Junior

Mathematical
Challenge

Past Papers
2012-2016
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 JMC 2012

1. What is the smallest four-digit positive integer which has four different digits?
A 1032 B 2012 C 1021 D 1234 E 1023

2. What is half of 1.01?

A 5.5 B 0.55 C 0.505 D 0.5005 E 0.055

3. Which of the following has exactly one factor other than 1 and itself?
A 6 B 8 C 13 D 19 E 25

4. Beatrix looks at the word JUNIOR in a mirror.

How many of the reflected letters never look the same as the original, no matter how Beatrix
holds the mirror?
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 E 5

5. One of the mascots for the 2012 Olympic Games is called ‘Wenlock’ because the town of
Wenlock in Shropshire first held the Wenlock Olympian Games in 1850. How many years ago
was that?
A 62 B 152 C 158 D 162 E 172

6. The diagrams on the right show three different views of the K

M O
O
same cube. Which letter is on the face opposite U? I M U K P
A I B P C K D M E O

7. A small ink cartridge has enough ink to print 600 pages. Three small cartridges can print as
many pages as two medium cartridges. Three medium cartridges can print as many pages as
two large cartridges. How many pages can be printed using a large cartridge?
A 1200 B 1350 C 1800 D 2400 E 5400

8. Tommy Thomas's tankard holds 480ml when it is one quarter empty. How much does it hold
when it is one quarter full?
A 120 ml B 160 ml C 240 ml D 960 ml E 1440 ml

9. The diagram on the right shows the positions of four people (each
marked ×) in an Art Gallery. In the middle of the room is a stone
column. Ali can see none of the other three people. Bea can see only
Caz. Caz can see Bea and Dan. Dan can see only Caz.
Who is at position P? P
A Ali B Bea C Caz
D Dan E More information needed

10. The diagram shows two arrows drawn on separate 4 cm × 4 cm grids.

One arrow points North and the other points West.
When the two arrows are drawn on the same 4 cm × 4 cm grid (still
pointing North and West) they overlap. What is the area of overlap?
A 4 cm² B 4½ cm² C 5 cm² D 5½ cm² E 6 cm²
11. In the following expression, each  is to be replaced with either + or – in such a way that
the result of the calculation is 100.
123  45  67  89
The number of + signs used is p and the number of – signs used is m. What is the value of p − m?
A −3 B −1 C 0 D 1 E 3

12. Laura wishes to cut this shape, which is made up of nine small squares,
into pieces that she can then rearrange to make a 3 × 3 square.
What is the smallest number of pieces that she needs to cut the shape
into so that she can do this?
A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 E 6

13. In the multiplication grid on the right, the input factors (in the ×
first row and the first column) are all missing and only some of A 10 20
the products within the table have been given. 15 B 40
What is the value of A + B + C + D + E? 18 C 60
A 132 B 145 C 161 D 178 E 193 20 D 24
56 E

14. A pattern that repeats every six symbols starts as shown below:
ª ¨ ª © ª « ª ¨ ª © ª « …
Which are the 100th and 101st symbols, in that order, in the pattern?
A ©ª B ª© C ª¨ D «ª E ¨ª
15. Talulah plants 60 tulip bulbs. When they flower, she notes that half are yellow; one third of
those which are not yellow are red; and one quarter of those which are neither yellow nor red
are pink. The remainder are white. What fraction of the tulips are white?
1 1 1 1 1
A B C D E
24 12 6 5 4

16. Beth, Carolyn and George love reading their favourite bedtime story together. They take it in
turns to read a page, always in the order Beth, then Carolyn, then George. All twenty pages of
the story are read on each occasion. One evening, Beth is staying at Grandma’s house but
Carolyn and George still read the same bedtime story and take it in turns to read a page with
Carolyn reading the first page.
In total, how many pages are read by the person who usually reads that page?
A 1 B 2 C 4 D 6 E 7

17. There are six more girls than boys in Miss Spelling's class of 24 pupils. What is the ratio of
girls to boys in this class?
A 5:3 B 4:1 C 3:1 D 1:4 E 3:5
18. The numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 are to be placed, one per square, in the
diagram shown such that the four numbers in the horizontal row add up
to 21 and the four numbers in the vertical column also add up to 21.
Which number should replace x ? x

A 2 B 3 C 5 D 7 E 8

19. In rectangle PQRS, the ratio of ∠PSQ to ∠PQS is 1:5. What is the size of ∠QSR?
A 15° B 18° C 45° D 72° E 75°

20. Aroon says his age is 50 years, 50 months, 50 weeks and 50 days old. What age will he be on
his next birthday?
A 56 B 55 C 54 D 53 E 51

21.

Dominic wants to place the six dominoes above in a hexagonal ring so

that, for every pair of adjacent dominoes, the numbers of pips match.
The ring on the right indicates how one adjacent pair match.
In a completed ring, how many of the other five dominoes can he
definitely not place adjacent to ?

A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 E 5

22. The diagram shows a design formed by drawing six lines in a regular
hexagon. The lines divide each edge of the hexagon into three equal
parts.
What fraction of the hexagon is shaded?
1 2 1 3 5
A B C D E
5 9 4 10 16

23. Peter wrote a list of all the numbers that could be produced by changing one digit of the
number 200. How many of the numbers on Peter’s list are prime?
A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E 4

24. After playing 500 games, my success rate at Spider Solitaire is 49%. Assuming I win every
game from now on, how many extra games do I need to play in order that my success rate
increases to 50% ?
A 1 B 2 C 5 D 10 E 50

25. The interior angles of a triangle are (5x + 3y) °,

(3x + 20) ° and (10y + 30) ° where x, y are
(5x+3y)°
positive integers.
What is the value of x + y?
A 15 B 14 C 13 D 12 E 11
(3x+20)° (10y+30)°
 JMC 2013

1. Which of the following has the largest value?

A 1 í 0.1 B 1 í 0.01 C 1 í 0.001 D 1 í 0.0001 E 1 í 0.00001

2. Heidi is 2.1 m tall, while Lola is only 1.4 m tall. What is their average height?
A 1.525 m B 1.6 m C 1.7 m D 1.725 m E 1.75 m

3. What is the value of x?

x°
A 25 B 35 C 40 D 65 E 155
65°

4. Gill went for a five-hour walk. Her average speed was between 3 km/h and 4 km/h. Which of
the following could be the distance she walked?
A 12 km B 14 km C 19 km D 24 km E 35 km

5. The diagram shows a weaver's design for a rihlèlò, a winnowing tray

from Mozambique.
How many lines of symmetry does the design have?
A 0 B 1 C 2 D 4 E 8

6. What is the value of ((1 í 1) í 1) − (1 í (1 − 1)) ?

A í2 B −1 C 0 D 1 E 2

7. After tennis training, Andy collects twice as many balls as Roger and five more than Maria.
They collect 35 balls in total. How many balls does Andy collect?
A 20 B 19 C 18 D 16 E 8

8. Two identical rulers are placed together, as shown (not to scale).

Each ruler is exactly 10 cm long and is marked in centimetres from 0 to 10. The 3 cm mark on
each ruler is aligned with the 4 cm mark on the other.
4 3

3 4

L cm

The overall length is L cm. What is the value of L?

A 13 B 14 C 15 D 16 E 17

9. Peter has three times as many sisters as brothers. His sister Louise has twice as many sisters as
brothers. How many children are there in the family?
A 15 B 13 C 11 D 9 E 5
10. On standard dice the total number of pips on each pair of opposite faces is 7.
Two standard dice are placed in a stack, as shown, so that the total number of
pips on the two touching faces is 5.
What is the total number of pips on the top and bottom faces of the stack?
A 5 B 6 C 7 D 8 E 9

11. Usain runs twice as fast as his mum. His mum runs five times as fast as his pet tortoise, Turbo.
They all set off together for a run down the same straight path. When Usain has run 100 m,
how far apart are his mum and Turbo the tortoise?
A 5m B 10 m C 40 m D 50 m E 55 m

12. How many hexagons are there in the diagram?

A 4 B 6 C 8 D 10 E 12

13. When painting the lounge, I used half of a 3 litre can to complete the first coat of paint. I then
used two thirds of what was left to complete the second coat. How much paint was left after
both coats were complete?
A 150 ml B 200 ml C 250 ml D 500 ml E 600 ml

14. Each side of an isosceles triangle is a whole number of centimetres. Its perimeter has length
20 cm. How many possibilities are there for the lengths of its sides?
A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6 E 7

15. The Grand Old Duke of York had 10 000 men. He lost 10% of them on the way to the top of
the hill, and he lost 15% of the rest as he marched them back down the hill. What percentage
of the 10 000 men were still there when they reached the bottom of the hill?
A 76 12 % B 75% C 73 12 % D 66 23 % E 25%

16. Ulysses, Kim, Mei and Tanika have their 12th, 14th, 15th and 15th birthdays today. In what
year will their ages first total 100?
A 2023 B 2024 C 2025 D 2057 E 2113

17. A 5 cm × 5 cm square is cut into five pieces, as shown. C

Each cut is a sequence of identical copies of the same shape but B
pointing up, down, left or right.
Which piece has the longest perimeter? D E A
A B C D E

18. Weighing the baby at the clinic was a problem. The baby would not keep still and caused the
scales to wobble. So I held the baby and stood on the scales while the nurse read off 78 kg.
Then the nurse held the baby while I read off 69 kg. Finally I held the nurse while the baby
read off 137 kg. What was the combined weight of all three ?
A 142 kg B 147 kg C 206 kg D 215 kg E 284 kg
(This problem appeared in the first Schools' Mathematical Challenge in 1988 í 25 years ago.)
19. A swimming club has three categories of members: junior, senior, veteran. The ratio of junior
to senior members is 3 : 2 and the ratio of senior members to veterans is 5 : 2.
Which of the following could be the total number of members in the swimming club?
A 30 B 35 C 48 D 58 E 60

20. A ‘long knight’ moves on a square grid. A single move, as shown,

consists of moving three squares in one direction (horizontally or
vertically) and then one square at right angles to the first direction.
What is the smallest number of moves a long knight requires to go
from one corner of an 8 × 8 square board to the diagonally opposite
corner?
A 4 B 5 C 6 D 7 E 8

21. The 5 × 4 grid is divided into blocks. Each block is a square or a rectangle 5
and contains the number of cells indicated by the integer within it. 4
Which integer will be in the same block as the shaded cell?
2 6
A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 E 6 3

22 . Two numbers in the 4 × 4 grid can be swapped to create a Magic 9 6 3 16

Square (in which all rows, all columns and both main diagonals add to
the same total). 4 13 10 5
What is the sum of these two numbers? 14 1 8 11
A 12 B 15 C 22 D 26 E 28 7 12 15 2

23. In our school netball league a team gains a certain whole number of points if it wins a game, a
lower whole number of points if it draws a game and no points if it loses a game. After 10
games my team has won 7 games, drawn 3 and gained 44 points. My sister's team has won 5
games, drawn 2 and lost 3. How many points has her team gained?
A 28 B 29 C 30 D 31 E 32

24. Three congruent squares overlap as shown. The areas of the three
overlapping sections are 2 cm2, 5 cm2 and 8 cm2 respectively. The
total area of the non-overlapping parts of the squares is 117 cm2.
What is the side-length of each square?
A 6 cm B 7 cm C 8 cm D 9 cm E 10 cm

25. For Beatrix's latest art installation, she has fixed a 2 × 2 square sheet of
steel to a wall. She has two 1 × 2 magnetic tiles, both of which she
attaches to the steel sheet, in any orientation, so that none of the sheet
is visible and the line separating the two tiles cannot be seen. As
shown alongside, one tile has one black cell and one grey cell; the
other tile has one black cell and one spotted cell.
How many different looking 2 × 2 installations can Beatrix obtain?
A 4 B 8 C 12 D 14 E 24
 JMC 2014
1. What is (999 − 99 + 9) ÷ 9 ?
A 91 B 99 C 100 D 101 E 109

1
2. How many minutes are there in of a day?
12
A 240 B 120 C 60 D 30 E 15

3. In my row in the theatre the seats are numbered consecutively from T1 to T50. I am sitting in
seat T17 and you are sitting in seat T39. How many seats are there between us?
A 23 B 22 C 21 D 20 E 19

4. The number 987 654 321 is multiplied by 9. How many times does the digit 8 occur in the
result?
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 E 9

5. What is the difference between the smallest 4-digit number and the largest 3-digit number?
A 1 B 10 C 100 D 1000 E 9899

6. The diagram shows a square divided into strips of equal width. Three
strips are black and two are grey. What fraction of the perimeter of the
square is grey?
1 1 4 1 2
A B C D E
5 4 25 3 5

7. What is 2014 − 4102 ?

A −2012 B −2088 C −2092 D −2098 E −2112

8. How many prime numbers are there in the list

1, 12, 123, 1234, 12 345, 123 456 ?

A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E 4

9. Triangles XYZ and PQR are drawn on a square grid. What Y

fraction of the area of triangle XYZ is the area of triangle PQR?
Q
1 7 1 5 1
A B C D E
4 18 2 18 3
X Z
P R

10. An equilateral triangle is surrounded by three squares, as shown. x°

What is the value of x?
A 15 B 18 C 24 D 30 E 36
11. The first two terms of a sequence are 1 and 2. Each of the following terms in the sequence is
the sum of all the terms which come before it in the sequence.
Which of these is not a term in the sequence?
A 6 B 24 C 48 D 72 E 96

12. In this subtraction, P, Q, R, S and T represent single digits. 7 Q 2 S T

− P 3 R 9 6
What is the value of P + Q + R + S + T ? 2 2 2 2 2
A 30 B 29 C 28 D 27 E 26

13. A rectangle is split into triangles by drawing in its diagonals.

What is the ratio of the area of triangle P to the area of triangle Q? P

A 1:1 B 1:2 C 2:1 D 2:3 Q

E the ratio depends on the lengths of the sides of the rectangle

14. Which of these is equal to one million millimetres?

A 1 metre B 10 metres C 100 metres D 1 kilometre E 10 kilometres

15. The diagram shows a rectangular envelope made by folding (and

gluing) a single piece of paper.
What could the original unfolded piece of paper look like?
(The dashed lines are the fold lines.)

A B C

D E

16. Only one of the following statements is true. Which one?

A ‘B is true’ B ‘E is false’ C ‘Statements A to E are true’
D ‘Statements A to E are false’ E ‘A is false’

17. The diagram is a ‘map’ of Jo's local rail network, where the dots
represent stations and the lines are routes. Jo wants to visit all the
stations, travelling only by train, starting at any station and ending at
any station, with no restrictions on which routes are taken.
What is the smallest number of stations that Jo must go to more than once?
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 E 5
18. Which of these statements is true?
A 15 614 = 1 + 56 − 1 × 4 B 15 615 = 1 + 56 − 1 × 5 C 15 616 = 1 + 56 − 1 × 6
D 15 617 = 1 + 56 − 1 × 7 E 15 618 = 1 + 56 − 1 × 8

19. Jack and Jill played a game for two people. In each game, the winner was awarded 2 points
and the loser 1 point. No games were drawn. Jack won exactly 4 games and Jill had a final
score of 10 points. How many games did they play?
A 5 B 6 C 7 D 8 E impossible to determine

20. Box P has p chocolates and box Q has q chocolates, where p and q are both odd and p > q.
What is the smallest number of chocolates which would have to be moved from box P to
box Q so that box Q has more chocolates than box P?
q−p+2 p−q+2 q+p−2 p−q−2 q+p+2
A B C D E
2 2 2 2 2

21. Pablo's teacher has given him 27 identical white cubes. She asks him to
paint some of the faces of these cubes grey and then stack the cubes so
that they appear as shown. What is the largest possible number of the
individual white cubes which Pablo can leave with no faces painted grey?
A 8 B 12 C 14 D 15 E 16

22. In the division calculation 952 473 ÷ 18, which two adjacent digits should be swapped in
order to increase the result by 100?
A 9 and 5 B 5 and 2 C 2 and 4 D 4 and 7 E 7 and 3

23. Sam wants to complete the diagram so that each of the nine circles
contains one of the digits from 1 to 9 inclusive and each contains a
different digit. Also, the digits in each of the three lines of four circles
must have the same total. What is this total?
A 17 B 18 C 19 D 20 E 21 5 2

24. The diagram shows a regular octagon with sides of length 1. The
octagon is divided into regions by four diagonals.
What is the difference between the area of the hatched region and the
area of the region shaded grey?
1 1 1
A 0 B C D E 1
8 4 2

25. A die has the shape of a regular tetrahedron, with the four faces
having 1, 2, 3 and 4 pips. The die is placed with 4 pips ‘face
down’ in one corner of the triangular grid shown, so that the face
with 4 pips precisely covers the triangle marked with 4 pips. The
die is now ‘rolled’, by rotating about an edge without slipping, so that 1 pip is face down. It is
rolled again, so that 2 pips are face down, as indicated. The rolling continues until the die rests
on the shaded triangle in the opposite corner of the grid. How many pips are now face down?
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 E it depends on the route taken
 JMC 2015
1. Which of the following calculations gives the largest answer?
A 1í2+3+4 B 1+2í3+4 C 1+2+3í4 D 1+2í3í4 E 1í2í3+4

2. It has just turned 22:22. How many minutes are there until midnight?
A 178 B 138 C 128 D 108 E 98

3. What is the value of 12 345

?
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
A 1 B 8 C 678 D 823 E 12 359

4. In this partly completed pyramid, each rectangle is to be 105

filled with the sum of the two numbers in the rectangles
47
immediately below it.
31
What number should replace x?
13
A 3 B 4 C 5 D 7 E 12
9 x

1 1
5. The difference between of a certain number and of the same number is 3. What is that
3 4
number?
A 24 B 36 C 48 D 60 E 72

6. What is the value of x in this triangle? 110°

A 45 B 50 C 55 D 60 E 65

x°

120°

7. The result of the calculation 123 456 789 × 8 is almost the same as 987 654 321 except that
two of the digits are in a different order. What is the sum of these two digits?
A 3 B 7 C 9 D 15 E 17

8. Which of the following has the same remainder when it is divided by 2 as when it is divided
by 3?
A 3 B 5 C 7 D 9 E 11

9. According to a newspaper report, “A 63-year-old man has rowed around the world without
leaving his living room.” He clocked up 25 048 miles on a rowing machine that he received
for his 50th birthday.
Roughly how many miles per year has he rowed since he was given the machine?
A 200 B 500 C 1000 D 2000 E 4000

10. In the expression 1  2  3  4 each  is to be replaced by either + or ×.

What is the largest value of all the expressions that can be obtained in this way?
A 10 B 14 C 15 D 24 E 25
11. What is the smallest prime number that is the sum of three different prime numbers?
A 11 B 15 C 17 D 19 E 23

12. A fish weighs the total of 2 kg plus a third of its own weight. What is the weight of the fish in kg?
A 2 13 B 3 C 4 D 6 E 8

13. In the figure shown, each line joining two numbers is to be 4 5

labelled with the sum of the two numbers that are at its end
points. 3 6

How many of these labels are multiples of 3?

A 10 B 9 C 8 D 7 E 6 2
7

1 8

14. Digits on a calculator are represented by a number of horizontal and

vertical illuminated bars. The digits and the bars which represent them are
shown in the diagram.
How many digits are both prime and represented by a prime number of
illuminated bars?
A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3 E 4

15. Which of the following is divisible by all of the integers from 1 to 10 inclusive?
A 23 × 34 B 34 × 45 C 45 × 56 D 56 × 67 E 67 × 78

16. The diagram shows a square inside an equilateral triangle.

What is the value of x + y?
A 105 B 120 C 135 D 150 E 165
x° y°

17. Knave of Hearts: “I stole the tarts.”

Knave of Clubs: “The Knave of Hearts is lying.”
Knave of Diamonds: “The Knave of Clubs is lying.”
Knave of Spades: “The Knave of Diamonds is lying.”
How many of the four Knaves were telling the truth?
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 E more information needed

2637 5274
18. Each of the fractions 18 459 and 36 918 uses the digits 1 to 9 exactly once. The first fraction
1
simplifies to . What is the simplified form of the second fraction?
7
1 1 5 9 2
A B C D E
8 7 34 61 7
19. One of the following cubes is the smallest cube that can be written as the sum of three positive
cubes. Which is it?
A 27 B 64 C 125 D 216 E 512

20. The diagram shows a pyramid made up of 30 cubes, each measuring

1 m × 1 m × 1 m.
What is the total surface area of the whole pyramid (including its base)?
A 30 m2 B 62 m2 C 72 m2 D 152 m2 E 180 m2

21. Gill is now 27 and has moved into a new flat. She has four pictures to hang in a horizontal row
on a wall which is 4800 mm wide. The pictures are identical in size and are 420 mm wide.
Gill hangs the first two pictures so that one is on the extreme left of the wall and one is on the
extreme right of the wall. She wants to hang the remaining two pictures so that all four
pictures are equally spaced. How far should Gill place the centre of each of the two remaining
pictures from a vertical line down the centre of the wall?
A 210 mm B 520 mm C 730 mm D 840 mm E 1040 mm

22. The diagram shows a shaded region inside a regular hexagon.

The shaded region is divided into equilateral triangles.
What fraction of the area of the hexagon is shaded?
3 2 3 5 1
A B C D E
8 5 7 12 2

23. The diagram shows four shaded glass squares, with areas 1 cm2, 4 cm2,
9 cm2 and 16 cm2, placed in the corners of a rectangle. The largest square
overlaps two others. The area of the region inside the rectangle but not
covered by any square (shown unshaded) is 1.5 cm2.
What is the area of the region where squares overlap (shown dark grey)?
A 2.5cm2 B 3cm2 C 3.5cm2 D 4 cm2 E 4.5cm2

24. A palindromic number is a number that reads the same when the order of its digits is reversed.
What is the difference between the largest and smallest five-digit palindromic numbers that
are both multiples of 45?
A 9180 B 9090 C 9000 D 8910 E 8190

25. The four straight lines in the diagram are V

such that VU = V W . The sizes of ∠UXZ , U
∠VYZ and ∠VZX are x°, y° and z°.
Which of the following equations gives x in W
terms of y and z? z° y° x°
Z Y X
z
A x = y−z B x = 180 − y − z C x = y −
2
y − z
D x = y + z − 90 E x =
2
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 UK JUNIOR MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGE
THURSDAY 26th APRIL 2012
Organised by the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust
from the School of Mathematics, University of Leeds
http://www.ukmt.org.uk

SOLUTIONS LEAFLET

This solutions leaflet for the JMC is sent in the hope that it might
provide all concerned with some alternative solutions to the ones
they have obtained. It is not intended to be definitive. The
organisers would be very pleased to receive alternatives created
by candidates.

The UKMT is a registered charity

1. E The smallest four-digit positive integer is 1000. Each of the subsequent integers
up to and including 1022 has at least two digits the same. However, all digits of
1023 are different so this is the required integer.
2. C 1.01 ÷ 2 = 1 ÷ 2 + 0.01 ÷ 2 = 0.5 + 0.005 = 0.505.

3. E An integer will have exactly one factor other than 1 and itself if, and only if, it is
the square of a prime. Of the options given, the only such number is 25. Its
factors are 1, 5, 25.
4. C None of the letters J, N, R has an axis of symmetry, so these letters cannot look
the same when reflected in a mirror, no matter how the mirror is held. However,
the letters U, I, O all have at least one axis of symmetry, so each may look the
same when reflected in a mirror.
5. D 2012 − 1850 = 162.

6. D The first two views of the cube show that I, M, U, O are not opposite K. So P is
opposite K. Similarly, the second and third views show that I is opposite O. So the
remaining two faces, M and U, must be opposite each other.
7. B Two medium cartridges can print as many pages as three small cartridges, i.e.
1800 pages. So three medium cartridges can print 1800 × 3/2 pages, i.e. 2700
pages. This is the same number of pages as two large cartridges can print, so
one large cartridge can print 2700 ÷ 2, i.e. 1350, pages.
8. B The 480 ml in Tommy's tankard represents three quarters of its capacity. So, one
quarter of the capacity must be 480 ml ÷ 3 = 160 ml.
9. C The person at position P can see exactly two of the
other three people, so this person is Caz. The people he 3
can see are at positions 1 and 2 and are Bea and Dan,
2
each of whom can see exactly one person í Caz. This
leaves Ali at position 3 í a position from which none of
the three people can be seen, so all of the information
given is consistent with Caz being at P. P
1

10. E The diagram shows the region of overlap,

which has area 6 cm2.

11. B We concentrate initially on the units digits of the numbers given, noting that the
3 comes first, so is positive. Now 3 + 7 =10 but there is no way to combine 5
and 9 to get a units digit 0. So we must use 3 í 7. Hence, in the calculation, 67
must be preceded by a minus sign. Now 123 í 67 = 56. So we need to get an
extra 44 by combining 45 and 89. The only way to do this is 89 í 45. So the
correct calculation is 123 í 45 í 67 + 89. It has two minus signs and one plus
sign, so p − m = 1 − 2 = −1.
12. B None of the pieces which Laura uses to make the 3 × 3
square can be more than 3 units long. Both the
horizontal and vertical portions of the original shape are
longer than 3 units, so at least two cuts will be required.
Hence Laura will need at least three pieces and the
diagrams on the right show that the task is possible
using exactly three pieces.

13. C Note that p is a factor of both 15 and 18. So p is either × p q r s t

1 or 3. If p = 1 then w = 15. However, if w = 15 v A 10 20
then r is not an integer. w 15 B 40
So p = 3, w = 5, x = 6. The values of the other x 18 C 60
input factors may now be calculated: r = 8, s = 10, y 20 D 24
v = 2, z = 7, q = 5, y = 4, t = 6. z 56 E
So A + B + C + D + E = 6 + 25 + 48 + 40 + 42 = 161.

14. A Note that 96 is a multiple of 6, so the 97th symbol is the same as the first, the
98th symbol is the same as the second and the 100th and 101st symbols are the
same as the fourth and fifth symbols respectively.
15. E In total, the fraction of tulips which are either yellow or red is 12 + 13 × 12 = 23 .
So one third of the tulips are pink or white. Of these, one quarter are pink, so the
fraction of tulips which are white is 34 × 13 = 14 .
16. D Normally, Beth reads pages 1, 4, 7, ... ; Carolyn reads pages 2, 5, 8, ... ; George
reads pages 3, 6, 9, ... . When Beth is away, Carolyn reads all the odd-
numbered pages, whilst George reads all the even-numbered pages. So the
pages which are read by the person who normally reads that page are numbered
5, 11, 17 (Carolyn) and 6, 12, 18 (George).
17. A The number of boys in the class is (24 − 6) ÷ 2 = 9. So there are 9 boys and
15 girls.
Hence the required ratio is 5 : 3.
18. D Note that the number which replaces x appears in both the 2
row and the column. Adding the numbers in the row and the 4
column gives 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + x = 2 × 21 = 42.
3 7 5 6
So 35 + x = 42 and hence x = 7. The diagram shows one
way in which the task may be accomplished. 8

19. E As ∠QPS = 90°, ∠PSQ + ∠PQS = 90°. Q R

So, since the ratio of these angles is 1:5,
∠PSQ = 15° and ∠PQS = 75°.
Now ∠QSR = ∠PQS (alternate angles).
So ∠QSR = 75°. P S
20. A 50 months = 4 years and 2 months; 50 weeks and 50 days = 57 weeks and
1 day, i.e. just over 1 year and 1 month. So Aroon is just over 55 years and 3
months old and will, therefore, be 56 on his next birthday.
21. B Exactly two dominoes have a ‘1’ and exactly two dominoes have a ‘2’ so the
dominoes must be arranged as shown. So cannot
be adjacent to . Clearly, cannot be adjacent to either, but it
is possible to form a ring with adjacent to or with adjacent
to . These are shown below. So only two of the dominoes cannot be
placed adjacent to .

22. B The original hexagon has been divided into seven regular hexagons and twelve
equilateral triangles. Six equilateral triangles are equal in area to one smaller
hexagon, so the large hexagon is equal in area to nine of the smaller hexagons.
(This may also be deduced from the fact that their sides are in the ratio 3:1.) The
shaded area consists of one smaller hexagon and six equilateral triangles, which
is equivalent to the area of two of the smaller hexagons. So 29 of the large
hexagon is shaded.
23. A If either of the first two digits of the number is changed, the units digit will still
be 0. Therefore the new number will be either 000 or a non-zero multiple of 10
and so will not be prime. If the units digit is changed then the possible outcomes
are 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209. The even numbers are not prime
and neither are 201 (3 × 67), 203 (7 × 29), 205 (5 × 41), 207 (3 × 69), 209 (11 ×
19).
So none of the numbers on Peter's list is prime.
24. D After 500 games, I have won 500 × 100
49
= 245 games. So I have lost 255
games. Therefore I need to win the next 10 games to have a 50% success rate.
25. A The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
Therefore 5x + 3y + 3x + 20 + 10y + 30 = 180, i.e. 8x + 13y = 130.
As x and y are both positive integers, it may be deduced that x is a multiple of
13.
117
Also, since y ≥ 1, x ≤ so the only possible value of x is 13. If x = 13
8
then y = 2, so x + y = 15.
 UK JUNIOR MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGE
THURSDAY 25th APRIL 2013
Organised by the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust
from the School of Mathematics, University of Leeds
http://www.ukmt.org.uk

SOLUTIONS LEAFLET

This solutions leaflet for the JMC is sent in the hope that it might
provide all concerned with some alternative solutions to the ones
they have obtained. It is not intended to be definitive. The
organisers would be very pleased to receive alternatives created
by candidates.

The UKMT is a registered charity

1. E All of the alternatives involve subtracting a number from 1. The largest result,
therefore, will correspond to the smallest number to be subtracted, i.e. 0.00001.
2.1 + 1.4
2. E Their average height is m = 1.75 m.
2
3. C Triangle BCD is isosceles, so ∠BCD = ∠BDC = 65°. A
The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180° so x° B C
∠CBD = (180 − 2 × 65) ° = 50°. E
65°
Therefore ∠ABE = 50° (vertically opposite angles). So D
∠AEB = (180 í 90 í 50) ° = 40°.
4. C Distance travelled = average speed × time of travel, so Gill travelled between
15 km and 20 km. Of the alternatives given, only 19 km lies in this interval.
5. D The diagram shows the four lines of symmetry.

6. A ((1 − 1) − 1) − (1 − (1 − 1)) = (0 − 1) − (1 − 0) = −1 − 1 = −2.

7. D Let the number of balls collected by Roger be x. Then Andy collects 2x balls and
Maria collects (2x − 5) balls. So x + 2x + 2x − 5 = 35, i.e. 5x = 40, i.e. x = 8.
So Andy collected 16 balls.
8. A The number 3 on the top ruler (which is 7cm from the left-hand end) aligns with
the 4 on the bottom one (which is 6cm from the right-hand end). Thus
L = 7 + 6 = 13.
9. B Let there be b boys and g girls in the family. Then Peter has g sisters and
(b − 1) brothers. So g = 3 (b − 1). Louise has (g − 1) sisters and b brothers.
So g − 1 = 2b. Therefore 2b + 1 = 3b − 3, i.e. b = 4. So g = 9.
Therefore there are 4 boys and 9 girls in the family, i.e. 13 children in total.
10. E The top and bottom faces of the stack and the two touching faces form two pairs
of opposite faces.
So the total number of pips on these four faces is 2 × 7 = 14. Therefore the
total number of pips on the top and bottom faces of the stack is 14 − 5 = 9.
11. C After Usain has run 100 m, his mum has run 50 m and Turbo has ‘run’ 10 m. So
the distance between Usain's mum and Turbo is 40 m.
J I H G
12. E Figure ABEFGJ itself is a hexagon. There are three hexagons
congruent to ABCLIJ ; two hexagons congruent to ABDMHJ ; A K L M F
four hexagons congruent to ABCKIJ ; two hexagons congruent B C D E
to ABDLHJ . So in total there are twelve hexagons.
13. D After the first coat, half of the paint is left. So after the second coat, the volume
of paint remaining is one third of half of the capacity of the tin, i.e. one sixth of
three litres = 500 ml.
14. B Let the two equal sides of the isosceles triangle have length a and the other side
have length b. Then 2a + b = 20. Since the sum of the lengths of any two
sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third, 2a > b. Hence
4a > 2a + b. So 4a > 20, i.e. a > 5. Also a < 10 since 2a + b = 20. So
the possibilities are a = 6, b = 8; a = 7, b = 6; a = 8, b = 4; and a = 9, b = 2.
15. A When he starts to come down the hill, the Grand Old Duke of York has 90% of
his men left. He loses 15% of these, so at the bottom of the hill he has 85% of
85 1
90% of the original number left. As × 90 = 76 , this means that 76 12 % of
100 2
his men were still there when they reached the bottom of the hill.
16. B The sum of the ages of the four children is 12 + 14 + 15 + 15 = 56. Each
year on their birthday, this sum increases by 4. So the number of years before
the sum reaches 100 is (100 − 56) ÷ 4 = 11. Therefore their ages will first
total 100 in 2024.
17. E Let x cm be the length of the shape. Although x is not given, it is clear that
x > 1. The lengths, in cm, of the perimeters of pieces A, B, C , D, E are 4 + 6x,
2 + 10x, 7 + 5x, 6 + 6x, 1 + 11x respectively. As 4 + 6x < 6 + 6x, the piece
with the longest perimeter is B, C, D or E. As x > 1, it may be deduced that
7 + 5x < 6 + 6x < 2 + 10x < 1 + 11x, so E has the longest perimeter.
18. A Let the weights, in kg, of baby, nurse and me be x, y, z respectively. Then
x + z = 78; x + y = 69; y + z = 137. Adding all three equations gives
2x + 2y + 2z = 284, so x + y + z = 284 ÷ 2 = 142.
(To find the combined weight, it is not necessary to find the individual weights,
but baby weighs 5kg, nurse weighs 64 kg and I weigh 73 kg.)
19. D For every 2 senior members in the swimming club there are 3 junior members.
For every 5 senior members there are 2 veteran members. The lowest common
multiple of 2 and 5 is 10, so it may be deduced that the number of senior members
is a multiple of 10. For every 10 senior members in the swimming club there are
15 junior members and 4 veteran members. So the total number of members is a
multiple of 29. Of the alternatives given, the only multiple of 29 is 58.
20. B The ‘long knight’ needs to move exactly seven squares to the
right and exactly seven squares upwards. Although it is possible
to move seven squares to the right in three moves (1, 3 and 3), in
doing so it could move upwards by a maximum of five squares
(3, 1 and 1). Similarly, it could move seven squares upwards in
three moves, but could then move a maximum of five squares to
the right. In four moves, the number of squares moved to the
right must be even, since it is the sum of four odd numbers. So at least five moves are
required and the diagram shows one way in which the task may be achieved in five moves.
21. C As 5 is a prime number, it must lie in a 5 × 1 rectangle. So 5
the only possibility is the rectangle which covers the top row 4
of the grid. Now consider 6: there is insufficient room for a 2 6
6 × 1 rectangle so it must lie in a 3 × 2 rectangle. There are 3
only two such rectangles which include 6 but do not
include either 4 or 3. If 6 comes in the middle of the top row of a 2 × 3
rectangle then there is space for a 3 × 1 rectangle including 3. But then there is
not enough space for a rectangle including 4. So 6 must be placed in the
rectangle shown. There is now insufficient room to place 4 in a 4 × 1 rectangle
so it must lie in the 2 × 2 square shown, which includes the shaded square. This
leaves the grid to be completed as shown.
22. E The diagram shows the totals of the rows and columns. The 9 6 3 16 34
circled numbers are the total of the numbers in the two main 4 13 10 5 32
diagonals. Note, by considering the average values of the 14 1 8 11 34
rows and columns, that each should total 34. Row 2 and 7 12 15 2 36
column 2 are both 2 short. So their common entry, 13, needs 34 34 32 36 34 32
to increase by 2. So 13 must be interchanged with 15. (This
change also reduces row 4 and column 3 by 2 and increases the main diagonal
by 2, thus making all the sums equal 34 as desired.) So the sum of the numbers
to be swapped is 28.
23. D Let the points awarded for a win and a draw be w and d respectively. Then
7w + 3d = 44. The only positive integer solutions of this equation are w = 2,
d = 10 and w = 5, d = 3. However, more points are awarded for a win than
for a draw so we deduce that 5 points are awarded for a win and 3 points for a
draw. So the number of points gained by my sister's team is 5 × 5 + 2 × 3 = 31.
24. B Each of the overlapping areas contributes to the area of exactly two squares. So
the total area of the three squares is equal to the area of the non-overlapping
parts of the squares plus twice the total of the three overlapping areas i.e.
(117 + 2 (2 + 5 + 8)) cm2 = (117 + 30) cm2 = 147 cm2.
So the area of each square is (147 ÷ 3) cm2 = 49 cm2. Therefore the length of
the side of each square is 7 cm.
25. C By arranging the tiles in suitable positions it is possible to place the 1 × 1
spotted square in any one of four corners of the steel sheet and then to place the
grey square in any one of the other three corners. The other two corners will then
be occupied by black squares. So, in total, there are 4 × 3 = 12 different
looking installations.)
 UK JUNIOR MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGE
THURSDAY 1st MAY 2014
Organised by the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust
from the School of Mathematics, University of Leeds
http://www.ukmt.org.uk

SOLUTIONS LEAFLET

This solutions leaflet for the JMC is sent in the hope that it might
provide all concerned with some alternative solutions to the ones
they have obtained. It is not intended to be definitive. The
organisers would be very pleased to receive alternatives created
by candidates.

The UKMT is a registered charity

1. D (999 í 99 + 9) ÷ 9 = (900 + 9) ÷ 9 = 909 ÷ 9 = 101.
1
2. B There are 24 hours in one day, so 12 of a day is 2 hours. Therefore the number of
minutes in 12 of a day is 2 × 60 = 120.
1

3. C The seats between us are T18 to T38 inclusive, that is, all the seats before seat 39
except for seats 1 to 17. So the number of seats is 38 í 17 = 21.
4. E 987 654 321 × 9 = 8 888 888 889.
5. A The smallest 4-digit number is 1000 and the largest 3-digit number is 999. They
differ by 1.
6. A Let the width of each strip be 1. Then the square has side 5 and perimeter 20.
The grey strips contribute 4 to the perimeter, so the fraction of the perimeter
4
which is grey is 20 = 15 .
7. B 2002 í 4102 = í2100. So 2014 í 4102 = í2100 + 12 = í2088.
8. A Prime numbers have exactly two distinct factors, so 1 is not a prime number as it
has exactly one factor. Of the others, 12, 1234 and 123 456 are all even numbers,
so are not prime as the only even prime is 2. Also, 123 = 3 × 41 and 12 345 is
clearly a multiple of 5, so neither of these is prime. Therefore none of the
numbers in the list is prime.
9. E The area of a triangle = 12 × base × height. If we let the length of the sides of each
square in the grid be 1, then the area of triangle PQR is 12 × 3 × 2 = 3. The area of
triangle XYZ is 12 × 6 × 3 = 9. So the required fraction is 39 = 13 .
10. D The angles at a point sum to 360°, so the largest angle in the triangle which
includes the angle marked x° is equal to (360 − 90 − 90 − 60) ° = 120°. This
triangle is isosceles as the sides of the three squares in the figure are equal to the
sides of the equilateral triangle. So the triangle has angles 120°, x° and x°.
Therefore x = 12 (180 − 120) = 30.
11. D The third term of the sequence equals 1 + 2 = 3. Now consider the fourth term:
it is the sum of the first three terms. However, as the first two terms sum to the
third term, the sum of the first three terms is twice the third term, i.e. 2 × 3 = 6.
So the fourth term is twice the third term. Similar reasoning applies to each
subsequent term, i.e. each term after the third term is equal to twice the term
which precedes it. Therefore the sequence is 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, ….
12. B As 7Q2ST − P3R96 = 22222, it follows that 7Q2ST = P3R96 + 22222.
Looking at the units column: 2 + 6 = T , so T = 8. Looking at the tens column,
as 2 + 9 = 11, we deduce that S = 1 and that 1 is carried to the hundreds
column. Looking at the hundreds column: the carry of 1 + 2 + R must equal 12
since the sum has 2 in the hundreds column. So R = 9 and there is a carry of 1
to the thousands column. Looking at this column: the carry of 1 + 2 + 3 = Q,
so Q = 6. Finally, since there is no carry to the next column, 2 + P = 7, so
P = 5. Therefore the calculation is 76218 í 53996 = 22222 and
P + Q + R + S + T = 5 + 6 + 9 + 1 + 8 = 29.
13. A The diagram shows part of the given diagram after a
rotation so that the diagonal shown is horizontal. The
perpendicular height of triangle P is shown and it can be P Q
seen that this is also the perpendicular height of triangle
Q. The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other, so triangles P and Q have
bases of equal length and the same perpendicular height. Therefore their areas
are equal.
14. D One million millimetres is (1 000 000 ÷ 1000) m = 1000 m = 1 km .
15. E Consider, for example, the bottom left-hand corner of the envelope (see Figure
1). The two flaps overlap, so that
the sum of the angles marked x x
and y is greater than 90°.
So when the flaps are unfolded, x z y
as in Figure 2, the angle marked z y
is less than 180°.
Therefore the correct answer is E. Figure 1 Figure 2

16. E If A is true then B is true which cannot be so since we are told only one
statement is true. Hence A is false which is what E says. So E is the one true
statement. [For completeness, we note that C and D must be false because we
are told that exactly one statement is true; and B is false because A is false.]
17. C Whichever route is chosen, it must include section BD. A B C
We will divide the route into two sections. The first
D
will include stations A, B, C and will finish at D. The E
second will start at D and include stations E, F, and G. F G
Clearly the first section cannot be traversed without visiting at least one station
more than once and the route A – B – C – B – D visits only B more than once
so it is an optimal solution. Also, traversing the second section involves visiting
D more than once as two branches lead from it. If D – E – D is part of the route
then two stations are visited more than once. However, if D – G – D is part of
the route then only F is visited more than once. So to traverse the second
section, it is necessary to visit at least two stations (one of which is D) more
than once. Therefore, the complete route must involve visiting at least 3 stations
more than once. An example of an optimum route is A – B – C – B – D – F – G –
F – D – E. The stations visited twice are B, D, and F.
18. E The units digit of any power of 5 is 5 so the units digit of 1 + 56 is 6. Therefore
the units digits of the calculations in the 5 options are 2, 1, 0, 9, 8 in that order.
So the only calculation which could be correct is E. Checking this gives
1 + 56 − 8 = 1 + 15 625 í 8 = 15 626 í 8 = 15 618.
19. C Since Jack won 4 games, Jill lost 4 games for which she was awarded 4 points.
So the number of games she won is (10 − 4) ÷ 2 = 3. Therefore, they played
7 games in total.
20. B Let the smallest number of chocolates required be n. Then q + n > p − n, that
is 2n > p − q. Therefore n > 12 (p − q). Since p > q and p and q are both
odd, 12 (p − q) is a positive integer. So the smallest possible value of n is
2 (p − q) + 1 = 2 (p − q + 2).
1 1

21. D Both the top and bottom layers of 9 cubes can be seen to contain 5 cubes with at
least one face printed grey. The bottom layer could contain more than 5. In the
middle layer, two cubes with grey faces are visible and there could be more.
Therefore at least 12 cubes must have at least one face painted grey, which
means that the largest number of cubes which Pablo can leave with no faces
painted grey is 27 − 12 = 15.
22. C In order to increase the result of the calculation (the quotient) by 100, the
number to be divided (the dividend) must be increased by 100 × 18, that is
1800. So the new dividend needs to be 952 473 + 1800, that is 954 273. So the
two digits which need to be swapped are 2 and 4.
23. D Note first that the sum of the first 9 positive integers is 45. Therefore, when the
four numbers in each of the three lines are added together the total is 45 plus the
sum of the numbers in the three corner circles, each of which contributes to the
sum of two lines of circles. So if the number in the top circle is x, the total of all
3 lines is 45 + 2 + 5 + x = 52 + x. As all three lines of circles 8
must have the same total, 52 + x must be a multiple of 3. The 1 7
possible values of x are 2, 5 and 8 but 2 and 5 have already been
assigned. So x = 8 and the sum of each line is 60 ÷ 3 = 20. 6 3
The diagram shows one way of completing the task. 5 4 9 2

24. C Note that rectangles B, C, E and G are all congruent. Two of B

these are shaded grey and two are hatched, so the difference A
between the area of the hatched region and the area shaded C D E
grey is the difference between the area of square D of side 1
and the sum of the areas of triangles A, F and H. These are all F G H
isosceles right-angled triangles with hypotenuse 1 and the
lower diagram shows how a square of side 1 may be divided
into 4 such triangles. So the required difference in area is
1 − 34 = 14 .
25. A If the die is rolled around a single vertex it covers, in turn, 6
small triangles making up a regular hexagon. It uses three
different faces, repeated twice. An example is shown on the
right. However, if it is rolled out from that hexagon in any
direction, that will use the fourth face. The face
that ends up covering each small triangle in the
grid is always the same, regardless of the path
taken to reach that triangle. Using these facts, it is
easy to complete the diagram as shown. So,
whichever route through the grid is taken, the ‘1’ is
face down when it reaches the shaded triangle.
 UK JUNIOR MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGE
THURSDAY 30th APRIL 2015
Organised by the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust
from the School of Mathematics, University of Leeds
http://www.ukmt.org.uk

SOLUTIONS LEAFLET

This solutions leaflet for the JMC is sent in the hope that it might
provide all concerned with some alternative solutions to the ones
they have obtained. It is not intended to be definitive. The
organisers would be very pleased to receive alternatives created
by candidates.

For reasons of space, these solutions are necessarily brief. There

are more in-depth, extended solutions available on the UKMT
website, which include some exercises for further investigation:
http://www.ukmt.org.uk/

The UKMT is a registered charity

1. A The values of the expressions are: A 6, B 4, C 2, D −4, E 0.
(Alternative method: since every expression contains the integers 1, 2, 3 and 4,
the expression which has the largest value is that in which the sum of the
integers preceded by a minus sign is smallest. This is expression A.)
2. E At 22:22, there are 60 í 22 = 38 minutes to 23:00. There are then a further 60
minutes to midnight. So the number of minutes which remain until midnight is
38 + 60 = 98.
3. D 12 345 12 345 2469
The value of = = = 823.
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 15 3
4. A The calculations required to find the value of x are: 105
p = 105 − 47 = 58; q = p í 31 = 58 í 31 = 27; p 47
r = 47 í q = 47 − 27 = 20; q r
31
s = r í 13 = 20 − 13 = 7; t = 13 í 9 = 4;
x = s − t = 7 − 4 = 3. 13 s
(Note that the problem may be solved without 9 t x
finding the values of four of the numbers in the
pyramid. Finding these is left as an exercise for the reader.)
5. B Let the required number be x. Then 3x − 4x = 3. Multiplying both sides by 12
gives 4x − 3x = 36. So x = 36.
6. B The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is 110°
360°. So y = 360 − (110 + 120) = 360 í 230 = 130. y° x°
The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°, so
x = 180 − y = 180 í 130 = 50. 120°

7. A The units digit of 123 456 789 × 8 is 2, since 9 × 8 = 72. So, if the statement
in the question is correct then the two digits which are in a different order are 1
and 2, whose sum is 3. As a check, 123 456 789 × 8 is indeed 987 654 312.
8. C All of the options are odd and therefore give a remainder of 1 when divided by
2. Two of the options, 3 and 9, give remainder 0 when divided by 3. Two other
options, 5 and 11, give remainder 2 when divided by 3, and 7 is the only option
which gives remainder 1 when divided by 3.
9. D The man has rowed the equivalent of just over 25 000 miles in approximately
13 years. So the mean number of ‘miles’ rowed per year is approximately
25 000 26 000
≈ = 2000.
13 13
10. E If m and n are positive integers, then mn > m + n unless at least one of m or n
is equal to 1, or m = n = 2. So, to maximise the expression, we need to place
multiplication signs between 2 and 3 and between 3 and 4. However, we need to
place an addition sign between 1 and 2 because 1 + 2 × 3 × 4 = 25, whereas
1 × 2 × 3 × 4 = 24.
11. D It can be established that 2 is not one of the three primes to be summed since the
sum of 2 and two other primes is an even number greater than 2 and therefore
not prime. The smallest three odd primes are 3, 5, 7 but these sum to 15 which is
not prime. The next smallest sum of three odd primes is 3 + 5 + 11 = 19, which
is prime. So 19 is the smallest prime which is the sum of three different primes.
12. B The question tells us that 2 kg is two-thirds of the weight of the fish. So one-
third of its weight is 1 kg and therefore its weight is 3 kg.
13. A We denote the label joining m and n as (m + n). The labels which are multiples
of 3 are (1 + 2), (1 + 5), (1 + 8), (2 + 4), (2 + 7), (3 + 6), (4 + 5), (4 + 8),
(5 + 7), (7 + 8). So 10 of the labels are multiples of 3.
14. E The primes and the number of illuminated bars which represent them are:
2 → 5, 3 → 5, 5 → 5, 7 → 3. So all four prime digits are represented by a
prime number of illuminated bars.
15. C Of the options given, 23 × 34, 56 × 67 and 67 × 78 are all not divisible by 5,
so may be discounted. Also 34 is not divisible by 4 and 45 is odd, so 34 × 45
may also be discounted as it is not divisible by 4. The only other option is
45 × 56. As a product of prime factors, 45 × 56 = 23 × 32 × 5 × 7, so it is
clear that it is divisible by all of the integers from 1 to 10 inclusive.
16. D The size of each interior angle of an equilateral triangle
is 60°. As the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is
180°, x + p + 60 = 180, so p = 120 í x.
Similarly, q = 120 í y. Each interior angle of a square
is a right angle and the sum of the angles on a straight
line is 180°, so p + q + 90 = 180. x°
p° q° y°
Therefore 120 í x + 120 − y + 90 = 180, that is
330 í (x + y) = 180. So x + y = 330 í 180 = 150.
17. B If the Knave of Hearts is telling the truth then the Knave of Clubs is lying, which
means that the Knave of Diamonds is telling the truth, but the Knave of Spades
is lying. Alternatively, if the Knave of Hearts is lying then the Knave of Clubs is
telling the truth, which means that the Knave of Diamonds is lying, but the
Knave of Spades is telling the truth. In both cases, we can determine that two of
the Knaves are lying, although it is not possible to determine which two they are.
5274 2637 1
18. B The fraction = = , as given in the question.
36 918 18 459 7
19. D The first six positive cubes are 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216. Clearly, 64 cannot be the
sum of three positive cubes as the sum of all the positive cubes smaller than 64
is 1 + 8 + 27 = 36. Similarly, 125 cannot be the sum of three positive cubes as
the largest sum of any three positive cubes smaller than 125 is 8 + 27 + 64 = 99.
However, we note that 27 + 64 + 125 = 216, so 216 is the smallest cube which is
the sum of three positive cubes.
20. C When the pyramid is viewed from above, it can be seen that the total area of the
horizontal part of the surface of the pyramid (excluding its base) is the same as
that of a square of side 4 metres, that is 16 m2. The area of the base of the
pyramid is also 16 m2. Finally the total area of the vertical part of the pyramid is
equal to (4 × 1 + 4 × 2 + 4 × 3 + 4 × 4) m2 = 40 m2. So the total surface
area of the pyramid is (16 + 16 + 40) m2 = 72 m2.
21. C The diagram shows part of the wall of width 4800
4800 mm and the four equally spaced pictures,
each of width 420 mm. Let x be the required
distance, that is the distance from the centre of 2x x x 2x
(all distances are in mm)
each of the two pictures in the middle of the
wall to a vertical line down the centre of the wall (marked by a broken line).
Then the distance between the centres of any two adjacent pictures is 2x.
Note that the distance between the centres of the two pictures on the extremes of
the wall is (4800 − 2 × 210) mm = 4380 mm. Therefore 2x + x + x + 2x = 4380.
So x = 4380 ÷ 6 = 730. Hence the required distance is 730 mm.
22. E In the diagram, the shaded small equilateral triangles have
been divided into those which lie within the highlighted large
equilateral triangle and the twelve small equilateral triangles
which lie outside the large triangle.
Note that the unshaded star shape in the centre of the large
triangle is made up of twelve small equilateral triangles, so the small triangles
outside the large triangle could be moved into the large triangle so that the large
triangle is shaded completely and the rest of the hexagon is
unshaded as in the lower diagram.
The lower diagram shows that the hexagon may be divided
into six congruent triangles, three of which are shaded and
three of which are unshaded. So the required fraction is 12 .

23. D The diagram shows some of the lengths of sides which 3 2

may be deduced from the information given in the
question. Note that the rectangle measures 5 cm by 5.5 cm. 3
The sum of the areas of the four glass squares is 2
(1 + 4 + 9 + 16) cm2 = 30 cm2. However, the total 2
region of the rectangle occupied by the four squares is 1.5
equal to (5 × 5.5 − 1.5) cm2 = 26 cm2. So the area 1
of the overlap is (30 − 26) cm2 = 4 cm2. 1 4

24. B For a number to be a multiple of 45 it must be a multiple of 5 and also of 9. In

order to be a multiple of 5, a number's units digit must be 0 or 5. However, the
units digit of a palindromic number cannot be 0, so it may be deduced that any
palindromic number which is a multiple of 45 both starts and ends in the digit 5.
In order to make the desired number as large as possible, its second digit should
be 9 and for it to be as small as possible its second digit should be 0. So, if
possible, the numbers required are of the form ‘59x95’ and ‘50y05’. In addition,
both numbers are to be multiples of 9 which means the sum of the digits of both
must be a multiple of 9. For this to be the case, x = 8 and y = 8, giving digit
sums of 36 and 18 respectively. So the two required palindromic numbers are
59895 and 50805. Their difference is 9090.
25. E The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the V
sum of its two interior and opposite angles. U
Applying this theorem to triangle U ZX:
W
∠VU W = z° + x°.
y° x°
Similarly, in triangle WYX: y° = ∠XWY + x°, z°
Z X
so ∠XWY = y° − x°. Y
As VU = VW , ∠VU W = ∠VWU and also ∠VWU = ∠XWY because they are
vertically opposite angles. Therefore ∠VU W = ∠XWY . So z° + x° = y° − x°
and hence x = 12 (y − z).
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