FOUNDATION YEAR

2023-2024

មុខវិជ្ជា ៖ កាយវិភាគវិទ្យា (Anatomy)

Session 10: Skeletal muscle activity

សកម ពរបស់ ច់ដុំ ប់ឆឹង
CONTENTS

Stimulation and contraction of single skeletal

1
muscle fibers

2 Type of body movement

3 Name of muscle
Learning outcomes (LOs)
At the end of this session, students will be able to:

- Describe how an action potential is initiated in a muscle cell.

- Describe group actions of muscles & types of body movements
- Explain how to name the muscles
1. Stimulation and contraction
of single skeletal muscle
fibers
 Excitability: Capacity to generate or respond
The following properties of

to electrical (nerve) impulses

Contractility: ability to shorten in

Muscle cell

length (contraction)

Extensibility: ability to extend in

length when relaxed

Elasticity: ability to stretch and

return to normal length
The role of a muscle is to move a
body part.
Each end of most skeletal muscles
adheres to a different bone.
The contraction of the muscle causes
one bone to move while the other
remains relatively still.
The origin refers to the end of the muscle that attaches to
the more stationary bone. For example, the origin of the
biceps brachii is the scapula, which is relatively
immobile.

The belly is the thick midsection of the muscle.

The insertion is the end of the muscle that attaches to

the more movable bone. The insertion of the biceps
brachii is the radius. When the muscle contracts, it
pulls the radius toward the scapula.
How Motor Neuron Stimulation of Skeletal
Muscle?
Motor Neuron Cell Bodies In brainstem and spinal cord

Axons Carry impulses to skeletal muscles

Axon Branching Stimulates different muscle fibers

Neuromuscular Junction Connection between motor neuron and muscle fiber

Synaptic Cleft Narrow space between end of motor nerve and muscle
fiber
Motor Neuron Stimulation
of Skeletal Muscle
- Allow the students to work in
group (Watch VIDEO below)
to discuss about “ how muscle
contract and relax?”
- Student present about above
topic.
Contraction Events
How Muscle Fibers Contract?
1. Impulse Reaches Motor Neuron End: An impulse triggers the release
of acetylcholine (ACh) from vesicles at the motor neuron's end.
2. ACh Release and Diffusion: ACh crosses the synaptic cleft and
stimulates receptors on the muscle fiber's sarcolemma.
3. Electrical Impulse Transmission: The sarcolemma sends an electrical
impulse along the T tubules, leading to calcium release from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4. Calcium and Muscle Contraction: Calcium binds to troponin,
exposing attachment points on actin filaments. Myosin heads then bind
to actin, causing muscle contraction.

How Muscle Fibers Contract?

 How Muscle Fibers Relax?

1. Nerve impulses cease at the neuromuscular junction.

2. Acetylcholine (ACh) release stops.
3. Acetylcholinesterase enzyme breaks down remaining ACh.
4. Calcium ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
5. Calcium removal causes troponin and tropomyosin to block
myosin binding sites on actin.
6. Muscle fiber relaxes.
2. Type of body
movement
2. Type of body movement

• Flexionចលនាបត់ means the

bending of the elbow or knee or
any other joint. Also, it
mandatorily refers to the
placement of two ventral
surfaces, that are usually the
same thing.
• The extension ចលនាពនា្លាតចាញ is the
straightening of a joint or the movement
of two ventral surfaces such that they
come to lie further apart.
• Abduction
ចលនាចាញពីអ័កាសកណ្តាល is
movement of a part of a body away
from the midline in the coronal plane.
For example, abduction of the arm is
lifting the arm out sideways.
● Adduction
ចលនាទៅរកអ័កាសកណ្តាល

is movement towards the middle of the

body in the coronal plane.
Rotation ចលនារង្វិល : rotation is movement around the long
axis of a bone.

Internal rotation External rotation

Supinationចលនាផ្ងាចាញ: It is the lateral rotation of the forearm so
that the palm comes to face anteriorly (forwards).
Pronationចលនាផ្កាប់ចូល: It is the medial rotation of the forearm so
that the palm comes to face backward.

Supination Pronation
•Inversion of the foot: It is the movement that causes the plantar
surface of the foot to face inwards and downwards.
•Eversion of the foot: It is the movement that causes the plantar
surface of the foot to face laterally and downwards.

Inversion Eversion
Opposition: when the thumb contacts one of the other fingers.
Reposition: when the thumb returns back to the starting position.

Opposition Reposition
Group actions of Muscles
1. Agonist (Prime mover): a muscle that causes the desired action.

Ex. Biceps > flexion of brachialis.

2. Synergist (Helper): a muscle that acts with an agonist

3. Antagonist: a muscle that causes the opposite action of the

agonist. Ex. Triceps > extension of the brachialis.

4. Fixator: a muscle that stabilizes body positions & decreases

unnecessary movement.
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3. Name of muscle

The body contains over 600 muscles.

Muscles are named according to:
• Direction of fibers • Fascicle Arrangement
• Location • Origin / Insertion
• Size • Number of origins
• Shape • Action
a. Muscle Naming: Fiber Direction
Rectus – straight along an axis
• Rectus abdominis
Oblique – at an angle
• External obliques
Transverse – horizontal
• Transverse abdominis
Orbicularis – circular
• Orbicularis oris

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b. Muscle Naming: Location
Location
• Anatomical regions of the body or
landmarks used in the name
• Examples: Abdominis, femoris,
anterior tibialis
Position
• Close to the surface: externus,
superficialis
• Deep: internus, profundus
 c. Muscle Naming: Size, Shape

Size Shape
• Magnus – large • Trapezius – kite
• Major – “greater” shaped
• Longus – long • Rhomboids –
• Teres – long and round rhombus shaped
• Minor – “lesser” • Deltoid –
• Minimus – very small triangle shaped
• Brevis – short
 d. Muscle Types: Fascicle Arrangement
Classified by fiber patterns
convergent
circular
• Parallel: lined up along the long axis
▪ central bulge: “belly” parallel

• Convergent: wide, then narrows

• Pennate: feather-like bipennate

▪ Unipennate
▪ Bipennate
▪ Multipennate
• Circular: concentric layers
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 e. Muscle Attachment Points
Two or more attachment points that determine their
possible actions
• Origin: Immovable attachment, tends to be
proximal or medial attachment
• “braces” the muscle in place
• Insertion: Movable attachment, tends to be
lateral or distal attachment
• pulls on the bone/skin that needs to be
moved
• moves the bone/skin toward the origin

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 f. Muscle Naming: Origin/Insertion

Origin / Insertion – origin first, insertion

second
• Example: sternocleidomastoid
Number of origins
• Example: Triceps brachii, biceps
brachii
Example: Biceps Brachii - Long Head
Biceps brachii – long head
• Origin: scapula – coracoid process,
supra- glenoid tubercle

• Insertion: radial tuberosity

• Contraction: shortens the muscle

• Action- flexion of the elbow

f. Activities
Muscles of the Head and Neck
Muscles of Facial Expression Muscles of Chewing
Temporalis
Frontalis
Masseter
Orbicularis oculi

Muscles That Move the Head

Zygomaticus
Sternocleidomastoid
Orbicularis oris
Trapezius
f. Activities (Cont.)
Muscles of the Trunk
Muscles Involved in Breathing

External intercostals Internal intercostals

Diaphragm
Muscles Forming the Abdominal Wall

Rectus abdominis

Transversus abdominis
External oblique

Linea alba (white line) Internal oblique

f. Activities (Cont.)
Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Arm

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

Serratus anterior

Anterior
 Rotator cuff: The tendons of
four muscles (attached to the
Trapezius scapula) form the rotator cuff.
They are the:
• supraspinatus
• infraspinatus
Latissimus dorsi
• teres minor and
• subscapularis (on the
anterior scapula)

Posterior
f. Activities (Cont.)
Muscles That Move the Forearm
Brachialis

Biceps brachii

Triceps brachii

Brachioradialis

Pronator muscles: A supinator

muscle—not visible here—lies deep in the
forearm near the elbow; it joins forces with
the biceps brachii to allow supination
(palms up).
f. Activities (Cont.)
Muscles Acting on the Hip and Thigh
Anterior

Iliac crest
The iliopsoas: The adductor muscles:
• Iliacus • Adductor magnus
• Psoas major • Adductor brevis
• Adductor longus
• Gracilis
The sartorius is the longest
muscle in the body The quadriceps femoris. The fourth, the vastus
intermedius, lies underneath the rectus femoris.
• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
 The gluteal muscles consist of the
following three muscles:
Gluteus medius: Abducts and rotates the
thigh outward.
Gluteus maximus: The bulkiest muscle
in the body; it produces the backswing of
the leg when walking and provides most
of the power for climbing stairs
Adductor magnus Gluteus minimus: This muscle lies
The hamstrings are a group Gracilis beneath the other two gluteal muscles,
of muscles consisting of the where it assists the gluteus medius in
following three muscles: abducting the thigh when the leg is
Biceps femoris extended; it also aids in both internally
Semitendinosus and externally rotating the thigh
Semimembranosus

Posterior
f. Activities (Cont.)
Muscles Acting on the Foot

The bulging calf muscle is the result of two muscles: the gastrocnemius
(the more superficial muscle) and the soleus (the deeper muscle).
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Contraction of these muscles causes plantar flexion of the foot (such as
when walking or standing on tiptoe).

The common tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus is the

calcaneal (Achilles) tendon. It inserts on the calcaneus (heel bone).
Muscles in the lower leg are primarily responsible for moving the
foot and ankle.
The extensor digitorum longus and the tibialis anterior
dorsiflexion the foot, keeping the toes from dragging the ground
when walking. The extensor digitorum longus also extends the
toes and turns the foot outward (eversion).
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus

The muscles of the lower leg pull on tendons that attach to

the bones of the foot. The foot also contains numerous
smaller muscles that act to flex and extend the toes.
References
Elaine Nicpon Marieb, & Keller, S. M. (2022). Essentials of human
anatomy & physiology (13th ed.). Pearson.
Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2021). Principles of anatomy and
physiology (16th ed.). Wiley.
LaPres, J. H., Gunstream, S. E., Benson, H. J., Talaro, A., & Talaro, K. P.
(2021). Gunstream’s Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Textbook
Essentials Version. McGraw-Hill Education.
Gale Sloan Thompson. (2020). Understanding Anatomy & Physiology, A
Visual, Auditory, Interactive Approach. F.A. Davis.

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THANK YOU
Questions? Contact us!

Foundation Year Department

University of Puthisastra

[email protected]
+855(0)23 221 624
puthisastra.edu.kh

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FOUNDATION YEAR 2023-2024