Causes of Revolutionary War

7 years war
● Colonies interacted with each other and became united
● British soldiers mistreated colonist soldiers
● Military experience
● Permanent settlement of british soldiers
● expensive
Sugar act
● Taxed sugar, indigo, coffee, wine
● No major uprising
Stamp act
● Taxes 50 items
● Paper types and legal documents
● Stamp showed you paid the tax
● Boycotted the products, moved away from british goods
● No trial by jury
● Tarring and feathering
Declaratory act
● Removed the stamp act
● British can still enforce laws/acts
Townshend act
● Taxed paint, lead, glass, paper, and tea
● All get rescinded except tea
Boston massacre
● Red coats 5 people
● Propaganda not that big of a killing
○ Art photo
● British soldiers on trial
● John adams vs sam adams
Tea act
● BEIC dominated trade
● British gave them a monopoly over trade, lowered price
● Colonist rebelled anyways
Intolerable acts
● Boston port act
○ Closed port until they payed back the boston tea party
● Massachuset government act
○ ^ British control,
○ No town meetings, failed
● Administrative of justice act
 ○ Royal officials tried in britain not colonies
● Quebec act
○ Allowed french in quebec
1st continental congress
● No georgia
● John hancock lead
● Against any parliament laws
● Past 1763, after the war
● Continental association to organize boycotts
Boston tea party
● SoL gathered a crowd and dressed as mohawks
● Dumped 10,000$ of tea
● B thought it was terrorism
Battle of lexington and concord
● Leaders were in concord
● Looking for weapon storage
● 2000 men in the middle of the night
○ Paul revere, the regulars are out
● No one was in concord
● Minute men sneak attacked them
● Colonist won
2nd continental congress
● All 13 came
● Continental army lead by george washington
● New currency
● Committee for foreign relations, mainly france
Battle of bunker hill
● Breed's hill
● Good vantage point
● General howe order B to climb up
● Colonist ran out of ammo so they left
● 1st major conflict
Common Sense
● The king is a brute, no one wants to be ruled by hi,
● No smaller body should be governed by a larger body
● Independence
● Republic, governing ourselves
○ Very radical, not sense athens
Revolutionary War
Great britain vs US advantages
 ● Britain
○ Population
○ Professional army
○ Money
○ mercenaries/hessians
○ Navy
● USA
○ Homefield advantage
○ Military leadership
○ Rallying cause
○ France
○ Soldiers were only employed for 6 month fighting in august ended in
january
Battle of trenton
● December
● Captured hessians in a sneak attack
● Overwhelming victory
Battle of princeton
● GW–? Sly fox, wise
● Close to each other but not fighting yet, just scouting
● GW told a few to keep fires going and flanked him with the rest of the troops
Philadelphia 3 pronged attack
● Loyalist mainly in the south
● B→ if we take NY we win
● Howe was supposed to come from the south but didnt come
● North
○ General John Burgoyne
○ Battle of saratoga
■ Convinces french to help the US
● West
○ Barry St leger
○ He won but retreated anyways
Southern campaign
● Lets go to the south b/c there were loyalist there
● British took Charleston, big port city
● B wanted to take virginia b/c it was a big state but retreated b/c they were out of
supplies
● Cornwallis gets screwed over b/c the french are there with big army
● Final battle at yorktown, cornwallis vs GW
Treaty of paris
 ● King george didn't want to give the colonies up
● John jay
● Deals with french, help negotiate, didn’t help
● Colonist directly spoke with British
Washington Administration
Precedents
● Mansion in NYC - White House
● Wore military (formal) uniform
● Served 2 terms → set as precedent
● Only veto if unconstitutional
● Traveled with a coach and had servants
● Created the cabinet
Cabinet members
● Hamilton - Treasurer
● Adams - VP
● Jefferson - Secretary of State
● DoD - Henry Knox
● Attorney General - Edmin Rudolph
Attorney general
Washiton stuff:
● Writes BoR
● Creates other 2 branches
○ One via Judiciary Act – create courts, SCOTUS
● Tariff
○ Tax imports, raise rev
● Got rid of AoC
Hamilton plans
● Report on Public Credit
○ Funding at Par
■ Wants to pay off war debt
○ Assumption plan
■ Assume state debt
● Report on Nat Bank
○ 80 percent funded by people and 20 percent by gov’t
○ 10m total
○ Questions raised about bank const
○ Washington passes cause he like
● Report of manu
○ Ham wants to aid industry – kickstart ind rev
○ Doesn’t pass because farmers want money
Proc of Neutrality
● Washington says no war, convinced by Ham
Whiskey rebellion
● Taxed whiskey - made farmers rebels
● Washington brings troops to demonstrate pwr
Jay’s treaty
● Treaty with Brit
● 2 points for each side:
○ 1. British troops leave colonies
○ 2. Pay damages for recent seizures of American ships
○ 1. Britain can trade with NA in American ports
○ 2. Pay debts from prewar
Pickney’s treaty
● Pickney’s Treaty
● Very popular bill
● 1. Settle land dispute in favor of Georgia
● 2. Spain will address Seminol attacks
● 3. GIVEN RIGHTS TO NAVIGATE THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER – this is the one
Washingtons’s (Farewell) address
● 1. No political parties
● 2. No permanent military alliances
Election of 1796
● Fed - Adams + Pickney
● Dem Rep - Jefferson + Burr
● Adams + Jefferson
XYZ affair
● Send 3 people to France to negotiate with Talleyrand
● 3 people, labeled XYZ, said for the U.S to pay 250,000 + 10m for a loan to meet
● Created lots of anti-french sentiment
Alien and sedition act
● Naturalization
○ It increase time to become citizen
● Sedition
○ Breach of 1st Amendment
■ Can’t say anything bad of the gov’t
● Jefferson and Madison Resolutions
○ Nullification
Election of 1800
● Burr, John Adams, Jefferson
 ● Jefferson + Burr tie
● Burr and Hamilton duel
● Hamilton helps Jefferson
○ Convinces the states that tie
Jefferson Administration
Thomas jefferson
● Genius, smartest president
● Not religious
● Professions
○ Botanist, lawyer, architect,VP, Pres, farmer, politician, writer
Marbury vs madison
● Created judicial review
● Midnight justices
○ Appointed before the end of the presidency
● SC overruled and gave them power to declare laws unconstitutional
Presidency
● Reduces spending, gov, army navy, dislikes the bank
● Continues hamilton's economic programs
● Shuns elitism
● Ends the whiskey tax, pardon alien and sedition act
Louisiana purchase
● Wanted new orleans
● Bought it for 15 mil from napoleon for everything including new orleans
● Jefferson was kinda mad but also shocked
● Questions its constitutionality but doesn't care
● Death knell federalist party
Lewis and clark
● Go to the pacific ocean and back
● Find routes, establish trade,
Embargo act
● Nonimportation (banned B imports), embargo(bans exports, non intercourese(all
trade except britain and france_
● US won't sell anything to any country
● Stopped and slowed imports, caused economic depression
● Epic failure
● 1809 Non-intercourse act
○ Bars trade with britain and france until they respect the US, france takes it
and B is barred they stop in 1812 but war is already declared
Madison and monroe
● US got smashed by the US, capital got burned
 ● Stopped impressing
● Battle of New Orleans
○ Led by jacksons
Missouri compromise
● No slavery was supposed to happen in louisiana purchase territory
● 36’’30 line above no slavery
● Create maine to maintain state balance
Monroe doctrine
● Statement of foreign policies
● State out of our shit and we will stay out of yours
● John quincy adams
Fredrick Douglas
● Born a slave
● Learned how to read and write
○ Columbian orator, many speeches
● Famous for anti slavery speeches, almost didn't believe he was a slave
● They weren't actually lesser, showed the truth of how they treated
● Had to go to B b/c of fugitive slave
● Helped with seneca falls and women’s movement
Alexis de Tocqueville
● Freedom of the press
○ Its okay, prevents evil doesn’t bring good
○ Consequence of rule of the people
● Popular sovereignty
○ Censorship doesn’t work
Jackson Presidency
1828 election
● Jackson wins
○ Wins because he represents the “common man”
Jackson duels
● Gets shot, and still shoots the guy
● Challenged people a lot
● Has a NA son
Spoils system
● Rewarded supporters with job
Kitchen cabinet
● Jackson’s cabinet of friends
○ informal
● Sect State Van Buren on both
Use of veto
 ● Jackson pushed for veto for his own goals
○ Not just unconstitutional
● More exec branch power
John Calhun problems
● Very racist, owned slaves
● Didn’t agree with Jackson
● 1. Tariff
○ Bad for south, so Calhoun disliked
■ Almost caused war, but averted
● 2. Buren finds letter from Calhoun being bad
● 3. Eaton affair
○ John Eaton’s wife Peggy gets shunned because rumors of affair
■ Find out Calhoun wife done it
Nullification crisis
● K+V resolutions
● Clay negotiate some bargain for tax on Whiskey - comp 1843
National bank
● Clay runs for president - to get bank
○ Works with Nick to try to push for recharter 4 years earlier
● Tried to double bind, but jackson vetoed
1832 election
● Andrew Jackson beats Clay, Clay is too high class, doesn’t get people to his side
for the bank issue
Manifest destiny
● Basically U.S belief in God given right to expand culture
● 5440 or fight - for British land dispute
○ Settled at 49th parallel
Gadsden purchase
● Paid 15m Mexico after Mexican American war
○ 10m was small piece of land for railroads
Mexican american war
● Texas waited for free state to be admitted first
● Polk sends troops into disputed territory, sparks war
● Over pretty fast, U.S gains lots of land
Zinn chapter 8
Women’s Rights
● Coverture
○ Man subsumes legal right
● No political existence
● No property
 ● Beacher - “women are simps” (according to Sarah)
○ Said that women shouldn’t get to vote, exist in different sphere
● Sarah and Angelina Grimkey - were for vote
● Sojourner Truth
○ Religious awakening, talks about how life is as a slave
○ Sold photos as baseball cards
■ “Sell the shadow to support the substance”
○ mental hunger
■ Stanton in a rural area, no place to exhibit her mental skills
● Starts seneca falls, with rez modeled after Dec Ind
○ Douglass supports
● Preachers demeaned their role
● 72 - 72 thing
● Suzy B Anthony
○ Also critical figure
Causes of the Civil War
Compromise of 1850
Uncle tom’s cabin
● Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
● Story of Tom as protagonist - as a morally good slave
● Legree - bad person, slave owner without religion and morals
● Helps Europe stay out of war
● People reading book in North given something to fight for
Kansas nebraska act
● Signed by Pierce
○ Cause a doughface
● Written by Stephen Douglass
○ Wanted to connect Chicago to Cali
● Gave k-n states pop sovereignty
○ People in the North HATE him
● Emigrants from NE sponsored to go there
● South border ruffians fake the vote
● South votes, rigged election
●
Bleeding kansas
● Topeka and Lecompton, 2 capitals
● John Brown sparks war cause he’s like insane
○ Goes to slave settlement and attacks the slave owners
● Kansas becomes free later on
Formation of the republican party
 ● [missing a few notes]
● know - nothings - hate Catholics, racists
● Buchanan and Philmore run in 1856
○ Buch wins, acquired Cuba so he becomes prez
● Needed to win the free states, so the south states didn’t need to win
Bleeding sumner
● Whack Whack cane
● Sumner, Andrew Butler, Preston Brooks
● Brooks is the one who hits him
● Sumner talks bad of Butler
Dred scott decision
● Takes a slave to free territory for 4 yrs
● Tries to sue for freedom, but the justice is racist - Taney
○ They rule black people are not citizens
○ Said Missouri Comp unconstitutional because Congress no have power to
prohibit slavery in territories
Panic of 1857
● Regional recession
○ South says lmao Cotton King
Harper’s ferry
● John Brown tries to start a slave revolt
○ Tries to attack an ammo dump
○ Says some very eloquent stuff in his trial - make him a martyr
■ Emerson calls him Jesus Christ
Election of 1860
● 4 candidates
○ Douglas - Northern Dem
○ Lincoln - Rep
○ Breckenridge - South Dem
○ Bell - Const Union
■ Const Union was dedicated to keeping Union together
● Convention at the wigwam ???
● Seward was leading candidate but Lincoln won
○ South realized they might be locked out of Pres
Order of states that succeeded
● SC
● Georgia
● Florida
● Texas
● Alabama
 ● Mississippi
● Louisiana
● Arkansas
● Tenn
● Virginia
● North Carolina
Civil War
Advantages of north and south
● North
○ Pop
○ Industry
○ Ag
■ More food, mechanization
○ Comms + transport
■ railroads
○ Navy
■ They had one
● Useful for Anaconda plan
○ Political leadership
■ Lincoln was good
● Good cabinet
○ Seward, Stanton
● Also Grant was solid general
● South
○ Defensive war
○ Better mil b/c tradition
○ Better generals
Battle of bull run/manassas junction
● First major battle
● South was getting pushed back at the beginning
○ Stonewall told South to hold, sides switched
Fort henry, Tennessee, and Fort Donelson
● Grant gets both forts
○ Useful to get to Mississippi R
○ Gets to south
○ Called Bulldog
Shiloh
● Grant got surprised attacked by Bearegard
● Grant is in a bad position until reinforcements arrive overnight for the North
● Confed lose a ton of troops
 ● Learned
○ Send scouts
○ Build forts
○ Trenches
○ Blood
○ Miss R = takeable
● New orleans taken by Faragut
7 days battle
● McClellan vs Lee
● Lee spreads his troops to protect against flanking
● McClellan too afraid to attack
● Stonewall tries to DC
● Lee is able to protect capital
● Union guy finds a rock that shows that Lee’s forces were split, but McClellan
thinks they are fake
Antietam
● Bloodiest day in U.S history
● Hooker vs Jackson
● Clara Barton - nurse woman
● McClellan fired by Lincoln after this
RoW during war
● Farming
● Sowing
● Knitting
● Baking
● Wrapping bandages
● Fundraising
● Rallying
● Nursing
● Sanitary commission
○ Cut illness in half
○ To clean stuff
Emancipation proclamation
● Freed slaves in confed states
● Helped convince border states
Vicksburg
● Siege warfare by Grant
● Grant goes around the River and back across for a surprise attack
● Nail that holds the south together
Gettysburg
 ● Lee vs Meade
● D1, d2, stalemate
● D3 - confed = Pickett’s Charge, gets massacred
● Turning point in the war
Gettysburg Address
● 2 min speech
● Eulogy to honor those lost at Gettysburg
● Creating unity for the North and South
1864 Election
● Lincoln with Johnson, renamed party to national unity party
● McClellan runs against Lincoln
● Lincoln wins in a landslide
● Sherman wins in Atlanta
Grant becomes head of Army
● moves to eastern theater
● Sherman
○ Does march to the sea
■ Total warfare
● Grant
○ In Virginia
○ Loses a ton of men but has more than Lee
■ Called the butcher
○ Eventually wins
■ At Appomattox Courthouse
Reconstruction
Radical republicans
● Thaddeus Stevens + Salmon Chase
● Very abolitionist, want harsh south punishment
Black codes
● Limited black people’s freedom
● Forced black people to work in poor conditions
Joint committee on reconstruction
● Investigated AA treatment in the South
Thaddus stevens
● Rep from Penn
● Wife is black
● Feared state pwr hurt AA rights /suffrage
Freedmen’s bureau
● Help organization to help poorer people and slaves
○ Food, clothes, edu, medicine
 ■ No jobs, housing
● Vetoed by Johnson
○ H+S override
Civil Rights Bill
● 1. Made black people citizens
● 2. States can’t take citizen rights
● 3. Excludes confederate leaders from office
● 4. Depriving blacks of rights == less power in Congress
● 5. Forbade southern states to pay off war debts
● Vetoed, overridden
○ Made into an amendment - 14th
Johnson on the 14th amendment
● Really disliked the 14th amendment
○ Tells the south to block it
○ Puts a lot of people in radical camp
Swing around the circle+waving the bloody shirt
● Bloody shirt: Reps used a red shirt and said the dems killed them
● Swing around the circle - Johnson visiting stuff to campaign for Congress people,
didn’t work
Military reconstruction act
● Designed to punish the south
● Veto, overridden
● 5 points:
● 1. 10 states become mil districts
● 2. Confed leaders no hold office
● 3. Congress gives slaves right to vote, hold offices
● 4. States write new const
Impeachment of Johnson
● Stanton is the only guy who doesn’t fired
● Stayed as a spy
● Congress passed Tenure of Office Act, so it’s hard to get rid of Stanton
● Tried to convict Johnson for violated Tenure of Office Act
○ Doesn’t go through → 35-19
○ Senate short by 1 vote
● Rad Reps were the ones who prosecute Johnson (Stevens, Butler)
1876 Election
● Grant is elected
● Reps are split b/w Stalwarts and Halfbreeds
○ Stalwarts is the one who is nominated - Hayes
● Hayes vs Tilden, Hayes wins
 ○ Mult results sent in, commission formed to solve
■ Replacement rep gets sent - so it was 8 reps 7 dems
● Dems try to filibuster, but Hayes still wins
Compromise of 1877
● Comp b/w reps and dems
○ To settle election
● 3 points:
● 1. Mil out of South
● 2. More south railroads
● 3. Dems get one more position in cabinet
Immigration
● Push factors
○ Mil conscription
○ Pogroms in russia
○ Moneyyy
○ Poli persecution
○ Lack of land + rising pop
● Some people = birds of passage - get money and go
Progressive Era
Teddy roosevelt
● Restore control of government ot the people
● Correct abused and injustices of urban industries
● Restore economic opportunities by making new business rules
● Muckrakers were journalists exposing corruption
● Was a rough rider during the spanish american/cuban war
Trust buster
● Wanted to break bad monopolies in the industry
● Is it good for workers in terms of pay
● Is it is good for consumers in terms of price and quality
● Used the Anti trust act to fill lawsuits
● Broke 44 trusts
Legislator
● Pushed for legislation in congress
● Elkins act and hepburn act of 03 and 06
● No special rebates to specific companies
● Increased the ICC, interstate commerce commission, power to regular transport
and trade
● Set railroad rates
● Meat inspection act
○ Inspect factories
 ○ Inspect shipped across state lines
● Pure food and drug act
○ Label all ingredients
○ Forbade selling poisonous foods
Friend of labor/coal strike
● Had to prevent coal workers from going on strike because it was vital
● Went of strike for
○ Recognition of union
○ 20% pay increase
○ 8 hour work day
● Roosevelt was arbitrator, threatened to bring in army
● Got 10% raise and 9 hour work day
Conservationist
● Newlands reclamation act
○ Worked to make bad land into good lind
○ Mainly in the south west
● National parks
○ Set aside land, more than any other president
Taft
● Busts more trusts, even some teddy didn't
● Taft fires head of forest preserve
● Starts progressive or bull moose party
● That party splits the republican vote so democrats win
Woodrow wilson
● Went after Tariffs, banking, and trusts
Tariffs
● Underwood-simmons tariff act 1913
○ 41% tariffs on goods coming in to 27%
Banking
● Baking act, federal reserve act
● Created the federal reserve and the federal reserve board
Federal reserve act
● 12 district banks, essentially a bank’s bank
Clayton Antitrust act
● Replaced the sherman antitrust act
● Prohibits business for selling a product at a lower price to a favored purchaser if
it creates a monopoly
● Union strikes and boycotts and legal
Federal trade commission act
● FTC board advised and regulated industry
 ● Annual reports from corporations
● Investigated business activities
● [power to order corporations to cease and desist unfair methods of corruption
TR’s foreign policy
● Panama canal acquired in 1903 built in 1914
● Based on the suez canal
● Stirs up a rebellion in panama because they won’t take his offer to buy the canal
area
● Panama gets independence and takes the deal
Clayton bulwar treaty
● Any canal was a british and american venture
● Replaced by the hay-pauncefote treaty
● Allowed US to build panama canal, british wanted to curry favor
Roosevelt corollary
● Addition to monroe doctrine
● Preventative intervention meaning the US can intervene to stop conflict in latin
america with european powers
Great white fleet
● Painted the second navy ships white and took a tour around the world
Nobel peace prize
● Won the peace prize for helping negotiate the Russo-japanese war treaty of paris
in new hampshire
Women’s suffrage
● 2 plans to get the right to vote, fill suit that it was illegal to deny the right to vote
or make an amendment
● The 14th amendment said they could not deny the right to vote, tried to register
purposefully to get denied so they could take it to court, unexpectedly they let her
vote but got charged later
● Kept having to move the trail because she gave speeches to convince before the
trial took place
● Reese vs haperset, the actual case was also denied
● Prior to the amendment states decided if women could vote
● Yellow for suffrage and red against
● Came down to harry burn’s 1 vote
Imperialism
Hawaii/Alaska
● Acquired hawaii in 1898
● Acquired alaska in 1867, seward bought it and was criticized
Spanish american war
De lome letter
● Found a letter from the high ranking spanish official that was critical of the
president and america
● Got published in the papers creating anti-spanish sentiment
USS Maine
● Ship explodes and the US blames spain
● Not actually spain
Teller resolution
● US had no interest in acquiring cuba
● No sovereignty or jurisdiction
●
Cuba
● Trapped them in santiago bay
● Only 379 die in combat and majority die not even in Cuba
● Buffalo soldiers, black soldiers that killed the natives buffalo, did a majority of the
fighting
Treaty of paris
● US paid 20 mil
● Gets puerto rico, guam, and philippines, and the wake islands
Philippines
● George dewey basically surrounded the bad spanish navy and waited for the war
to start and then won immediately
Alfred t mahan
● Told the US they needed a pacific and atlantic navy to become a world power
Yellow press
● Sensational news that propagates
● Like the journal and the world
● Blew events out of proportion
● Wars were good for news and business
● Sent reporters to the Cuban concentration camps and that hyped them up to
being very horrible