inteoSe ction of toro subspaceo O a

5a subspaee .
Vector pece V,
Sal?

inben Beetion of buo subopaces of a

T Shas that the
a Subspace , we need to
Veetoro Space 9'' s s althee
so
con ditin
the

doition
Clooune un den a sntenSeofion of the 5abeo
.4L'u' and anc in dhe
+u mus5t also be in he inten secbin.
aces
then U

Chosune unden bealan mulsiplioation :

in tfeo Bection f the Suböpoces anda'a
u'is in bhe
thon Cu must also be in the intenseethen.
a scalor,
Contain s the Zeno Seotors
Snten se ction ot h
The eno Veetoro must be in the
Subspaoe5,

Let y and w' be tuo Subspace of a Veetoro pace.

Seeton
Lat's denote theie inben

clo oune unden ad¡ition

U and Uane in U n w then

Uand is n W,
Uis in
Since, U s a Subspace, i4 is losed undor addition,

a Subspace it is clo seo under addiin

Dince, w 5

u+u ina
lhenefone, u + is in both Uand w,hich means
 Cosune un den Sealan malti plic tien
u is in U n w and c i a Soalar,then
u is in U
uis in W.
closed unde Jeala
Jince, U i3 a Sub9pace 4 is
multipJi catien, S0 cu is in U,
den Sealan
Since 5 a Subsoace, 1t S closed un
mulipfeatin, So Cu is in u.
Cu is in both U and w cuhich means
Thenefore,
Cu i9 in U n w,

Gon tain Dhe gero Becton

Snce Uand w ane Subopaoes, they both cmbain he

Thenetne, the Feno Seeton i5 in bott, Un w

Sotistles all thoee canditian 3 fon

a SubSpace, ve can Conclude that the inten
being
Section taro Subspaces of a Ueeton Space
Subspaee ot
2. 5hoco hat T(n+) = nT), n>O.

Tie Gamma funebton is deyined

T()=/ *edt ton >0.
n

owe need to shoas

T(n+) =nT),
Fom the detini bim:
T0+): .dt.

nd do = e-t,dt
dt and =e-t
du = nt

[ndne-t dt.

The baunday
boundot tenm ; - e is:
AS t = 0 t"e-t 0, be cause e-t deoay
t.
Cxponentialby tasten thon any Poaen of
>0, since t"is finte
and e t .
Feno
Thu o, the baundooy tem is
The ne maiatng sntegrl

Foom the dofinotion of the Ramna tnation

T(n+) = nT(n) (ooved)
3.
Use mean dlae theo mem , shos tlhat o< o g ,

Let' pnoye the inequality using the Mean Balne Ticonem.

 Leb's degiae dhe guetin G)=en--) fonko)
APplyi the Mean aluc Theone !
Since is Con Binuous and ditonentiable on
the nten 9al Co, dhe Mcan Value Theo oem
o a pornt (cl
tees the exfstenee of
Auanan tocs
(O,x)) Juch that
= t)-o)
Caleulate ( ' )
= eI

Subo bibubig te Balue,

e--X

Reannange the inequalitt

Thenfone, usiyg the

the Mean Value Theoroem, cle haue
Shoan that

4. Evauate Jim tan -X

At
CNeean anayge the eupne slon in the Dim't, Botth fhe
numenato amd the deno minatoo appns ach o as x
appnooches 0 aulhich n dicate3 we can
Hoopitad's Rule.
 =-ain
x, CCoox-)
nominatov De
Seex-tanK -2-Seet)=
Numenaton;-Seex
goin. L'Hoopibal'
Rule s
4Pe the 6tidJ
in Jimi4
i6 TWis
=0 -I>l- Cosx
-0. Seo'x Thcnejone,
-!
Cos2x
appoaches0 XAs
tb; Jin new thEvabuate
e
0
X-tanx Sim
RulHospital'
ej s L
sX-1. -)=
Co (Sinx dx
X
Denominatoo
Sixn
n,sec? l- tank)
= (-
X-ank Namenatoo;
am ! deno amd
wn numenaboo hebobh nendiafe pile
 Now we have

25eex. tan
-2 Bee'x tanx Jim
- sin

Substtbte the Stmits,

Secn
tanx >

Thuo, we have - Dim

70
2l.x
-70

Tie Dimit is'2

Oub9sce Test,
lo
prove that w is a Sub5poce o R oe need to
Qeni
Clo
td Jhnee Conditiom 5
sune unden additicn

Clo sune undern 5calars mulipicotion

uew and CeR, then CuE w,
eno Decten;
The zeno yecte 0E w.
 Closune under adlíion
Let u= (ki,, ) and u = ee o) be ta Veebon
(Mee,
Theio Dum is u+U = (Ki+x,}
5ince
te,o).
tdi O an Ke t e =0,we hase
K,+x)+
a*de)=0.
Thene, u+ e W.

CJosune unders Sealan madskpllo« on;

Let u= («A.0)
(Kg.o)EEwWand CeR.
The Sealan multiple eu = (Cx,}, ).
Since X+ =0,we hove cx toy = ca) =C 0 =0
Thenctone, ou¬ w
feno Vectoro
The Reoo Vetan in Rs (0,0.o)

Since GJ 6atiofíeo adO thnee comdíions, io a

4 R, Dubopaco

Fndiyg
A
a Basis of
baois o a Veotoro Space iö a oet ot ineanly inde
Pendent Ueeten thot pan the spaoe.
We can eupne6 1)eetora In W as t

j=x(i, -,0)
-This 5hows that the eetor (I, -I, 0) 6pan 6
Oince t i5 aloo Dineanly indepondent (i4 io not a
multsiple oft any othen deet in w), it tomt 4baio
 IheneBone,a baoio of w is -,0)
o. Deyine Dineooly depen dence aw d inpependence t
Prove that a set ot Beetons Conbaiain9 nll Ueafor i Jeetony
Jircanly depudent.
So0"
Linear depen dence and Indepe,dence of Ueotong
Con sidera a Set Sectoo9 ,V,,.. Unj in a
Ueotov Space U,

Lnear I, de penden
The set of Weetoos lo oaid to be
fendent if the only saluten to the equation

=ay =O. n othen aroa ds, noue ot

the Ueetor 5 can 5e exprre55ed as a Jinea Com
bination o the othens
Linean Depen dent;
1ie set of eetan5 is sald fo be Dinean epen -
dent
not als Feno, Such that

In es
5ence, One aro moe 1ecto S Can be raittey
as a blncan comblnatin the athe3,
A Set of Ueatoros contalatng the gero Ueeto is
Jineanly depa, lent
 Let's as5umo e have a se

cwhene U, =0.

Consideo the tollocsing equaton

Since V, =0,

This eQuatin holds toue, and we hae a non-broivia

5oDution (a, =l, ae = ag = = an 0)

tor the Dineors combination,

Tienefone, acaonding to bhe dattnibe of line ora

de poy dence, fhe oe of Ueo tons bonfaining Jhe
eno Vecto is Jincandy depan dand.
2ab -26
I Shoaw that = (1+a+o)
2a

2b 2a

(+2-b2) 24b - 26

2ab (-a+6) 2a

2b -2a
(-atb)
Ki=R,+b.k3l(+a-b+2b2) 2a6 -2ab 2b+b -ab-b
2ab ((-a+6) 2a

26 -20 ((-af-b
 o -b (1+a+6)
2ab (-a+b) 2a

26 -2a (-a)

(+a'+o) -b
2ab (-a+b 2a
2b -2a ((-ol

0-b

((+o+b a(+o+) Re=Re-a:ks

26 -2a ( -ot-b9)
-b
>

+2a (-o-b)

(i+an
Cg=Cy+bc,-ae
26 2a ((+o+1)

(i+a+bD (I+a+b) ((-o)

= +a +b). (Poooed)
 Shoas dhat
8 Erpand by Loplaces Methoc, to
a

= (at-be +ad)
-b -d 0 t

Job"
(

L.H.5 =
e

-b
|-c -e -t o
|+2+1+3

= (-)*2 +it2 | o

I+2+2+3

el|-e -t

I+2+2+4 I+2+3+4

(o) -1 (ae)n (bt) +t (be -cd) (be- ed).

a - abet + acdt t acdt abeg t be?

bcde bede c

= a
2
be'+ c -2 (abef) +2 (acd) - 2(bede)
= a be+22 (abet-aedt + be de)
Proved)
.. (a7 -be +oo) = R.H.5

Find the eigeu Values and

4 -5

5
Let, A = 242

chanaeenis tia

|A-] =0
4-2 -5

-2-2
(4-a) C-2-)+5 =0
-8-4a +2A+A*+5 =0
A-2 -3=0
a-3)(at) =ó
A-3=o: A+I =0
A=3, A =
.A=3, -! Egen Uatue)
. Let, x = , 2 be the ofgen Uetoes eopnespm
dliy to given einValues.
 -
-5
-2-A

’ 5 1 - 5 2 =0

ö) Take, A = 3,

> ,-5M =0
>IX-5x=0
 Shoco d=j,e,),(e,1,0), (,-1,) tnom
1o.
bais of R3

5ince dim R°= 3

L(5) = (R)
inde
-Nowe we culy to pooue
fendou t
that
Ler, aa,a3 EF Such

We aill poye thot

=(0,0,0)
-Nõa, a,(,2,)+az (e, 1,0) +ds (1,-I,e)
+2as) =(0p,o)
(a t2ag t as,2 a, ta-a3,a,+Oag
a t 2ap ta3 =0

2a,tag -a3 =0

a, tOag t2a3 =0

Cocttioient madoin, A= 2 |-|

| 2
|a| = 2 |-1
2

=1(2-0)-2 (4+) +(0-)

= 2-lo-I
|A| = -9#o
S0, voank ot A = 3= n0, o Unhnoan
So,hene is Ome oSutiam a =ae=ay =0
y
5o,5 = a, e,u} is Jinea ody ndependen t.
K3.
So . 55 tonms te baois of
m (5cex - ton)
lL EvaJuate

d
(5ecx - tan)

Sinx
( Co3A
Jim
(
X= h .

|- Sin

| - 5in 90*

bg usig HospitaB Rales

Siwx
( CoK

+Sinx
 (cos )
(Sin Ye)

=
= 0 (Poeved)
dimon 5in5 of a Ueaton Sppee,
IL. Define basis
basis and

Space oUen aa field

K.
Let, be a Ueeten
be a oef of Dee for
=
s a , , ag 1... n) independente
Let, Jincany
is
U. such oaft's' caled a basis y U'
is
Spans V, TGe s'
5ef is called
-No. ot Uestons pnesen is the ba 6is
Dimen Sic'ot .

13, wnite doan the nelotion beteeen Befa &Gamma

tunoton ,Fiad cut the value of 6eta (2, 3),
Sob".

P(m, n) = TTm) nn)

(mt )

3)
(e, = nOrO
B =

T(2+3)
T() T(S)
T (5)
|! 2
4!
 |2

I4 Deine Ronk of Matnix

is
The numben ot independe n t v aas n a matoix
Called as the Rank Ot matoix .

I5. FoJJo aring Uee ton ane Dineony epon dent (s,e,),
(2,4,)Z (1, -2,6) oTD not

3 2 7
Coettieient matoix, A=
26

3 2 7
2 4 I

3(24 -)
+2)-2(2-)+7(4
1A| =
+x(-&)
|A| =(3x 26) -(2a )
|A| = 78 - 22- 56

IA| = O

So, the Vecto5 ane

J&neoaly depan pent.
l6. Define kennel ot a Jinean mapping.
So".
Let TU a be a Lineara laanofonmatim
 mapin ? . Then, the oet of veeton s o of
Linean
TCa)= o'ahene ' is Jhe nus
Vn ahieh Kennel of U,
Veeton ot w) is called the
ted by Ven(T-fa UiT(«)=91
whtoh io dewo
7, Find out the Sum and product of Eiae alue o
B=23 -2]
I0 2

5a
23-2
B= -2 | I
0 2

". Oum ot dgonal elements ot Eigen Ualue on &

5

fooduet ot Eigon Value(B);

= 2(2-o)-3(-4-)-e (-0-)
(22)- 3n(-5) - 2*(-)
=4 +15+2
= 2 #0

18. Ealuate i x co %x,dx

So)

Sin Cos
 By uoing tumabim Fonmula
5n
2A2AI
e74-'x., dx
=eP (2, /4)
T()T()
r(2+4)
2
T() T()
T()
= T(e) T C4)
T+)o
T(2) T 4 ) N
2

T (2) rV4)o-u
T(4t)

T()TYA)
7T()

&
77
l8, Evalhate Jim

Let, A = Dim
->0
(y
 A =
>0(

Dim Jog (

X-70
log(u)

By usiL- Hospibs Rale;

By using L-Hospilad Rules;

- x Sinx + Cosx- co[
-50

'2-Hospital
Rules;
 -X CoSX Sin X
Cosx - XfMK + CoSx

ot
=0

A = O

’A e = .

|0.. Find Jhe inven Se of each of the matoleeo given

belos
3 -3 4
A=
2 -3 4

3-3 4
A=
2 -3 4

A'= adá(4)
|A| = 3(-3+)-2(-3+4)+0
=3-2

lAl=I
 -2-2

3+3

-4 -3

-1
-2 3 -4
|-2 3 -3

adá (a) -2 3-4

-2 3 - 3 | l