Social Sciences is the branch of science devoted to the study of human societies and the

relationships among individuals within those societies. It is about people how they interact
with others in their society and how societies interact with each other.

Branches of the Social Sciences

• Economics studies the allocation of scarce resources and the production and exchange of
goods and services in society.
• Anthropology is the scientific study of humans and their cultures in the past and present time.
• History is systematic study of human past events in order to understand the meaning,
dynamics, and relationship of the cause and effects of events in the development of societies.
• Political Science primarily studies human behavior in relation to political systems,
governments, laws, and international relations.
• Psychology studies how the human mind works in consonance with the body to produce
thoughts that lead to individual actions.
• Sociology a systematic study of people’s behavior in groups
• Geography is the study of interaction between people and their environments.
• Demography according to the Max Planck Institute for Demographic
Applied Social Sciences branch of study that applies the different concepts, theoretical
models, and theories of the social science disciplines to help understand society and the
different problems and issues. The applied social sciences is utilized to provide alternative
solutions to the diverse problem of the society.

Three main career tracks for applied social scientist:

• Counselling is one of the fields of applied social sciences as an application of the social
sciences, counselling provides guidance, help, and support to individuals who are distraught by
a diverse set of problems in their lives.

Counselling can be done through the following:

o Guidance counselling
o Life coaching
o Career counselling
o Personal growth counselling

Social work practitioners help individuals, families, and groups, communities to improve their
individual and collective well-being.

Communication Studies- Applied social science provide adequate training for careers in the
field of journalism and mass communication because of multidisciplinary knowledge and skills
that graduates learn from social sciences.

1. Counseling – for nystul (2003) defined it as basically an art and a science wherein you
endeavor to weigh the objective and subjective facets of the counseling process.
2. As an art – is the subjective dimension of counseling. It upholds a flexible and creative
process whereby the counselor modifies the approach to meet the developing needs of the
clients.
3. As a science – on the other hand, is the objective dimension of the counseling process.
4. In practical terms – counseling happens when person who is distressed asks for help and
permit another person to enter into a kind of connection with him/her. It is indicative with formal
of someone in search of counseling requests for time and attention from person who will listen,
who will allow him/her to speak and who will not condemn and criticize him/her.
5. Informal helping- is a kin with formal helping in some ways such as presence of good
listening skills, empathy, and caring capacity.
6. Based on Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004, guidance and counseling is the
profession that implicates the application of “ an integrated approach to the development of a
well-functioning individual “ through the provision of support that
aidsanindividualtousehis/herpotentialtothefullestinaccordwithhis/herinterest needs and abilities.
(University of Queensland, 2015).
7. At the American Counseling Association (ACA) Conference in Pittsburgh in March 2010,
the representatives come to an agreement on a mutual definition of counseling. They agreed
that counseling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families and
group to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals (Kaplan, Tarvydas,
and Gladding, 2014).
 8. Counseling is a discipline that is involved in the provision of advice or guidance in decision-
making especially in emotionally significant situations. It is a avenue where trustworthy experts
help clients explore and understand their worlds and so discover better ways of thinking and
living.

Goals of Counseling – the key component of individual, group, organizational and community
success
-Detailed and expansive counseling goals have been identified by Gibson and Mitchell (2003),
which are as follows:
1. Development Goals – assist in meeting or advancing the clients human growth and
development including social, personal, emotional, cognitive, and physical wellness.
2. Preventive Goals – helps the client avoid some undesired outcome. E.g. failing grades,
3. Enhancement Goals- enhance special skills and abilities.
4. Remedial Goals – assisting a client to overcome and treat an undesirable development
5. Exploratory Goals- examining options, testing of skills, trying new and different activities,
etc.
6. Reinforcement Goals- helps client in recognizing, that what they are doing, thinking, and
feeling is fine
7. Cognitive Goals-involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and cognitive skills
8. Physiological Goals – involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for good health
9. Psychological Goals – aids in developing good social interaction skills, learning emotional
control, and developing positive self – concept.

GOAL DESCRIPTION
Insight Understanding of the origins and development of emotional difficulties, leading to an
increased capacity to take rational control over feelings and actions
Relating with others Becoming better able to form and maintain meaningful and satisfying relationships with
other people: for example , within the family or workplace
Self-awareness Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings that had been blocked off or denied, or
developing a more accurate sense of how self is perceived by others.
Self-acceptance The development of a positive attitude toward self, marked by an ability to acknowledge
areas of experience that had been the subject of self- criticism and rejection
Self-actualization Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or achieving an integration of previously
conflicting parts of self.
Enlightenment Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of spiritual awakening
Problem-Solving Finding a solution to a specific problem that the client had not been able to resolve
alone. Acquiring a general competence in problem – solving
Psychological Education Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniques with which to understand and
control behavior
Acquisition of Social Skills Learning and mastering social and interpersonal skills such as maintenance of eye
contact , turn taking in conversations, assertive, or anger control
Cognitive change The modification or replacement of irrational beliefs or mal adaptive thought patterns
associated with self- destructive behavior
Behavior change The modification or replacement of maladaptive or self-destructive patterns of behavior.
Systematic change Introducing change into the way in that social systems operate
Empowerment Working on skills , awareness, and knowledge that will enable to client to take control of
his or her own life
Restitution Helping the client to make amends for previous destructive behavior
Generality Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to care for others and pass on knowledge
and to contribute to the collective good through political engagement

What is Principle?
A principle is a proposition or value that is a guide for behavior or evaluation. In law, it is a rule
that has to be or usually is to be followed, or can be desirably followed, or is an inevitable
consequence of something, such as the laws observed in nature or the way that a system is
constructed.
Basic Principles of Counseling
1. Principles of Learning – the presence of the learning elements in the entire process are
accepted and recognized.
2. Principles of Acceptance – the counselors show positive regards and accepts the client
irrespective of who she/he is. The client should be given due regards= to his./her rights.
3. Principles of Permissiveness- developing optimism through professional relationship allows
freedom of choice and behavior.
4. Principle of Respect for the Individual - This is an attitude, which portrays the belief that
every person is a worthy being that is competent to decide what he or she really wants, has the
potential for growth, and has the abilities to achieve what he or she really wants from life.
5. Principle of Thinking with the Individual – It is the role of the counselor to put him/herself
in the shoes of the counselee in order to analyze his/her thoughts,

ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF COUNSELORS

Gibson and Mitchell (2003) defined counselor functions as guidance activities, and comprised a
list of ten activities that serve as a guideline for the overall function of guidance counselors.

1. Individual assessment Seeks to identify the characteristics and potential of every client;
promotes the client’s self-understanding and assisting counselors to
understand the client better.
2. Individual counseling Considers as the core activity through which other activities become
meaningful. It is a client–centered process that demand confidentiality.
Relationship is established between counselor and client.
3. Group counseling and Groups are means of providing organized and planned assistance to
guidance individuals for an array of needs. Counselor provides assistance through
group counseling and group guidance.
4. Career assistance Counselors are called on to provide career planning and adjustment
assistance to clients.
5. Placement and follow- A service of school counseling programs with emphasis one educational
up placements in course and programs.
6. Referral It is the practice of helping the clients find needed expert assistance that
the referring counselor cannot provide.
7. Consultation It is the process of helping a client through a third party or helping system
improve its service to its clientele.
8. Research It is necessary to advance the profession of counseling; it can provide
empirically based data relevant to the ultimate goal of implementing
effective counseling.
9. Evaluation and Evaluation is a means of assessing the effectiveness of counselor’s
accountability activities. Accountability is an outgrowth of demand that schools and
other tax-supported
institutions be held accountable for their actions.
10. Prevention This includes promotion of mental health through primary prevention
using a social – psychological perspective.

Counselor. A person who provides guidance and intervention to an individual or group particularly in
dealing and managing an issue or a problem or difficulty, that includes helping them to look for possible
answers or solutions that will alleviate suffering.

Counseling and Its Work settings

1. Counselors in Schools – According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003), counselors are recognized
especially in the preventive interventions and developmental stage. There are elementary school
counselors, junior high school counselors, secondary school counselors, counselors in vocational
schools, counselors in higher education, and counselors in community and junior colleges. The
counseling service in the schools is usually located under the student affairs program. It is under
the supervision of the Dean of Students Affairs.
2. Counselors in the Community Setting – refers to employment in community, agency, and other
non-school professional situations. Counselors can be found in the community and mental health
agencies, employment and rehabilitation agencies, correctional settings, and marriage and family
practice. (Gibson and Mitchell, 2003)
3. Counselors in the Private Sector – refers to counselors who decided to do fulltime work as
private practitioners or engage in part-time private practice while employed by community
agencies. This is feasible if the counselors' expertise and specialization match or relevant to an
adequate client population in the geographic area. (Gibson and Mitchell, 2003)
4. Counselors in the Government – counselors are also present in various agencies of
government or institutions supported by the government that is into social welfare, health, and
education. Relevant agencies or institutions include public schools, public social welfare agencies
such as that for the youth, children, and aging.

Right – something to which one has a just claim; such as the power or privilege to which one is justly
entitled.
Responsibility – refers to moral, legal and mental accountability
Accountability – an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to account for one’s actions
 Counselor – a person who gives advice or counseling
Counseling - professional guidance of the individual by utilizing psychological methods especially in
collecting case history data, using various techniques of the personal interview, and testing interests and
aptitudes
Counselee / Client – one who is being counselled.

Voluntary Clients those who opted to voluntarily seek assistance of the worker or the services of the agencies due
to problems or difficulty which they think they cannot do it on their own.
Involuntary Clients Those individual in need who may not even consider asking help because they think that they
are doing fine and will survive somehow or they are unaware of the agencies that can provide
them help/ assistance.
Clientele Refers to a class or group of persons who are receiving services from a professional therapist.

Counseling Process of assisting and guiding clients, especially by trained persons on a professional basis
to resolve especially personal, social, or psychological problems

Reality is the realistic and objective perception of existing condition or situation.

Counselor In Psychology, the Professional Psychologist to help people with physical, emotional, and
mental health issues improve their sense of well-being, alleviate feelings of distress and resolve
crisis.
Client It refers to a person who is receiving services from a therapist or mental health doctors. The
term client is often used interchangeably with the word patients.
Audience Individuals and groups of people who receive service from various counseling professions.
These individuals and groups vary in their needs and context where they avail of counseling
services.
Neurotic is a long-term tendency to be in negative state People with neuroticism tend to have more
depressed moods, they suffer from feelings of guilt, envy, anger and anxiety more frequently
and more severely than other individuals.
Psychotic This is a disorder for more severe mental disorder that caused abnormal thinking and
perceptions.
Personality Disorder It involves long term patterns of thought and behaviors that are unhealthy and inflexible. The
behaviors cause serious problems with relationships and works. People with personality
disorder have trouble dealing with everyday stresses.
Neuroticism is a personality trait involving a long-term tendency to be in a negative or anxious emotional
state.