CHEN10072 ENGINEERING

1 MATHEMATICS 2
Coursework 2024
Question 1
Given
4𝑥! − 𝑥" + 𝑥# = 6
𝑥 − 2𝑥# + 𝑥$ = −7
! "
𝑥! − 2𝑥" + 𝑥# − 3𝑥$ = 8
𝛼𝑥! + 𝑥" − 𝑥# = 𝛽

(a) Given that 𝛼 = 4 and 𝛽 = 2, write the system of equations in. the form of Ax=b,
where A, x and b are matrices.

4 −1 1 0 𝑥! 6
0 1 −2 1 𝑥" −7
. 1 .𝑥 1 = . 1
1 −2 1 −3 # 8
4 1 −1 0 𝑥$ 2

A x = b

(b) Solve for 𝑥! , 𝑥" , 𝑥# , 𝑥$ using Gaussian elimination.

4 −1 1 0 6
0 1 −2 1 −7
. 1
1 −2 1 −3 8
4 1 −1 0 2

4 −1 1 0 6
0 1 −2 1 −7
𝑟$ = 𝑟$ − 𝑟! ⇒ . 1
1 −2 1 −3 8
0 2 −2 0 −4

4 −1 1 0 6
0 1 −2 1 −7
𝑟# = 4𝑟# − 𝑟! ⇒ . 1
0 −7 3 −12 26
0 2 −2 0 −4

4 −1 1 0 6
0 1 −2 1 −7
𝑟$ = 𝑟$ /2 ⇒ . 1
0 −7 3 −12 26
0 1 −1 0 −2

4 −1 1 0 6
0 1 −2 1 −7
𝑟# = 𝑟# + 7𝑟" ⇒ . 1
0 0 −11 −5 −23
0 1 −1 0 −2

4 −1 1 0 6
0 1 −2 1 −7
𝑟$ = 𝑟$ − 𝑟" ⇒ . 1
0 0 −11 −5 −23
0 0 1 −1 5

1
 4 −1 1 0 6
⎡0 1 −2 1 −7 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
𝑟$ = 𝑟$ + 𝑟# /11 ⇒ ⎢0 0 −11 −5 −23⎥
⎢ −16 32 ⎥
⎣ 0 0 0
11 11 ⎦

−16 32
𝑥$ =
11 11

𝑥$ = −2

−11𝑥# − 5𝑥$ = −23

−11𝑥# − 5(−2) = −23

−11𝑥# + 10 = −23

−11𝑥# = −33

𝑥# = 3

𝑥" − 2𝑥# + 𝑥$ = −7

𝑥" − 2(3) − 2 = −7

𝑥" − 8 = −7

𝑥" = 1

4𝑥! −𝑥" + 𝑥# = 6

𝑥! − 1 + 3 = 6

4𝑥! + 2 = 6

4𝑥! = 4

𝑥! = 1

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(c) Check your answer to (b) by using MATLAB to calculate an inverse matrix. Attach
a screenshot or print-out to show how you did this.

(d) If, instead, we have 𝛼 = −4 and 𝛽 = −6, explain in detail what happens to the
solution of the system.

4 −1 1 0 6
0 1 −2 1 −7
. 1
1 −2 1 −3 8
−4 1 −1 0 −6

4 −1 1 0 6
0 1 −2 1 −7
𝑟$ = 𝑟$ + 𝑟! ⇒ . 1
1 −2 1 −3 8
0 0 0 0 0

Therefore 𝑥! +𝑥" +𝑥# +𝑥$ = 0

There are infinite choices of 𝑥! , 𝑥" , 𝑥# , 𝑥$ to satisfy the equation. Hence, there is
infinite solutions.

Question 2
Consider the simultaneous equations
𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥𝑦, 𝑒 %& − 2 = 3%

(a) Rearrange both equations to write y in terms of x and sketch or plot curves to
show there is one solution with −1 < 𝑥 < 0.

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This graph shows that there is only one solution between −1 < 𝑥 < 0.

𝟏 𝒍𝒏(𝟑𝒙 0𝟐)
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙,𝟏,𝒙 𝒚= 𝒙

(b) Find the Jacobian matrix (matrix of partial derivatives) for the system.
𝑓! (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) − 𝑦 − 1 − 𝑥𝑦
𝑓" (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 %& − 2 − 3%
𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) − 𝑦 − 1 − 𝑥𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = I J
𝑒 %& − 2 − 3%

The Jacobian matrix, J, is given by:

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓!
⎡ ! ⎤
⎢ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ⎥ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 ) − 𝑦 sin(𝑥 ) − 1 − 𝑥
𝐽=⎢ ⎥ = I %& J
𝜕𝑓" 𝜕𝑓" 𝑦𝑒 − 3% 𝑙𝑛3 𝑥𝑒 %&
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ⎦

(c) Using the starting values x=-1, y=-1 use one iteration of Newton’s method to find
an improved approximation to the solution to the system. Give your answer to two
decimal places. Shows your working and don’t use MATLAB for this part.

The Newton’s method iteration formula Is given by:

𝑥!"# 𝑥! 𝑓 (𝑥 , 𝑦 )
!𝑦 $ = !𝑦 $ − [𝐽]$# . + # ! ! 0
!"# ! 𝑓% (𝑥! , 𝑦! )
−1 1 𝑒 "# −(sin(𝑥) − 1 − 𝑥) −0.159
𝑥! = ( +− 9 :( +
−1 (𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) − 𝑦)(𝑥𝑒 ) − (𝑦𝑒 − 3 𝑙𝑛3)(sin(𝑥) − 1 − 𝑥) −(𝑦𝑒 − 3" 𝑙𝑛3)
"# "# " "#
𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) − 𝑦 0.385

−1 1 −2.718 0.842 −0.159

𝑥# = ! $+ ! $! $
−1 3.845 3.085 0.460 0.385
−1 1 0.755
𝑥# = ! $ + ! $
−1 3.845 −0.312

−1 0.196
𝑥# = ! $ + ! $
−1 −0.081
−0.804
𝑥# = ! $
−1.081

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Question 3
(a) Use integration to derive the Laplace Transform of 2 cos 3t.
Let 𝑓(𝑡) = 2 cos (3𝑡)
The Laplace transformation can be derived from the expression:
5
𝑓V(𝑠) = W 𝑒 ,34 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
6

∞
=(𝑠) = > 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 2 cos(3𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑍=𝑓
0

Then integrate the expression by parts to obtain the following:

Let 𝑢 = 2 cos(3𝑡) and 𝑣 < = 𝑒 ,34
<
𝑒 ,34
𝑢 = −6 sin(3𝑡) 𝑣=−
𝑠
,34 ∞ 5
𝑒 𝑒 ,34
W 𝑢𝑣 < 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣𝑢 − W 𝑣𝑢< 𝑑𝑡 = [2 cos(3𝑡) − \ − W (− )(−6 sin(3𝑡))𝑑𝑡
𝑠 0 6 𝑠

Integrate this expression by parts again to get the following and let this be equal to Z:
𝑒 ,34 ∞ 𝑒 ,34 ∞ 5
𝑒 ,34
𝑍 = [2 cos(3𝑡) − \ − [_− ` a−6 sin(3𝑡)b\ − W (− " )(−18cos (3𝑡))𝑑𝑡
𝑠 0 𝑠 0 6 𝑠

2 9 5 ,34
[ ]
𝑍 = I0 − c− dJ − 0 − 0 − " W 𝑒 2 cos (3𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 𝑠 6

=(𝑠) = ∫∞ 𝑒−𝑠𝑡 2 cos(3𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 so, the following expression can be simplified to:
𝑍=𝑓 0
2 9
𝑍= −
𝑠 𝑠"

9 2
𝑍+ "
Z=
𝑠 𝑠

9 2
𝑍 @1 + A=
𝑠2 𝑠

2𝑠 %
𝑍=
𝑠(9 + 𝑠 % )

2𝑠
𝑍=
9 + 𝑠%
%@
Therefore 2 cos (3t) =
A"@ !

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(b) Find the Laplace Transformation of 2𝑒 $BC 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡. Show clearly how you arrived at your
answer.
The formula is given as: ℒ[𝑒 $DC 𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑓H(𝑠 + 𝑎)

Subbing the values into the formula gives:

2(𝑠 + 4)
ℒ[𝑒 $DC 𝑓(𝑡)] = 2ℒ[𝑒 $BC cos (3𝑡)] =
9 + (𝑠 + 4)%

(c)Use Laplace Transforms to solve the following differential equation.

𝑑% 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
ℒN % −4 + 4𝑦P = ℒ[2 cos (3𝑡)]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

2𝑠
𝑠 % ℒ[𝑦] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 E (0) − 4(𝑠ℒ[𝑦] − 𝑦(0)) + 4ℒ[𝑦] =
𝑠%+9

2𝑠
(𝑠 % − 4𝑠 + 4)ℒ[𝑦] = +𝑠−3
𝑠%+9

2𝑠 𝑠−3
ℒ[𝑦] = + %
(𝑠 % + 9)(𝑠 − 4𝑠 + 4) (𝑠 − 4𝑠 + 4)
%

2𝑠 𝑠−3
ℒ[𝑦] = +
(𝑠 % + 9)(𝑠 − 2)% (𝑠 − 2)%

2𝑠 𝑠−3 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹
+ = + + + +
(𝑠 % + 9)(𝑠 − 2)% (𝑠 − 2)% 𝑠 % + 9 𝑠 − 2 (𝑠 − 2)% 𝑠 − 2 (𝑠 − 2)%

2(2) 4
𝐹 =2−3=1 𝐷= %
= 𝐸=1
(2) + 9 13

2𝑠 = (𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵)(𝑠 − 2)% + 𝐶(𝑠 % + 9)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐷(𝑠 % + 9)

2𝑠 = (𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵)(𝑠 % − 4𝑠 + 4) + 𝐶(𝑠 F − 2𝑠 % + 9𝑠 − 18) + 𝐷𝑠 % + 9𝐷

2𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 F − 4𝐴𝑠 % + 4𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵𝑠 % − 4𝐵𝑠 + 4𝐵 + 𝐶𝑠 F − 2𝐶𝑠 % + 9𝐶𝑠 − 18𝐶 + 𝐷𝑠 % + 9𝐷