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Classification of Breast Cancer using a Novel

2023 14th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) | 979-8-3503-3509-5/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICCCNT56998.2023.10306841

Neural Network-based Architecture

Priti Mishra, Sangita Khare∗ , T riptySingh Rekha R Nair Mansi Sharma
Department of Computer Department of Computer Cloud Computing SW Research Section
Science and Engineering Applications Future Computing Research Division
Amrita School of School of Engineering Artificial Intelligence Research Laboratory
Computing, Bengaluru, Dayananda Sagar University, Electronics and Telecommunications Research
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India Bengaluru, India Institute (ETRI), South Korea
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
k [email protected]
tripty [email protected]

Abstract—Breast cancer is currently one of the deadliest types various stages of breast cancer. If the appropriate treatment
of cancer, and the death rate has considerably grown as a result is not administered, patients will perish. Using a variety of
of a lack of knowledge about the disease, its symptoms, and methods, breast cancer can be detected accurately.
prevention techniques. Therefore, early detection at a nearly stage
is crucial and vital in order to limit the progression of cancer. Despite their diminished accuracy, early data classification
Malignant and benign breast cancer are the two further subtypes. algorithms are still effective for accurate categorization and
In order to categorise the different forms of breast cancer, an prediction. DL as well as ML algorithms for various different
automated system with logistic regression and neural network datasets are used to extract features and hidden features [5].
is proposed. The classification of the breast cancer data utilises
CNN produces accurate results for the dataset used, and the
the DNN with various levels of processing. The Digital Database
for Screening Mammography (DDMS) dataset was used in the convolution value is determined by the stride function, which
proposed study on the Kaggle platform. The dataset was divided is used to for the features extraction using the images of vary-
into various train-test splits. On the basis of accuracy, ROC ing sizes. The ”gold standard” consists of three tests and is the
AUC cuve the system’s performance is evaluated. The outcome foundation of the vast majority of cancer screening protocols
demonstrates that proposed-2 outperforms in a comparable sense
(clinical assessment, radiological imaging, and pathology test-
with a training accuracy of 98.99% and testing accuracy of
98.83%. ing). Regression is an integral part of the conventional method
Index Terms—CNN, Deep learning, Breast-Net, Stacking, for cancer detection, whereas model construction is the focus
Mammogram, Ultrasound of contemporary machine learning approaches and algorithms.
The model is designed to accurately predict unknown data
I. I NTRODUCTION during the training and testing phases. The three fundamental
Breast cancer is one of the most severe diseases and machine learning methodologies are preprocessing, feature
disorders in India, responsible for a significant number of selection or extraction, and classification [6]. To correctly
deaths [1]. Dietary and lifestyle modifications are increasing identify and forecast cancer, machine learning technology
the incidence of cancer in women [2]. It is the second leading must retrieve features. This method may distinguish between
cause of death for women around the world. Breast cancer is benign and malignant tumors.
a significant problem in the world, a state in southern India, The remaining part of the work focusses on literature on the
is no exception. According to recent studies, breast cancer breast cancer area in section II, methodology for the proposed
is the most common cancer among women, accounting for work in section III, section V deals with performance measure,
approximately 27% of all cancers diagnosed in women in the result analysis on section VI and finally conclusion on section
world. Additionally, the incidence of breast cancer in world VII.
has been increasing over the years, with a significant rise
reported in urban areas [3]. II. L ITERATURE S URVEY
Using machine learning and deep learning to predict breast
cancer on the basis of collected data (ML). The progression Researchers have been working on building automated
of cancer through its various stages is caused by the spread breast cancer detection systems in conjunction with the devel-
of cancer cells within a tissue, which is caused by the opment of automated medical applications. Machine learning
aberrant proliferation of fatty and fibrous components [4]. techniques have been used in numerous areas in medical [7],
Breast cancer can be treated more effectively than any other [8]. According to reports, machine learning is used to decide
tumors according to a government survey. With the proper what kinds of cancer patients need to receive in terms of
care and attention, it is possible to distinguish between the treatment [9]–[12]. Several writers have claimed that the early

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computer-aided systems for breast cancer screening that were diagnosis (target variable) to identify the parameters with a
created did not significantly increase accuracy [5]. significant correlation. The mean features were found to have
Entropy, Angular Second Moment, Contrast, Mean, and a significant correlation with the target variable, except for the
Difference Moment from each density function are statistical fractal dimension mean parameter. The squared error features
texture traits that the authors of extracted from mammograms were found to have a significant correlation with the target
using the grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) [8]. Nu- variable, except for texture se, smoothness se, symmetry se,
merous methods for spotting breast cancer were investigated and fractal dimension se. All the worst features were found
in, with a focus on machine learning. SVM, Artificial Neural to have a significant correlation with the target variable. Fur-
Network (ANN), K Nearest Neighbour (KNN), and Decision thermore, checked for multicollinearity, which is the presence
Tree (DT) algorithms were used to create a hybrid model [13]. of almost perfectly linear patterns between the attributes.
No appreciable progress has been made in these applications’ Identified that the radius, perimeter, and area attributes, as well
performance despite the continual development of machine as the concavity, concave points, and compactness attributes,
learning algorithms. Meanwhile, visual object recognition and were possibly implying multicollinearity. Thus, consider one
classification in many areas have been made successful by column from each set of highly correlated variables for further
deep learning, which learns representations from data and analysis. In conclusion, the analysis of the WBC dataset
encourages the learning of successive layers of increasingly revealed the significant parameters that contribute to breast
relevant representations [14]. cancer diagnosis and the presence of multicollinearity among
A thorough and in-depth analysis of deep learning and some of the attributes. This analysis will help in developing
machine learning methods for breast cancer detection and clas- accurate and efficient models for breast cancer diagnosis.
sification using medical imaging was presented by Houssein The preprocessing step involves preparing the data for
et al. They displayed all the latest diagnostic tools used in analysis by performing necessary transformations and cleaning
medicine as well as the quick adoption of deep learning and procedures. In this study, the following preprocessing steps
machine learning in the medical industry. were applied:
The extensive literature review in this part comes to the 1) Cleaning the dataset: The column labeled ”Unnamed:
conclusion that deep and transfer learning are not very ef- 32” was removed from the dataset as it contained empty values
fective for early cancer detection [15]. According to the and offered no useful information. This was done using the
mentioned research, the task can be clearly hard due to a drop function with axis=1. The column labeled ”id” was also
lack of resources or competent and experienced personnel. dropped as it was not relevant to the analysis. After these
Researchers from the medical field have already put in a lot of column removals, the dataset was checked for any remaining
work in this area, but their conclusions are not always accurate. null values. It was confirmed that the dataset was free from
Attempted to address these issues by enhancing the process null values.
of correctly classifying breast cancer by hypertuning neural 2) Data Exploratory Analysis: Exploratory analysis was
network, allowing for the accurate and promising detection of conducted to gain insights into the dataset and understand the
breast cancer in its early stages. The following is a summary relationships between different variables. The following steps
of the key goals of this study: were performed:
• Outlier Detection
• Apply pre-processing of the data to obtain more accurate
result in classification. To identify outliers in the dataset, boxplots were created
• Developed an enhanced Neural Network model with
for each attribute. The boxplots revealed the presence of
hyper parameter tuning to obtain accurate model for outliers in certain attributes, indicating potential extreme
classification of tumor. values or errors in the data.
• Bivariate Analysis
III. M ETHODOLOGY Bivariate analysis was performed to explore the relation-
The proposed method carried out with preprocessing of ships between variables. Specifically, the mean features,
the data, Exploratory data Analysis(EDA) process, model squared error features, and worst features were analyzed
selection, training and testing of the model and result analysis in relation to the diagnosis. The analysis indicated signif-
and accuracy assessment as shown in Fig.1. icant correlations between the diagnosis and most mean
and worst features, suggesting their potential as predic-
A. Preprocessing tors. However, certain squared error features exhibited
The Wisconsin Tabular Data (WBC) contains 33 parameters lower correlations with the diagnosis.
that directly or indirectly contribute to the breast cancer • Correlation with Diagnosis
diagnosis. To identify the parameters that play a significant The correlation between each feature and the diagnosis
role in the diagnosis, Performed thorough univariate, bivariate, was calculated to assess their predictive potential. The
and multivariate analyses. The target class distribution of the analysis revealed the following correlations:
dataset was found to be imbalanced, with a 63:37 ratio of – Mean Features: The majority of mean features
benign to malignant cases. Performed a correlation analysis demonstrated significant correlations with the diag-
of the mean, squared error, and worst features with the nosis, indicating their importance in distinguishing

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Fig. 1. The overall architecture of proposed CNN model.

between benign and malignant cases. However, the

fractal dimension mean feature showed a relatively
weaker correlation with the diagnosis.
– Squared Error Features: Among the squared error
features, texture se, smoothness se, symmetry se,
and fractal dimension se exhibited lower correla-
tions with the diagnosis. In contrast, the remaining
squared error features displayed significant correla-
tions, suggesting their potential as diagnostic indica-
tors.
– Worst Features: All worst features demonstrated
significant correlations with the diagnosis, implying
their relevance in predicting the presence of malig-
nancy.
• Heatmap Visualization
A heatmap was generated to visualize the correlations be- Fig. 2. Data Distribution Analysis.
tween different features. The heatmap provided a compre-
hensive overview of the relationships between variables,
agnosis’ column now represents ’benign’ as 0 and ’malignant’
highlighting highly correlated features and potential re-
as 1.
dundancy.
5) Dataset splitting: The dataset was divided into
3) Data Distribution Analysis: The initial step was to training and testing sets using the train test split func-
analyze the distribution of the data. The distribution of the tion from sklearn.model selection. The data was split as
diagnosis variable, consisting of two classes (’benign’ and follows:Features: x train Target variable: y train Testing
’malignant’), was determined using a pie chart. The data for set:Features: x test and Target variable: y test. A test size of
each class was represented by the respective counts: 357 for 30% was selected, ensuring that 70% of the data was allocated
’benign’ and 212 for ’malignant’. The pie chart was created for training the model. A random state of 42 was set for result
using the Matplotlib library in Python, with a 20% explosion reproducible.
effect applied to the ’benign’ class to enhance visibility. 6) Feature scaling: Feature scaling was performed to nor-
4) Data encoding: To facilitate further analysis, categorical malize the data and ensure consistent ranges across features.
data values were encoded into numerical representations. The The MinMaxScaler class from sklearn.preprocessing was uti-
LabelEncoder class from the scikit-learn library was utilized lized for this purpose. The following steps were followed for
for this purpose. Specifically, the ’diagnosis’ column in the feature scaling: An instance of MinMaxScaler was created.
dataset was selected, and the LabelEncoder object was applied The training feature set, x train, was normalized using the
to convert the categorical values into numerical labels. The ’di- fit transform method, computing minimum and maximum

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values for each feature. The testing feature set, x test, was ranging between 0 and 1 representing the probability of
scaled using the transform method, applying the same scaling belonging to a particular class. The model is optimized
parameters as the training set. Feature scaling ensured that using the Adam optimizer, with a default learning rate.
all features were on a similar scale, avoiding bias due to The loss function employed was binary cross-entropy,
varying ranges and enabling fair comparisons and unbiased which was appropriate for our binary classification task.
model training and testing. To evaluate the model’s performance, Utilized accuracy
7) Proposed Model: The proposed work carried out with as the metric of interest. The model was trained using
two methods. Proposed-1 is based on machine learning method a training dataset, ’x train’, and corresponding target
Logistic regression and proposed-2 is based on Deep learning values, ’y train’. Then split the training data into train-
method Neural network. ing and validation subsets using a 75:25 ratio. During
• Proposed-1 training, we used a batch size of 28, which indicates that
Logistic Regression is a widely used classification algo- the model was updated after processing each batch of 28
rithm that models the probability of an instance belonging training samples. The model was trained for a total of 325
to a particular class [16]. The logistic function, also epochs, iterating over the entire training dataset multiple
known as the sigmoid function, is employed to transform times.
the output of a linear equation into a probability value.
The formula for logistic regression is as follows: IV. DATASET
1 The Wisconsin Tabular Data (WBC) contains 33 parameters
p(y = 1|x) = (1)
(1 + exp−z ) that directly or indirectly contribute to the breast cancer
Here, z represents the linear combination of the feature diagnosis. To identify the parameters that play a significant
values x role in the diagnosis, performed thorough univariate, bivariate,
• Proposed-2 and multivariate analyses. The target class distribution of the
To develop an effective classification model, implemented dataset was found to be imbalanced, with a 63:37 ratio of
a multilayer perceptron neural network using the Keras benign to malignant cases. Performed a correlation analysis
library . The neural network architecture comprised mul- of the mean, squared error, and worst features with the
tiple hidden layers, with each layer consisting of densely diagnosis (target variable) to identify the parameters with a
connected neurons. Utilized a total of 4 hidden layers, significant correlation. The mean features were found to have
a significant correlation with the target variable, except for the
fractal dimension mean parameter. The squared error features
were found to have a significant correlation with the target
variable, except for texture se, smoothness se, symmetry se,
and fractal dimension se. All the worst features were found
to have a significant correlation with the target variable.
Furthermore, checked for multi-colinearity, which is the
presence of almost perfectly linear patterns between the at-
tributes. Also, identified that the radius, perimeter, and area
attributes, as well as the concavity, concave points, and com-
pactness attributes, were possibly implying multi-colinearity.
Thus, we should only consider one column from each set of
highly correlated variables for further analysis.
Fig. 3. Neural Network with hyperparameter Tunning. In conclusion, the analysis of the WBC dataset revealed
the significant parameters that contribute to breast cancer
each containing 120 neurons. This choice was based
diagnosis and the presence of multicollinearity among some
on empirical observations and the complexity of the
of the attributes. This analysis will help in developing accurate
classification task. Carried out the ReLU (Rectified Linear
and efficient models for breast cancer diagnosis.
Unit) activation function in each hidden layer to introduce
non-linearity to the model. Additionally, incorporated
V. P ERFORMANCE M EASURE
batch normalization after each hidden layer to improve
training convergence and overall performance. During Evaluated the effectiveness of the classification techniques
training, applied dropout regularization after each hidden using several performance measures. These measurements
layer, with dropout rates of 0.8, 0.6, 0.625, 0.63, and include the area under the curve (AUC), accuracy and ROC
0.64, respectively. These dropout rates were chosen to curve. The proposed model’s accuracy were assessed using
prevent overfitting and promote robust feature learning. label class. By comparing the total no. of samples with no.
The output layer consisted of a single neuron with a of samples of benign and malignant correctly identified, the
sigmoid activation function. This configuration allowed degree of accuracy can be calculated. A description of the
the model to predict binary classifications, with values measurement metrics accuracy is provided below:

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TP + TN
Accuracy = (2)
TP + TN + FP + FN
where, TP, TN, FP and FN are True positive, True negative,
False positive and False negative respectively.
VI. R ESULT AND A NALYSIS
The exploratory analysis provided valuable insights into the
dataset, including outlier detection, attribute distributions, cor-
relations with the diagnosis, and multicollinearity as shown in
Fig. 4. These findings guided subsequent steps in the analysis
and modeling process, contributing to a more comprehensive
understanding of the data.
Fig. 5. ROC AUC Graph.

TABLE I
W ISCONSIN DATASET ACCURACIES ON D IFFERENT M ODELS
Model Train Accuracy Test Accuracy
Logistic Regression 98.60% 98.04%
Decision Tree Classifier 98.01% 92.98%
RandomForestClassifier 97.8% 97.07%
KNeighborsClassifier(n neighbors=19) 95.97% 94.73%
Support Vector Machine Classifier 98.74 97.66
GaussianNB() 94.22% 93.35%
Neural Network Classifier 97.93% 97.66%
Neural Netwrok Architecture with multiple
99.24% 97.66%
hidden Layer
Neural Netwrok Architecture with 4 hidden layer
98.79 % 98.24 %
Batch size 28
LogisticRegression(C=1, max iter=50, tol=1e-05)
98.74% 98.24%
(Poposed -1)
Neural Netwrok Architecture with 4 hidden Layer
98.99% 98.83%
,Batch Size 26 (Poposed -2)

shown in Fig. 7 and Fig. 6. The accuracy graph depicted a

consistent increase in both train and test accuracy, indicating
the model’s ability to learn and generalize effectively. The loss
Fig. 4. Exploratory analysis using Heat map. graph illustrated a decreasing trend for both train and test loss,
further supporting the convergence and generalization of the
The Wisconsin tabular data is experimented on 11 different model.
models as shown in Table I. It si clear from Table I that among
These results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed
these the proposed-2 is outperformed than all other 10 models.
model in achieving high accuracy and reliable performance
Evaluated the performance of several classifiers, including
on the classification task.
Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, KNN, SVM, Gaussian
NB, RF Hyperparameter Tuning, and the Proposed Model,
using ROC curves and AUC values as shown in Fig. 5. The
Proposed Model achieved the highest AUC of 0.997, indicating
its superior performance in classification compared to other
classifiers. Logistic Regression demonstrated a strong perfor-
mance with an AUC of 0.983. The Decision Tree classifier
achieved an AUC of 0.959, while KNN and SVM achieved
AUC values of 0.935 and 0.975, respectively. Gaussian NB
exhibited an AUC of 0.929, and RF Hyperparameter Tuning
yielded an AUC of 0.983. These results highlight the ex-
cellent performance of the Proposed Model, surpassing the
other classifiers considered. The high AUC values indicate
the Proposed Model’s ability to accurately classify the target
variable, making it a promising choice for the classification Fig. 6. Model loss.
task.
To visualize the performance of the model, the correspond- The Confusion Matrix of proposed methodology is shown
ing accuracy and loss curves were plotted over the epochs as in Fig. 8.

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