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16 views

physics

Uploaded by

satyampriyadrshan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 15

YOUNG PHOENIX PUBLIC

SCHOOL

Bhubaneswar, Odisha

To study various factors on which the Internal resistance


of emf of a cell depends.

SUBMITTED BY:

Name : Yagyanjyoti Naik


Class : 12th
Roll no :
Subject : English

Guided by:
Mr. NEERAJ KUMAR SINGH
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Yagyanjyoti Naik, of class -XII has
successfully complete the Investigatory project on the topic
“VARIOUS FACTOR ON WHICH THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE
OF E.M.F OF CELL DEPENDS" under the guidance of
MR.NEERAJ SINGH during the year 2022-23 in the partial
fulfilment of the physics practical examination
conducted by the CBSE.

SIGN OF PRINCIPAL

SIGN OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGN OF TEACHER


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I'd like to thank my Principal, Mrs. Sujata Mohanty who
helped me learn a lot about this project and her ideas and
comments aided in the completion of this project.

I would like to express my immense gratitude to my physics


teacher MR. Neeraj Kumar Singh for the help and guidance
he provided for completing this project.

I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs in


making this project. Most of all I thank our school
management, for providing us the facilities and opportunity
to do this project

Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates who have done


this project along with me. Their support made this
project fruitful.

YAGYANJYOTI NAIK
INDEX
CONTENT PAGE NO
Certificate 2

Acknowledgement 3
Topic 5

Introduction 6
Internal Resistance 7
Practical Analysis 8
Theory 9

Procedure 10-12
Observation 13

Result 14

Precaution 15
Bibliography 15
Topic
To study the various factor on which the Internal
Resistance/e.m.f. of cell depends.

3
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day.
Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful so that
their potential can be increased greatly.

Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for the


factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.

When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased, we can


increase the potential difference across it, and hence make
it more reliable.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE

International resistance is defined as the resistance offered


by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.

 It's S.I. unit is Ohm (n)

For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r),


connected to an external resistance (R) such that (I) is the
current flowing through the circuit. EV + Ir

 Internal resistance (r)=E-V\I


PRACTICAL ANALYSIS

OBJECTIVE:

To study the various factors on which the internal


resistance of a cell depends.

APPARATUS:

 Potentiometer
 Battery (battery eliminator)
 Two one-way keys
 Rheostat
 Galvanometer
 Resistance box
 Ammeter
 Cell(Leclanché cell)
 Setsquare
 Connecting Wire and Sand Paper
Theory

The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its


electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of cell

 Is directly proportional to the distance between the


electrodes .
 Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the
electrodes in electrolyte.
 Decreases with increase in Temperature of electrolyte
i.e. inversely proportional to concentration of
electrolyte.

The internal resistance of a cell is given by: r= E - V/R

*Circuit diagram:
Procedure
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper
and make tight connections according to diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the emf of the battery and make sure that the
emf of the battery is more than of the cell, otherwise
null or balance point will not be obtained.

To study the variation of internal resistance with distance of


separation.

1. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16cm.


2. Take maximum current from the battery, making
rheostat resistance small.
3. Without inserting a plug-in-key Kg, adjust the rheostat
so that a null point is obtained on the last wire in
potentiometer.
4. Determine the position of the null point accurately
using a set square and measure the balancing length
(1) b/w the null point and the end P.
5. Next introduce plugs in both keys Kg and K2 at the
same time take out a small resistance (1-5 W) from
the shunt resistance box connected in parallel with
the cell.
6. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and
obtain the null point.
7. Measure the balancing length (*2) from end P. Record
these observations.
8. Now keep the electrodes 12cm apart.
9. Then remove the plugs of keys K, and K2. Wait for
some time and repeat steps 7 to 10 Now keep the
electrodes 9cm apart and obtain another set of
observations.

To study variations of internal resistance with area of


electrodes.

1. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area


of electrodes in ethe electrolyte by dipping them into
the electrolyte at different depths for each
observation.
2. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7
to 10. Record your readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with concentration
of electrolyte

1. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the


concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water
for different observations. Obtain three such
observations by repeating step 7 to 10. Record your
readings.

To study variation of internal resistance with Temperature

1. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the


Temperature of electrolyte.
2. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7
to 10. Record your readings.
OBSERVATIONS
Sl No. Ammeter Position of Null point(cm) Shunt Resistance Internal
reading R Resistance r

(A) (D) (D)


With R (//) Without R
(/2)

`1 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94

2 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77

3 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51

Table for Effect of Separation between Electrodes

Sl No. Separation Balancing Balancing point Internal r/d


between Point/t (cm) !2(***) Resistance r(D)
electrodes d ( )

1 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38

2 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38

3 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38


Results and inferences

 The Electromotive Force of the Cell is constant and is


equal to E = 0.98 Volt.
 The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional
to the separation b/w the electrodes.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the Temperature of electrolytes.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the concentration of the electrolyte
Precautions

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight


2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when
observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E, and E2
should, all be connected to the terminal at
the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It
should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the
rheostat for this purpose.

Bibliography

 Wikipedia
 Google.com
 Physics NCERT book for class XII

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