Theories of Leadership Psychological

THE POLITICAL SELF Needs

Jose Rizal- It is useless life that is not David McClelland believed that we
consecrated to a great ideal. It is like a have three psychological needs:
stone on the field without becoming a
part of any edifice.  Need for power (nPow)
 Need for affiliation (nAff)
Aristotle- Man is a political animal.  Need for achievement (nAch)
Politics- Art and science of Origins of the Political Self
governance; process by which a group
of people make decisions. -Authority is necessary in the
development of the political self and
Political Community- Where people identity
belong offers an opportunity for them
to define themselves and provide -Aristotle considers the state as a
opportunities to satisfy their needs of natural union of families, established
affiliation. for the common good under a definite
government.
Political Self and Identity
-Educational Institutions are mandated
Political self- Helps in defining the to inculcate among the youth the value
structure and functions of the of patriotism and nationalism.
government, in telling and
understanding the relationship - Church emphasis moral behavior that
between the state and the citizens, shape the ideals of citizenship.
and in describing their rights, freedom,
Theories of Political Self
and obligation as citizens.
Social Learning Theory- Person can
Citizenship- Becomes a salient basis
acquire learning through observation
for political self.
and imitation.
As an individual meet new people and
Political Socialization- Process of
join new groups, the political self is
observation and imitation.
influenced and modified by the
opinions, comments, and suggestions Cognitive Theory- Suggests that the
of other people. mental activities of individuals are
important determinants of behavior.
2 types of Motives of Social Influence
Symbolic Interaction Theory-
Normative Influence- based on
Behavior are products of
conforming to positive expectations of
communication, meaning, and
others; helps avoid punishment.
symbols.
Informational Influence- based on
Political Participation- Citizen’s
accepting the information obtained
actions or activities anchored in
from others as evidence of reality.
politics.
Leadership- Process by which certain
group members motivate and guide
the group.
 Digital Identities- You present
yourself in so many ways in various
THE DIGITAL SELF contexts like your presentation of
yourself when you are with your
Social media- Is a term for numerous parents may be different when we are
technologies that allow instantaneous with your friends or when you are with
communication, status updates, and classmates for instance. And this
social networking among individuals. extends to the online world. Your
Tim Berners-Lee- Invented the World construction of yourself in the online
Wide Web in 1989. world results in the emergence of a
new kind of self. Digital technologies
Six Degrees (Andrew Weinreich, May allow us to reinvent ourselves
1996)- Widely considered to be the creatively. We tend to feel that we
very first social networking site. The have a certain control to construct our
site launched in 1997. personal identity more in the online
18 Years later- There are hundreds of environment than in physical.
different social media sites such as Technoference (Brandon McDaniel)-
Facebook, twitter and Instagram. Looks into how the use of technology
Saunders & Vallance (2017)- intrudes upon familial relationships.
Excessive electronic use raises the Here are the following:
risk of obesity, interferes with social FOMO (Fear of missing out)- Ability
activities and family time, and takes a to remotely check email or news
toll on a teen's mental health. bulletins can help make more efficient
Social Media Growth in the Philippines use of time, but the fear of not seeing
an email or news story (or not seeing it
76 million- Active social media users. promptly enough), and missing out
(even briefly) on some morsel of
71%- of the population.
information, compels increased
4 hrs and 12 mins- Average time checking of digital devices.
spent.
Screen Time- The pandemic causes
Brighter Side of Social Media an increase in screen time for most of
us. Gadgets are the first and last thing
-Relieve Stress
that we use most of the day.
-Release Anxiety Consequently, often result in a lack of
sleep even Netflix CEO claimed that
-Depression
their biggest competitor is sleep.
-Boost Self- Worth
Saunders & Vallance (2017)-
-Happiness adds up years to our lives. Excessive electronic use raises the
risk of obesity, interferes with social
Digital Self- Aspect of the self that is activities and family time, and takes a
expressed or shared with others toll on a teen's mental health.
through online interactions on the
internet. Snapchat Dysmorphia- This editing
can warp perception of self-image: the
adjusted image being seen as correct;
the unfiltered, unedited image 3. Act safely and responsibly in
becoming a source of dissatisfaction. digital environments
4. Negotiate and resolve conflict
5. Manage digital workload,
Fake News- How we interact with overload, and distraction
technology and use the information we 6. Act with concern for the human
get from it could have an impact on and natural environment when
how we behave and perceptive things. using digital tools.
The digital society offers vast 7. This all requires an
information with just a click, that's why understanding of the benefits
it is important to understand its and risks of digital participation
creation and dissemination processes. with health and wellbeing
If we fall for manipulated and biased outcomes (JISC, 2019).
information such as "fake news," this
can also harm our decisions and
understanding of the world.
SETTING THE
JOMO (Joy Of Missing Out)- Refers
to the pleasure to be had from GOALS FOR
enjoying your current activity rather SUCCESS
than worrying that other people might
be having more fun. How to Michelangelo Buonarroti- What you
experience JOMO: get by achieving your goals is not as
important as what you become by
 Focus on the exhale
achieving your goals.
 Spend time in nature
 Practice Gratitude Confucius (551-479 B.C)- When it is
 Change your relationship with obvious that the goals cannot be
technology reached, don’t adjust the goals, adjust
 Choose happiness as much as the action steps.
you can.
Goal-Setting Research: Findings and
Digital Wellbeing- Defined in terms of Statistics
the capabilities and skills that an
Cecil Alec Mace (1894–1971)-
individual requires to successfully
Conducted the first study on
make use of digital technologies.
goalsetting in 1935.
The Jisc Six Elements of Digital
People who write their goals are more
Literacy identifies the following
likely to achieve their goal than those
capabilities as being essential for
who don’t by 50%; motivation experts
digital wellbeing:
agree that goals should be written
1. Look after personal health, down, and carried with oneself, if
safety, relationships and work- possible; carefully outlined goals,
life balance in digital settings which can be measured and set within
2. Use digital tools in pursuit of specific timeframes, are more effective
personal goals (e.g. health and
92% of New Year resolutions fail by
fitness) and to participate in
the 15th of January.
social and community activities
Goals that are kept to oneself are 5. Task Complexity is the final
more likely to be mixed up with the factor. It’s important to set
1,500 thoughts that the average goals that are aligned with the
person experiences by the minute goal’s complexity.
83%- Percentage of the population of Mindset- Dictate your success or
the United States do not have goals failure and how you cope with
(Harvard research documents). challenges along the way; guide to
move forward.
90%- Success rate of Goal-setting
Carol Dweck- Studies human
Locke & Latham (2022)- Goals have
motivation; Dweck’s work shows the
an energizing function. The higher the
power of our most basic beliefs.
goal, the greater the effort invested.
Whether conscious or subconscious,
Why Set Goals in Life? they strongly “affect what we want and
whether we succeed in getting it.
Mark Murphy- The truth is that some
goals are achieved while others are Two types of mindsets:
not and it’s important to understand
Fixed mindset- Students believes
why; don’t put off until tomorrow what
their basic abilities, their intelligence
you could do today.
their talents are just fixed. They have a
Effective Ways of Goal Setting (Locke certain amount and that’s that, and
& Latham) their goals become to look smart all
the time and never look dumb.
1. Clarity is important when it
comes to goals. Setting goals Growth mindset- Students
that are clear and specific understand that their talents and
eliminate the confusion that abilities can be developed through
occurs when a goal is set in a effort, good teaching and persistence.
more generic manner. They don’t necessarily think
2. Challenging goals stretch everyone’s the same or anyone can be
your mind and cause you to Einstein, but they believe everyone
think bigger. This helps you can get smarter if they work for it
accomplish more. Each (Upclosed, 2017).
success you achieve helps you
build a winning mindset.
3. Commitment is also
important. If you don’t commit
to your goal with everything
you have it is less likely you will
achieve it.
4. Feedback helps you know
what you are doing right and
how you are doing. This
allows you to adjust your
expectations and your plan of
action going forward.