Human Anatomy I,

the Digestive System and

Abdominal Cavity
For the Medical Doctor Students, Year 2
(Academic Year 2022-2023)

វេជ្ជបណ្ឌិត ផន សំណាង
[email protected]
[email protected]
Session 1 (90 Minutes)

ប្រធានរទននម ៉ោ ងសិក្សា
Chapter 1:

 The Overview of the Digestive System

ទដ្
ិ ភា
ឋ ពទូមៅននប្រព័នរធ ំលាយអាហារ

Content:
1) The General Structure
2) The Function or digestive Processes
3) The Layers of the GI Tract
4) The Smooth Muscle
 មោលរំណងននម ៉ោ ងសិក្សា (Session Learning Objective)

At the end of this Session, it is expected that each student will

be able to:

1) Identify the organs of the digestive system.

2) Describe the basic process performed by the digestive system.
3) Describe the four layers that form the wall of the alimentary
canal.
4) Describe the structure and appearance of smooth muscle
fibers.

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 3
 The General Structure
The digestive system extends from the mouth to the anus through the ventral body cavity. It
is composed of the two groups of organs:

the gastrointestinal (GI)

tract organs or the accessory
alimentary canal: digestive organs

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 4
1) the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
organs or alimentary canal:
include: the mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small
intestines, and large intestine,  the GI tract is about 9 meters
and anus. (30 ft.), a cadaver.
2) the accessory digestive  In a living person, shorter,
organs include: the teeth, (muscles sustained
tongue, salivary glands, liver, contraction).
gallbladder, and pancreas.  the other accessory digestive
organs assists in chewing and
swallowing (produce or store
secretions aid in the chemical
breakdown of food).

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 5
Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 6
 The Function or digestive Processes

There are six basic functions of the

organs of the digestive system
function or digestion Processes:
1) Ingestion
2) Secretion
3) Mixing & propulsion
4) Digestion
5) Absorption
6) Defecation

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 7
  The Function or digestive Processes
There are six basic functions:
1) Ingestion 2) Secretion 3) Mixing & 4) Digestion 5) Absorption 6) Defecation
propulsion Mechanical and Secreted fluids and Wastes,
motility (the chemical the small indigestible
movement of food processes break molecules and ions substances,
from the mouth down that are products bacteria, cells
through the ingested ​food of digestion enter sloughed from
pharynx (throat), into small the epithelial cells the lining of the
organs secrete a esophagus, molecules (GI lining the lumen of GI tract, and
taking foods and total of about 7 tract Organs and
stomach, small and the GI tract. The digested materials
liquids into the liters of water, the accessory
large intestines absorbed that were not
mouth(eating) acid, buffers, and digestive organs )
and out of the substances pass absorbed leave
enzymes into the body). into interstitial the body through
lumen (interior fluid and then into the anus. The
space) of the blood or lymph eliminated
tract. and circulate to material is called
cells throughout feces.
the body
A buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components.

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 8
 The Layers of the GI Tract
 The wall of the GI tract,
from the lower
esophagus to the anal
canal, has the same
basic, four-layered
arrangement of tissues.
 The four layers of the
tract, from deep to
superficial, are the
mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis, and serosa.

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 9
 The Mucosa
The mucosa, or inner lining of the GI tract, is a
mucous membrane. It is composed of:
1) A layer of epithelium in direct contact with the
contents of the GI tract,
2) Areolar connective tissue (lamina propria), and
3) A thin layer of smooth muscle (muscularis
mucosae).

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 10
 Mucosa (Con’t)
1. The lining epithelium abuts the lumen of the alimentary canal
and performs many functions related to digestion, such as
absorbing nutrients and secreting mucus. This epithelium is
continuous with the ducts and secretory cells of the various Mucosa
digestive glands, most of which lie fully within the wall and are
called intrinsic glands.

Lining epithelium
Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 11
 Mucosa (Con’t)
2. The lamina propria is a loose areolar or reticular connective
tissue whose capillaries nourish the lining epithelium and
absorb digested nutrients. Mucosa

The lamina propria contains most of the mucosa-associated

lymphoid tissue (MALT), which defends against invasion by
bacteria and other microorganisms in the alimentary canal.

lamina propria

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 12
 Mucosa (Con’t)
3. External to the lamina propria is the muscularis
mucosae, a thin layer of smooth muscle that produces
local movements of the mucosa. For example, the
twitching of this muscle layer dislodges sharp food
particles that become embedded in the mucosa.
Mucosa

Muscular mucosae
Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 13
 The Submucosa
Just external to the mucosa is the submucosa, a
layer of connective tissue containing major
blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers.

 Its rich vascular network sends branches to

all other layers of the wall.

Its connective tissue is a type intermediate

between loose areolar and dense irregular
a“moderately dense” connective tissue.

The many elastic fibers in the submucosa

enable the alimentary canal to return to its
shape after food material passes through it.

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 14
 The Muscularis Externa
External to the submucosa is the muscularis externa, also simply
called the muscularis.

Throughout most of the alimentary canal, this tunic consists of two

layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer whose fibers
orient around the circumference of the canal, and an outer
longitudinal layer whose fibers orient along the length of the
canal. Functionally, the circular layer squeezes the gut tube, and
the longitudinal layer shortens it.

Together, these layers are responsible for peristalsis and

segmentation. In some places, the circular layer thickens to form
sphincters that act as valves to prevent the backflow of food from
one organ to the next.

The histological structure of smooth muscle, the mechanism of its

contraction, and its innervation will be discussed in detail shortly.

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 15
 The serosa
The serosa, which is the visceral peritoneum, is the
outermost layer of the intraperitoneal organs of the
alimentary canal.
• A serosa on the anterior side facing the
peritoneal cavity and an
• An adventitia on the posterior side embedded in
the posterior abdominal wall.
serosa

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 16
The Layers of the GI Tract

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 17
Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 18
Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 19
Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 20
 The Smooth Muscle
There are 3 types of muscle tissue:
1) Skeletal muscle tissue
2) Smooth muscle tissue
3) Cardiac muscle tissue

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 21
Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 22
 The Smooth Muscle (Con’t)
Most smooth muscle of the body is found in the walls of visceral organs such as the
urinary bladder, uterus, and intestines.
Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

Circular layer of smooth muscle

Mucosa

Small intestine More specifically, smooth muscle has six major locations:
the iris of the eye, and in the walls of the circulatory
vessels, respiratory tubes, digestive tubes, urinary organs,
and reproductive organs.
Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 23
The Smooth Muscle (Con’t)
In the walls of hollow viscera, the fibers are
grouped into sheets of smooth muscle tissue. Most
often two sheets are present, with their fibers
oriented at right angles to each other.

 In the more externally located

longitudinal layer, the muscle fibers run
parallel to the long axis of the organ;
 in the deeper circular layer, the fibers run
around the circumference of the organ.

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 24
The Smooth Muscle (Con’t)
The circular layer constricts the hollow organ,
and the longitudinal layer shortens the organ’s
length and enlarges its lumen.

These muscle layers generate the alternate

waves of contraction and relaxation that propel
substances through the organ by peristalsis.
Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 25
Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 26
Session 1

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 27
Session 1

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 28
Session 1
No MCQs A B C D E

1 The digestive system is composed of __ the two groups of hollow the three groups of the groups of hollow the groups of unhollow the two groups of the
muscular tube organs hollow muscular tube muscular tube organs muscular tube organs organs
organs
2 All are the hollow organs that make up the GI tract, Except____ the small intestines, the mouth, pharynx, the stomach,and anus the mouth, pharynx,
large intestine, and esophagus, stomach, esophagus, stomach,
anus. and gallbladder small intestines, large
intestine, and anus.
3 Which is referred to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract organs or the mouth, pharynx, the small intestines, the mouth, pharynx, the stomach,and anus the mouth, pharynx,
alimentary canal? esophagus, stomach, large intestine, and esophagus, stomach, esophagus, stomach,
small intestines, large anus. and gallbladder
intestine, and anus.
4 the accessory digestive organs include_______ the mouth, pharynx, the teeth, tongue, the mouth, pharynx, the stomach,anus, and the mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, salivary glands, liver, esophagus, stomach, salivary glands esophagus, liver,
gallbladder, large gallbladder, and small intestines, large gallbladder, and pancreas
intestine, pancreas intestine, and anus.
5 To produce or store secretions aid in the chemical breakdown of the organs of the the gastrointestinal (GI) the accessory digestive the gastrointestinal (GI) the other abdominal
food is the main function of _______ disgestive system tract organs organs tract organs and the the Organs
accessory digestive organs
6 Which of the following layers is the most superficial? Submucosa Inner circular layer of Outer longitudinal layer Muscularis mucosae Muscularis
muscularis externa of muscularis externa

7 Which of the following is composed primarily of areolar Serosa Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae Submucosa Muscularis Serosa
connective tissue?

8 External to the lamina propria is __________, a thin layer of Lamina propria the muscularis Serosa Muscularis Serosa Submucosa
smooth muscle that produces local movements of the mucosa mucosae
9 Just external to the mucosa, a layer of connective tissue Muscularis mucosae Lamina propria Submucosa the submucosa Serosa
containing major blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers
is________
10 The elastic fibers in___________ enable the alimentary canal to the submucosa Muscularis mucosae Lamina propria the submucosa Serosa
return to its shape after food material passes through it.

Human Anatomy of the Digestive System, By Dr. PHAN Samnang, MD., MPH. 29