MODULE I INTERNET OF THINGS CONCEPTS

Internet of Things (IoT) - Characteristics of IoT - IoT Vision – Emerging Trends in IoT
- Economic Significance of IoT - Societal Benefits of IoT - Technical Building Blocks -
High-level Architecture of IoT - Physical Design of IoT -Things in IoT - IoT Protocols
(Interoperability of IoT Devices - Link Layer Protocols - Network Layer Protocols -
Transport Layer Protocols – Application Layer Protocols.

Internet of Things (IoT)

 The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of physical devices, vehicles,
appliances, and other physical objects that are embedded with sensors,
software, and network connectivity, allowing them to collect and share data.
 IoT devices—also known as “smart objects”—can range from simple “smart
home” devices like smart thermostats, to wearables like smartwatches and
RFID-enabled clothing, to complex industrial machinery and transportation
systems.

The internet of things, or IoT, is a network of interrelated devices that connect and
exchange data with other IoT devices and the cloud. IoT devices are typically
embedded with technology such as sensors and software and can include
mechanical and digital machines and consumer objects. IoT to operate more
efficiently, deliver enhanced customer service, improve decision-making and
increase the value of the business.

IoT enables these smart devices to communicate with each other and with other
internet-enabled devices. Like smartphones and gateways, creating a vast network
of interconnected devices that can exchange data and perform various tasks
autonomously. This can include:
 monitoring environmental conditions in farms
 managing traffic patterns with smart cars and other smart automotive devices
 controlling machines and processes in factories
 tracking inventory and shipments in warehouses
IoT devices are used to monitor a wide range of parameters such as temperature,
humidity, air quality, energy consumption, and machine performance.

Examples of IoT devices include:

  Smart home devices such as thermostats, lighting systems, and security
systems.
 Wearables such as fitness trackers and smartwatches.
 Healthcare devices such as patient monitoring systems and wearable medical
devices.
 Industrial systems such as predictive maintenance systems and supply chain
management systems.
 Transportation systems such as connected cars and autonomous vehicles.
 The IoT is transforming various industries, from healthcare and manufacturing
to transportation and energy. IoT devices generate vast amounts of data,
which can be analyzed to improve operations, drive innovation, and create
new business opportunities.

Characteristics of the Internet of Things

1.Connectivity
Connectivity is an important requirement of the IoT infrastructure. Things of IoT
should be connected to the IoT infrastructure. Anyone, anywhere, anytime can
connect, this should be guaranteed at all times. For example, the connection
between people through Internet devices like mobile phones, and other gadgets,
also a connection between Internet devices such as routers, gateways, sensors, etc.

2. Intelligence and Identity

The extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very important. For example,
a sensor generates data, but that data will only be useful if it is interpreted properly.
Each IoT device has a unique identity. This identification is helpful in tracking the
equipment and at times for querying its status.

3. Scalability

The number of elements connected to the IoT zone is increasing day by day. Hence,
an IoT setup should be capable of handling the massive expansion. The data
generated as an outcome is enormous, and it should be handled appropriately.

4. Dynamic and Self-Adapting (Complexity)

IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to changing contexts and
scenarios. Assume a camera meant for surveillance. It should be adaptable to work
in different conditions and different light situations (morning, afternoon, and night).

5. Architecture
IoT Architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature. It should be hybrid, supporting
different manufacturers ‘ products to function in the IoT network. IoT is not owned by
anyone engineering branch. IoT is a reality when multiple domains come together.

6. Safety
There is a danger of the sensitive personal details of the users getting compromised
when all his/her devices are connected to the internet. This can cause a loss to the
user. Hence, data security is the major challenge. Besides, the equipment involved is
huge. IoT networks may also be at risk. Therefore, equipment safety is also critical.

7. Self Configuring
This is one of the most important characteristics of IoT. IoT devices are able to
upgrade their software in accordance with requirements with a minimum of user
participation. Additionally, they can set up the network, allowing for the addition of
new devices to an already-existing network.

8. Interoperability
 It helps in minimizing the human efforts in using the devices.
 It saves essential assets like time, electricity, etc.
 The resource is very efficiently used in IoT.

The Internet of Things (IoT) vision

The Internet of Things (IoT) vision revolves around the idea of connecting everyday
objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and
exchange data. This interconnected network of physical objects, equipped with
sensors, actuators, and other technologies, creates a smart and dynamic
environment.

The primary goals of the IoT vision include:

Interconnectivity: The IoT aims to connect a wide range of devices, from household
appliances and industrial machinery to wearable devices and smart cities
infrastructure. This interconnectivity allows seamless communication and data
exchange between devices.

Data Collection and Analysis: IoT devices generate vast amounts of data through
sensors that monitor and measure various parameters. The vision involves collecting
and analyzing this data to gain insights, make informed decisions, and optimize
processes.

Automation: With IoT, devices can be programmed to perform specific actions

correspond to particular conditions automatically. This automation enhances
efficiency, reduces human intervention, and enables real-time adjustments based on
the collected data.

Improved Efficiency and Productivity: By leveraging IoT, businesses and

industries can optimize their operations, streamline processes, and improve overall
efficiency. This can lead to cost savings, increased productivity, and enhanced
resource utilization. Enhanced User Experience: IoT contributes to a more
personalized and user-centric experience by enabling smart homes, wearables, and
other devices to adapt to user preferences and behavior patterns.

Smart Cities: The IoT vision extends to creating smart cities where various systems,
such as transportation, energy, and public services, are interconnected to improve
urban living conditions, sustainability, and resource management.

Security and Privacy: As the number of connected devices grows, ensuring the
security and privacy of data becomes crucial. The IoT vision includes robust security
measures to protect sensitive information and prevent unauthorized access.

Innovation and Collaboration: The IoT ecosystem fosters innovation by providing a

platform for collaboration among different industries and stakeholders. This
collaboration can lead to the development of new technologies and solutions that
address complex challenges.

Environmental Sustainability: IoT can contribute to environmental sustainability by

optimizing resource use, reducing energy consumption, and facilitating the
development of eco-friendly technologies.
Healthcare Transformation: In healthcare, IoT devices can enable remote patient
monitoring, personalized medicine, and more efficient healthcare delivery, leading to
improved patient outcomes.

Emerging trends in IOT

Edge Computing: Edge computing involves processing data near the source of data
generation, reducing latency and bandwidth usage. With the proliferation of IoT
devices generating vast amounts of data, edge computing is becoming increasingly
important for real-time processing and decision-making.

5G Connectivity: The rollout of 5G networks promises faster speeds, lower latency,

and increased network capacity, enabling more IoT devices to connect and
communicate seamlessly. This advancement facilitates the growth of IoT applications
in various sectors, including smart cities, healthcare, and manufacturing.

AI and Machine Learning Integration: AI and machine learning algorithms are

being integrated into IoT systems to analyze large volumes of data generated by
connected devices. This integration enables predictive analytics, anomaly detection,
and automation, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of IoT applications.

Security and Privacy Concerns: As the number of connected devices continues to

rise, so do concerns about security and privacy. IoT security vulnerabilities can
expose sensitive data and pose risks to infrastructure and individuals. Addressing
these concerns through robust security measures, such as encryption,
authentication, and access control, is crucial for the widespread adoption of IoT
technologies.

Interoperability Standards: The development and adoption of interoperability

standards are essential for ensuring seamless communication and integration
among different IoT devices and platforms. Standards such as MQTT, CoAP, and
OPC UA facilitate interoperability and compatibility, enabling IoT ecosystems to
operate efficiently and effectively.

Blockchain Technology: Blockchain technology is increasingly being explored for

enhancing the security, transparency, and integrity of IoT data and transactions. By
providing a decentralized and tamper-proof ledger, blockchain can mitigate risks
associated with data manipulation and unauthorized access in IoT applications.

Edge AI: Edge AI involves deploying AI algorithms directly on IoT devices or at the
edge of the network, enabling real-time data analysis and decision-making without
relying on cloud connectivity. Edge AI reduces latency, conserves bandwidth, and
enhances privacy by processing data locally.

Sustainability and Energy Efficiency: With growing concerns about environmental

sustainability, IoT solutions are being designed to optimize energy usage and
promote sustainability. Smart energy management systems, environmental
monitoring devices, and efficient resource utilization are examples of IoT applications
aimed at addressing sustainability challenges.

Digital Twins: Digital twins are virtual representations of physical objects,

processes, or systems that enable monitoring, analysis, and simulation. IoT devices
and sensors collect real-time data from physical assets, which is then used to create
and update digital twins. This technology is particularly valuable in industries such as
manufacturing, healthcare, and infrastructure management.

Vertical-Specific Solutions: Increasingly, IoT solutions are being tailored to specific

verticals or industries, addressing unique requirements and challenges. Whether it's
precision agriculture, remote patient monitoring in healthcare, or predictive
maintenance in manufacturing, vertical-specific IoT solutions are driving innovation
and efficiency in various sectors.

Economic Significance of IoT

IoT can significantly impact the economy by improving productivity, increasing
competitiveness, and generating additional tax revenue. IoT is a revolutionary
technology that both individuals and companies cannot afford to overlook

Productivity and New Business Models: IoT technology enhances productivity

through automation, machine downtime reduction, and energy savings, leading to
increased efficiency and profits for businesses.

Environmental Impact: IoT can optimize waste management, reduce energy

consumption, and contribute to sustainability efforts by saving electricity and fuel
consumption

Job Market Changes: While automation may lead to job losses in the short term,
strategic adoption of IoT technologies is crucial for economic growth and
competitiveness in the long run.

Global Economic Inequality: The benefits of IoT adoption may not accrue equitably

across all nations or industries, potentially reinforcing inequalities in global markets

Societal Benefits of IoT

Efficient Resource Management:
IoT enables better utilization of resources by providing real-time data on various
parameters. For example, in agriculture, smart sensors can monitor soil conditions
and crop health, allowing farmers to optimize water and fertilizer usage.

Smart Cities:
IoT contributes to the development of smart cities by enhancing urban infrastructure
and services. Connected devices can be used for intelligent traffic management,
waste management, energy consumption optimization, and public safety
improvements.

Healthcare Advancements:
IoT applications in healthcare can lead to remote patient monitoring, smart medical
devices, and improved healthcare delivery. Wearable devices and sensors can track
vital signs, send alerts, and provide valuable data for preventive care.

Environmental Monitoring:

IoT can be used to monitor and manage environmental conditions. For instance,
sensors can track air and water quality, detect pollution, and contribute to
conservation efforts. This data can be used to make informed decisions for
sustainable resource management.

Improved Safety and Security:

IoT enhances safety and security through applications like smart surveillance
systems, smart home security, and industrial safety monitoring. Connected devices
can detect and respond to potential threats in real-time.

Energy Efficiency:
IoT plays a crucial role in optimizing energy consumption. Smart grids, connected
appliances, and energy management systems can help reduce energy wastage,
lower costs, and contribute to a more sustainable energy future.

Enhanced Transportation:
IoT applications in transportation lead to smarter and safer systems. Intelligent traffic
management, predictive maintenance for vehicles, and real-time monitoring of public
transport contribute to a more efficient and reliable transportation network.

Improved Quality of Life for Individuals:

IoT devices contribute to improved quality of life for individuals through applications
such as smart homes, wearable health devices, and assistive technologies for
people with disabilities.

Supply Chain Optimization:

IoT enhances supply chain visibility and efficiency by providing real-time tracking of
goods, monitoring inventory levels, and optimizing logistics. This can lead to reduced
costs and improved overall performance.
Business Productivity:
In the industrial sector, IoT helps improve productivity and efficiency by enabling
predictive maintenance, monitoring equipment performance, and automating routine
tasks.

Data-Driven Decision Making:

The wealth of data generated by IoT devices allows businesses, governments, and
individuals to make informed decisions based on real-time insights, fostering
innovation and better outcomes.

Technical Building Blocks

The Internet of Things denotes the connection of devices, machines, and sensors to
the Internet. An IoT system comprises four basic building blocks: sensors,
processors, gateways, and applications

The architecture of IoT components:

1. Sensors convert a non-electrical input to an electrical signal. Sensors are the
front end of the IoT devices. They really mean “things” in IoT. Their main task
is to get necessary data from surroundings and pass it further to database or
processing systems. They must be uniquely findable from there IP address
because they are basic front end interface in the large network of other
devices. Sensors collect real time data and can either work autonomous or
can be user controlled.

Examples of sensors are: gas sensor, water quality sensor, moisture

sensor, etc.

Sensors are classified into two types: active and passive sensors. Whereas
active sensors use and emit their own energy to collect real-time data (ex.:
GPS, X-ray, radars), passive sensors use energy from external sources (ex:
cameras). Additionally, sensors differentiate themselves by position,
 occupancy, and motion, velocity and acceleration, force, pressure, flow,
humidity, light, radiation, temperature, etc.

2. Processors
As computer and other electrical systems, processors are the brain of the IoT
system. The main job of processors it to process raw data collected by the
sensors and transforms them to some meaningful information and knowledge.
In short, we can say that its job is to give intelligence to the data.
Processors are easily controllable by applications and their one more
important job is to securing data. They perform encryption and
decryption of data. Microcontroller, embedded hardware devices, etc
can process the data using processors attached within the devices.

Examples of processors are microcontrollers and microcomputers.

3. Gateways are the combination of hardware and software used to connect one
network to another. Gateways are responsible for bridging sensor nodes with
the external Internet or World Wide Web. Main task of gateways is to route
the processed data and transfer it to proper databases or network
storage for proper utilization. In other words, gateway helps in
communication of the data. Communication and network connectivity
are essentials for IoT systems. Examples of gateways are LAN, WAN,
PAN, etc. The figure below depicts how using gateways works.

4. Applications provide a user interface and effective utilization of the data

collected. Applications are another end of an IoT system. Applications do
proper utilization of all the data collected and provide interface to users to
interact with that data. These applications could be cloud based applications
which are responsible for rendering data collected. Applications are user
controllable and are delivery points of particular services. Examples of
applications are: smart home apps, security system control applications,
industrial control hub applications, etc. The figure above illustrates some
examples of IoT applications.

High-level Architecture of IoT



Perception Layer : This is the first layer of IoT architecture. In the

perception layer, number of sensors and actuators are used to gather
useful information like temperature, moisture content, intruder detection,
sounds, etc. The main function of this layer is to get information from
surroundings and to pass data to another layer so that some actions can
be done based on that information.
  Network Layer : As the name suggests, it is the connecting layer
between perception and middleware layer. It gets data from perception
layer and passes data to middleware layer using networking technologies
like 3G, 4G, UTMS, WiFI, infrared, etc. This is also called communication
layer because it is responsible for communication between perception
and middleware layer. All the transfer of data done securely keeping the
obtained data confidential. It includes protocols and technologies for both
local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs), such as Wi-
Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, RFID, cellular networks (3G/4G/5G), LoRaWAN, and
others.
 Middleware Layer : Middleware Layer has some advanced features like
storage, computation, processing, action taking capabilities. It stores all
data-set and based on the device address and name it gives appropriate
data to that device. It can also take decisions based on calculations done
on data-set obtained from sensors. The middleware layer serves as a
bridge between the lower layers (perception and network) and the higher
layers (application and business layers). It provides services such as data
normalization, protocol translation, device management, security, and
authentication. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport), CoAP
(Constrained Application Protocol), and AMQP (Advanced Message
Queuing Protocol) are examples of protocols often used in this layer.
 Application Layer : The application layer manages all application
process based on information obtained from middleware layer. This
application involves sending emails, activating alarm, security system,
turn on or off a device, smartwatch, smart agriculture, etc.
 Business Layer : The success of any device does not depend only on
technologies used in it but also how it is being delivered to its consumers.
Business layer does these tasks for the device. It involves making
flowcharts, graphs, analysis of results, and how device can be improved,
etc.
 Edge Computing Layer: In many IoT architectures, especially those
involving real-time data processing and low-latency requirements, there's a
layer called edge computing. Edge computing involves processing data closer
to the data source (i.e., at the network edge or on IoT devices themselves) to
 reduce latency, minimize bandwidth usage, enhance security, and support
offline operation. Edge computing can involve deploying computing resources
such as microcontrollers, edge gateways, or edge servers at the network
edge.
 Cloud Platform: While not always a distinct layer, cloud platforms play a
crucial role in many IoT architectures by providing scalable storage,
computing resources, and services for data storage, processing, analytics,
and machine learning. Cloud platforms enable centralized management,
remote access, and global scalability for IoT deployments.

Physical Design of IoT

The physical design of Internet of Things (IoT) devices encompasses various
aspects including form factor, hardware components, power source, connectivity
options, sensors, and environmental considerations.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the physical devices that are connected to a network.
These physical devices are called node devices. These are embedded with sensors,
software, and other technologies to exchange data with other devices and systems
over the Internet. With IoT, digital systems can record, monitor, and adjust each
interaction between connected things. Hence now we can connect everyday objects
like kitchen appliances, cars, thermostats, etc to the internet via embedded devices.
This makes communication streamlined between people, processes, and things.to
understand IoT properly we need to understand the Logical and Physical Designs of
IOT in detail.
Form Factor: IoT devices come in various shapes and sizes depending on their
intended use case and deployment environment. They can range from small,
compact sensors to larger industrial equipment. Form factor considerations include
factors such as portability, mounting options, and ease of installation.

Hardware Components: The hardware components of an IoT device typically

include a microcontroller or microprocessor, memory (both volatile and non-volatile),
communication interfaces (such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, cellular, etc.), power
management circuitry, and sometimes specialized hardware for specific
functionalities (e.g., sensors, actuators, cameras).

Power Source: Power considerations are critical for IoT devices, especially those
intended for remote or battery-powered operation. Devices can be powered through
various means including batteries, solar panels, energy harvesting techniques, or
through wired power sources. Power efficiency is a key consideration to maximize
device uptime and minimize maintenance requirements.

Connectivity Options: IoT devices need to connect to the internet or other devices
to exchange data. Connectivity options vary based on factors such as range, data
rate, power consumption, and cost. Common connectivity options include Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, Zigbee, LoRaWAN, cellular (2G/3G/4G/5G), and Ethernet.
Sensors and Actuators: Sensors are crucial for gathering data in IoT applications.
These can include temperature sensors, humidity sensors, motion sensors, light
sensors, GPS modules, accelerometers, gyroscopes, etc. Actuators are devices
used to perform physical actions based on data received from sensors, such as
motors, relays, and valves.

Environmental Considerations: IoT devices may be deployed in harsh

environments or exposed to extreme conditions, so they need to be designed to
withstand factors like temperature variations, humidity, dust, water, vibration, and
physical impacts. Enclosures and ruggedized designs are often employed to protect
the internal electronics.

Security Considerations: Physical security of IoT devices is essential to prevent

tampering, unauthorized access, and data breaches. This includes measures such
as secure enclosures, tamper-evident seals, secure boot mechanisms, hardware-
based encryption, and secure communication protocols.

Manufacturing Considerations: The physical design of IoT devices must also

consider manufacturability, including factors like ease of assembly, testing, and
scalability of production. Design for Manufacturing (DFM) and Design for Assembly
(DFA) principles are often employed to optimize the manufacturing process.

IoT (Internet of Things)

IoT (Internet of Things) protocols are a set of rules and standards that govern
communication between IoT devices, gateways, and cloud platforms. These
protocols ensure interoperability, security, and efficient data exchange in IoT
ecosystems.
Link Layer protocol
 IEEE 802.15.4: A low-rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN)
standard that provides the physical and data link layer specifications for low-
power devices and sensors.
 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): A wireless personal area network technology
designed for short-range communication with low power consumption,
commonly used in wearable devices, smart home appliances, and healthcare
devices.
  Zigbee: A low-power, low-data-rate wireless mesh networking standard
designed for applications such as home automation, smart lighting, and
industrial automation.
 Z-Wave: A wireless communication protocol primarily used for home
automation applications. It operates on the sub-1 GHz band and is known for
its interoperability among devices from different manufacturers.

The IoT Data Link communication protocol provides service to the Network Layer.
There are various protocols and standard technologies specified by the different
organization for data link protocols.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication network over a radio frequency.
Bluetooth is mostly integrated into smartphones and mobile devices. The Bluetooth
communication network works within 2.4 ISM band frequencies with data rate up to
3Mbps.
There are three categories of Bluetooth technology:
1. Bluetooth Classic
2. Bluetooth Low Energy
3. Bluetooth SmartReady
Properties of Bluetooth network
o Standard: Bluetooth 4.2
o Frequency: 2.4GHz
o Range: 50-150m
o Data transfer rates: 3Mbps
Advantages of Bluetooth network
o It is wireless.
o It is cheap.
o It is easy to install.
o It is free to use if the device is installed with it.
Disadvantages of Bluetooth network
o It is a short-range communication network.
o It connects only two devices at a time.
Bluetooth Low Energy
Bluetooth low energy (BLE) is a short-range communication network protocol with
PHY (physical layer) and MAC (Medium Access Control) layer. It is designed for low-
power devices which uses less data. BLE always remain in sleep mode except when
the connection between devices is initiated and data transmission occurs, due to this
it conserves power of the device. Bluetooth low energy follows the master/slave
architecture and offers two types of frames that are adverting and data frames. Slave
node sent the advertising frame to discover one or more dedicated advertisement
channels. Master nodes sense this advertisement channels to find slaves and
connect them.

Z-Wave
Z-Wave is a wireless communication protocol with the frequency of 900MHz. The
ranges of Z-Wave lies between 30 meters to 100 meters with the data transfer rate
of 100kbps so that it is suitable for small messages in IoT applications for home
automation. This communication protocol operates on mesh network architecture
with one and several secondary controllers.
Properties of Z-Wave protocol
o Standard: Z-Wave Alliance ZAD12837 / ITU-T G.9959
o Frequency: 908.42GHz
o Range: 30-100m
o Data transfer rate: 100kbps
Advantages of Z-Wave protocol
o Low power consumption
o Remote or local control
o Simple installation
o Interoperability
Application of Z-Wave protocol
o Smart product and IoT based application
o Energy saving
o Home security
ZigBee Smart Energy
ZigBee is a low power, low data rate wireless personal area network communication
protocol. It is mostly used in home automation and industrial settings. Since ZigBee
is a low power communication protocol, the IoT power devices used with ZigBee
technology. The ZigBee communication protocol is based on the IEEE 802.15.4
standard operating at the 2.4GHz frequency. The ZigBee protocol supports star,
cluster or wireless mesh technology topology.
ZigBee uses the following devices in its network:
o Zigbee Coordinator
o Zigbee End Device
 o Zigbee Router

Properties of ZigBee protocol

o Standard: ZigBee 3.0 based on IEEE802.15.4
o Frequency: 2.4GHz
o Range: 10-100m
o Data transfer rate: 250kbps
Advantages of ZigBee protocol
o Wireless
o Mesh networking
o Direct communication
o Low power consumption
Disadvantages of ZigBee protocol
o Costly
o Works with low speed within a small distance
Application of ZigBee protocol
o Commercial and residential control
o Personal and healthcare
o Home networking
o Industrial control and management
o Consumer electronics
LoRaWAN
LoRaWAN refers to Long Rage Wide Area Network which is a wide area network
protocol. It is an optimized low-power consumption protocol design to support large-
scale public networks with millions of low-power devices. A single operator operates
the LoRaWAN. The LoRaWAN network is a bi-directional communication for IoT
application with low cost, mobility, and security.

Properties of LoRaWAN protocol

o Standard: LoRaWAN
o Frequency: Various
o Range: 2-5km (urban environment), 15km (suburban environment)
o Data Rates: 0.3-50 kbps.
Network Layer Protocols
The network layer is divided into two sublayers: routing layer which handles the
transfer of packets from source to destination, and an encapsulation layer that forms
the packets.

CORPL Protocol
CORPL protocol is the extension of the RPL protocol, which is termed
as cognitive RPL. This network protocol is designed for cognitive networks and
uses DODAG topology. CORPL protocol makes two new modifications in the RPL
protocol. It uses opportunistic forwarding to forward a packet between the nodes.
Each node of CORPL protocol keeps the information of forwarding set rather than
parents only maintaining it. Each node updates its changes to its neighbor using DIO
messages. On the basis of this updated message, each node frequently updates its
neighbor for constant forwarder set.

CARP Protocol
CARP (Channel-Aware Routing Protocol) is a distributed routing protocol. It is
designed for underwater communication. It has lightweight packets so that it can be
used for Internet of Things (IoT). It performs two different functionalities: network
initialization and data forwarding. CARP protocol does not support previously
collected data. Hence, it is not beneficial for those IoT or other application where
data is changed frequently. The upgradation of CARP is done in E-CARP which
overcomes the limitation of CARP. The E-CARP allows the sink node to save
previously received sensory data.

6LoWPAN
The 6LoWPAN protocol refers to IPv6 Low Power Personal Area Network which
uses a lightweight IP-based communication to travel over low data rate networks. It
has limited processing ability to transfer information wirelessly using an internet
protocol. So, it is mainly used for home and building automation. The 6LoWPAN
protocol operates only within the 2.4 GHz frequency range with 250 kbps transfer
rate. It has a maximum length of 128-bit header packets.
IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN): Allows IPv6
packets to be transmitted over low-power wireless networks, enabling IPv6
connectivity for IoT devices.

6LowPAN Security Measure

Security is a major issue for 6LowPAN communication Protocol. There are several
attacks issues at the security level of 6LoWPAN which aim is to direct destruction of
the network. Since it is the combination of two systems, so, there is a possibility of
attack from two sides that targets all the layer of the 6LoWPAN stack (Physical layer,
Data link layer, Adaptation layer, Network layer, Transport layer, Application layer).

Properties of 6LowPAN protocol

o Standard: RFC6282
o Frequency: Used over a variety of other networking media including
Bluetooth Smart (2.4GHz) or ZigBee or low-power RF (sub-1GHz)
o Range: NA
o Data Rates: NA
Transport Layer Protocols
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport):
 MQTT is a lightweight messaging protocol designed for constrained devices
and low-bandwidth, high-latency, or unreliable networks.
 It follows a publish-subscribe messaging pattern, where clients (devices)
publish messages to topics, and other clients subscribe to those topics to
receive messages.
 MQTT is widely used in IoT applications due to its efficiency, low overhead,
and support for asynchronous communication.

CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol):

 CoAP is a specialized web transfer protocol designed for resource-
constrained devices and networks.
 It is designed to be simple and lightweight, making it suitable for IoT devices
with limited processing power and memory.
 CoAP is built on top of UDP (User Datagram Protocol) and provides features
like reliable delivery, multicast support, and low overhead for efficient
communication.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):

 While not specifically designed for IoT, HTTP is commonly used in IoT
applications, especially for communication with IoT gateways and web
servers.
  HTTP is a request-response protocol, where clients send requests to servers,
and servers respond with data.
 In IoT scenarios, HTTP APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) are often
used for accessing and managing IoT devices and data over the web.

AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol):

 AMQP is a messaging protocol that supports message-oriented middleware

for distributed systems.
 It provides features like message queuing, routing, reliability, and security,
making it suitable for IoT scenarios where reliable and secure communication
is essential.
 AMQP is designed to be transport-agnostic, meaning it can work over different
underlying transport protocols such as TCP/IP, WebSocket, or TLS.

DDS (Data Distribution Service):

 DDS is a standardized middleware protocol for real-time, scalable, and
reliable data distribution in distributed systems.
 It is often used in IoT applications where real-time data sharing and
communication between devices and systems are critical.
 DDS provides features like publish-subscribe communication, Quality of
Service (QoS) settings, and data-centric communication, making it suitable for
a wide range of IoT use cases, including industrial IoT and smart grids.

WebSockets:
WebSockets provide full-duplex communication channels over a single, long-lived
connection. This protocol is commonly used for real-time communication between
IoT devices and servers.

Use Case: Suitable for scenarios where low-latency, bidirectional communication is

required.

Application Layer Protocols:

HTTP/HTTPS: The Hypertext Transfer Protocol and its secure variant are widely
used for communication between IoT devices and web servers or cloud platforms,
especially in IoT applications with web-based interfaces.
DDS (Data Distribution Service): A publish-subscribe middleware protocol
designed for real-time data distribution and communication in distributed systems,
including IoT applications in industrial automation and healthcare.

AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol): A messaging protocol for reliable

communication between IoT devices and applications, ensuring message delivery,
security, and interoperability.

Modbus: A serial communication protocol commonly used in industrial IoT

applications for communication between PLCs, sensors, and other devices.

MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport):

 MQTT is a lightweight publish-subscribe messaging protocol designed for
constrained devices and low-bandwidth, high-latency, or unreliable networks.
 It's widely used in IoT for its simplicity, efficiency, and support for both real-
time and intermittent connections.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):

 Although primarily known for web browsing, HTTP is also used in IoT
applications for communication between devices and servers.
 It's easy to implement and widely supported but may not be as efficient as
MQTT in terms of overhead.

CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol):

 CoAP is a lightweight protocol designed for resource-constrained devices and
low-power, lossy networks.
 It's RESTful, similar to HTTP, but optimized for IoT environments.

AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol):

 AMQP is an open standard application layer protocol for message-oriented
middleware.
 It's used for reliable, message-oriented communication in IoT systems,
particularly in scenarios where message queuing and routing are essential.

DDS (Data Distribution Service):

  DDS is a protocol for real-time data exchange between IoT devices and
applications.
 It's designed for highly scalable, high-performance, and fault-tolerant systems,
often used in industrial IoT (IIoT) and critical infrastructure applications.

Websockets:
 Websockets enable full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP
connection.
 They're commonly used in IoT applications requiring real-time, bidirectional
communication, such as remote control or monitoring.

AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol):

 AMQP is an open standard application layer protocol for message-oriented
middleware.
 It's used for reliable, message-oriented communication in IoT systems,
particularly in scenarios where message queuing and routing are essential.

DDS (Data Distribution Service):

 DDS is a protocol for real-time data exchange between IoT devices and
applications.
 It's designed for highly scalable, high-performance, and fault-tolerant systems,
often used in industrial IoT (IIoT) and critical infrastructure applications.