings of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.), who exemplified excellent
character.
• The Qur'an (e.g., Surah Al-Qalam 68:4) acknowledges Prophet
Muhammad's exalted character.
Key Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.)
• Good manners are essential; the best among people are those with the
best conduct.
• Good behavior is weighed heavily on the Day of Judgment.
• Virtuous conduct, including kindness to others, especially spouses, is
paramount.
Ethical Framework of Islam
• Divine Source: Islamic ethics derive from revelations, remaining
unchanged over time.
• Consistency: Moral values are constant, unaffected by cultural shifts; what
is deemed good or bad is established by Divine law.
Core Moral Acts in the Qur'an
• Honoring parents, caring for relatives and neighbors, helping the poor,
honesty, and fairness.
• Instructions on personal conduct, such as modesty in walking and
behavior in gatherings.
Comprehensive Ethical System
• Islam provides detailed guidance on all aspects of life, including treatment
of animals, reflecting a complete ethical framework.
Honesty as a Fundamental Moral Duty
• Definition: Honesty encompasses truthfulness, sincerity, and the
fulfillment of promises.
• Implications:
o Truth-telling in all circumstances.
o Carrying out responsibilities sincerely, whether under supervision
or not.
o Objective decision-making and merit-based evaluations.