PARADIGM SHIFT ON TEACHING STRATEGIES IN SCIENCE

FOR IMPROVED ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE

SELECTED PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
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(11 single spaces)

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate Studies and Applied Research
College of Teacher Education, Laguna State Polytechnic University,
Los Baños Campus, Los Baños, Laguna
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(11 single spaces)

in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree

Masters of Arts in Education major in English

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JOHN MARK MARIANO HERNANDEZ

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JUNE 2018
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction (2-3 pages)

A. Legal justification/legal basis of the research proposal. It could be the portion
of the constitution, CHED orders, an official mandate, a policy, an ongoing
programs, etc. of the government or of the agency/office. Its purpose is to show
that the research thrust and priorities of the government or of the
agency/office.
B. Cite some literature or concepts about the topics from other authors.
C. Cite personal justifications why you intend to conduct a research on the
topic/subject matter, how is it related to your line of profession.

Background of the Study (2-2 1/2 pages)

A. Give the reader a background of what the problem is
B. Indicate what problems exist that made you think to conduct the study (macro
to micro level)

TheoreticalFramework (1-2 pages)

A. It is composed of a concrete theory/ies that are related to the topic of the study.
Present at least one theory
B. Cite the theory and discuss/explain it
C. Relate or anchor your research to the theory (education theory), begin with
“this study is anchored…”
Conceptual Framework (1-2 pages)

Input Process Output

Hospitality • IM Development Development &

Language Validated HLLG
Learning • Validation for Tourism
Competencies Procedure students
(content, design &
features,
organization &
presentation,
assessment, and
overall evaluation)

Feedback

FIG 1. Research Paradigm (IPO Model)

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Teaching Approach

▪ without Hospitality Students ’Hospitality Language

Language Learning Guide Proficiency
(Comparison)
• Formative Test
▪ with Hospitality Language • Post-test
Learning Guide
(Experimental)

FIG 2. Research Paradigm

A. Present the conceptual framework or the research paradigm. The conceptual
model is the figurative presentation of the research.
B. Discuss thoroughly the framework and its details
C. I-P-O Framework / Research Paradigm

Statement of the Problem

A. make an introductory statement/paragraph
B. State the specific questions in interrogative manner to be answered by the
research proposal
C. State the null hypothesis(es) to be investigated; should be related to the
research problems
D. 1 descriptive question and 2-3 inferential questions (descriptive before
inferential)

Ex.
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the Hospitality Language

Learning Guide among the 3rd year B.S. Tourism students of the LSPU-LBC.

Specifically it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the formative test mean scores of the students in the comparison and
experimental group?
2. What are the post test mean scores of the students in the comparison and
experimental group?
3. Is there a significant difference between the formative test mean scores of the
students in the comparison and experimental group?
4. Is there a significant difference between the post test mean scores of the students
in the comparison and experimental group?
5. Is there a significant difference between the pretest and post-test mean scores of
each group?
Hypotheses

Ex.

The following hypotheses were treated at .01 level of significance:

There is no significant difference between the formative test mean scores

of the students in the comparison and experimental group.

There is no significant difference between the post test mean scores of the

students in the comparison and experimental group.

There is no significant difference between the pretest and post-test mean

scores of the comparison group.

There is no significant difference between the pretest and post-test mean

scores of the experimental group.

Significance of the Study

A. Make an introductory statement/paragraph
B. State the specific question in interrogative manner to be answered by the
research proposal
C. Identify who will be benefitted by the study (school administrators, principal,
curriculum developers, teachers, students, community and future researchers)
D. Paragraph form

Scope and Limitation of the Study

A. This portion answers the basic questions of what (study), where, when, why,
how, and who?
B. Identify the major variables of the study
C. Limitation explains why a certain variable is not included
D. 2-3 paragraphs
Definition of Terms
A. Define all the variables presented in the research paradigm conceptually then
operationally. You may also include other key or technical terminologies that
ae stated in your research title.
B. Arrange the terminologies alphabetically
C. Start with “It refers to…” or “It pertains too…”

Ex.
Teachers. The term refers to licensed individuals who perform duties as educators
whether in public or private educational institutions. In this study, it refers to the
English teachers from selected schools inLaguna.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Introductory Statement

A. Include all literature and studies related to the variables presented in the
conceptual framework
B. Present/discuss minimum of 15 literatures related to the topic
C. Include the Republic Acts, Presidential Decrees, Memorandum, Special
Orders, etc
D. Materials should not be older that 10 years (except for theories), ICT related-
5 years back
E. Discuss the similarity of your study with the recent/former studies done, and
indicate why and how they differ or similar e.g. in terms of methodology or
procedure employed, variables used, scope and limitations
F. Make a concluding paragraph indicating that your study was not yet explored
upon by earlier research undertaking
G. Sub headings may be provided
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introductory statement

Research Design
A. To be presented in 2-3 paragraphs
B. Indicate/specify and discuss the research design that is to be used (descriptive,
qualitative, etc.)
C. Relate how you are going to use the method in your research

Respondents/Participants (for qualitative) of the Study

A. State the nature of the study
B. Discuss the characteristics of the population or subject of the study, how and
where they were taken
C. Discuss how to determine the sample size and state the sampling technique to
be used

Research Instrument
A. Discuss and describe the research instruments to be used
B. Indicate its parts, contents, number of items, variables to be measured, the
scale of measurement used
• make items clear and short for an effective and high quality questionnaire
• Instruments could be questionnaire, checklist, attitudinal scales, personality
or character inventories, achievement or aptitude test, performance test,
projective devices, and sociometric devices (Fraenkel et al, 2012)
C. Discuss how the instrument was validated (5 experts)
D. Mention if adopted and/or modified and its source
Research Procedure
• Discuss how you are going to conduct the research from conceptualisation,
proposal defense, asking permission to conduct, etc.
• Include the general and operational procedures of the study (administration of
the questionnaire, data gathering, retrieval, interview, tabulation of data prior to
statistical test)

Statistical Treatment of Data

• State one by one the analyses to be done and indicate the specific statistical
tool to be used for each analysis (no need to put the formula)
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

A. Make an introductory paragraph on what are presented in the chapter

B. Present the complete data of the study. Present only the data that refer to the
goal and research questions of the study. Do not present any data not needed
in the study. The only commonly presented, whether directly or indirectly
related to the goal of the study or not, are the descriptive information of the
research participants (Wa_Mbaleka, 2014).
C. Discuss (present, analyse, and interpret) one by one the findings of the study
with respect to the topics enumerated in the Statement of the Problem in
Chapter 1. All specific questions in the Statement of the Problem may be
answered in this chapter supported with data, tables, and figures.
D. Analysis must be focused on the implications/significance between the
perceived relationships or differences as a result of the study. Do not stop by
just merely stating the statistical values. Discuss what made the results
significant. Refer always to the instrument and research procedures when
giving the implications.
E. To further strengthen the argument, refers to the previous findings. Carefully
quote the author’s statement.

Table 11. Eighth formative test mean scores of the students in the
comparison and experimental group

Verbal
Group Mean Std Dev Skewness
Description

78.00 7.89 0.11 Fairly

Comparison
Satisfactory

Experimental 87.74 13.43 -1.00 Satisfactory

Legend: 70 - 74 – Conditional; 75 - 77 – Passed; 78 - 83 – Fairly Satisfactory;84 - 89 – Satisfactory; 90 - 95 –

Very Satisfactory
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Introductory statement

Summary of Findings
A. Summarise the results based on Chapter IV. If there were only three specific
questions stated in Chapter I and answered in Chapter IV, then there will be
three results summarised in this chapter and no presentation of tables.
B. Present summary in paragraph form

Conclusions
A. Conclusions should summarise that findings in relation to the goal and
research questions of the study. Only inferential results should be presented
in the conclusion
B. Drawing conclusions should closely reflect as they appear in the findings or
result sections. Moreover, rejection and acceptance of hypothesis are
explained in this section.

Recommendations
A. Recommendations are based on the conclusions
B. Limit the recommendations to 3-5 items, with the last recommendation for
further studies
C. Number the recommendations
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. It is the concluding section of a research paper, thesis, or dissertation where
listings of source materials are alphabetically arranged
B. This follows after recommendations
C. It has the following sections
• to provide the reader foundation for further research
• to allow the reader to find out easily the full bibliographic information for
materials referred to in parenthetical notes
• to give necessary descriptive details for the source materials as a whole in
order that original materials be located and consulted by reader
D. Use APA style guide

Example:
Alatis, J. E. (2015). The Early History of TESOL. Georgetown University, Retrieved June 2015, from
http://www.tesol.org/about-tesol/association-governance/tesol%27s-history/the-early-
history-of-tesol#sthash.oE7iJF6K.dpuf

Basturkmen, H. (2006). Ideas and options in English for specific purposes. New Jersey: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.

Beaven, Z. & Wright, R. (2006). Experience! Experience! Experience! Employer Attitudes to Arts
and Event Management Graduate Employability. International Journal of Event
Management Research, Vol. 2, No.

APPENDICES
A. Includes the questionnaire, letter of transmittal, verbatim comments of the
respondents, original data, summary, tabulations and documents such as
department orders, circulars, memorandum, etc
B. It is listed by letter and maybe subdivided according to certain logical
classification
Curriculum vitae
A. Supplies data/information about the researcher categorised into personal
information, educational qualifications, work experience, honors/wards
received, scholarship/grants receive, research conducted, publications,
membership in professional and scientific organizations, and
seminars/trainings/workshops attended (include only the last three years that
are related to the problem of interest and major)
B. Photograph should be passport size
C. Place personal information at the last part

Abstract
A. Contains main problems, research design, major findings/inferential results,
and conclusion
B. 2-3 key words (italicized, 12 font size)
C. 200-300 words, no tabs, single space

Reminders:
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