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chapter 1-2

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Sayed Bashar Sial
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 1

Electric Charge

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 2 Electric Charge

• The charge of an electron and that of a proton are equal in


magnitude.

• Electrical charge is an electrical property of matter that exists


because of an excess or deficiency of electrons. Charge is
symbolized by the letter Q.

• Materials with charges of opposite polarity are attracted to each


other, and materials with charges of the same polarity are repelled.
A force acts between charges, as evidenced by the attraction or
repulsion. This force, called an electric field.

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 2 Coulomb: The Unit of Charge

• Electrical charge (Q) is measured in coulombs, symbolized by C.

• One coulomb is the total charge possessed by 6.25 * 10^18


electrons.

• A single electron has a charge of 1.6 * 10^-19 C. The total charge Q,


expressed in coulombs, for a given number of electrons is stated in
the following formula:

Q = number of electrons / 6.25 * 10^18 electrons/C

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 2 Example

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 1

Voltage

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 2 Voltage

• Voltage, symbolized by V, is defined as energy or work per unit


charge.
V=W/Q
• Where
• V is voltage in volts (V),
• W is energy in joules (J),
• Q is charge in coulombs (C).

• Some sources use E instead of V to symbolize voltage.

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 2 The Volt

• The unit of voltage is the volt, symbolized by V.

• One volt is the potential difference (voltage) between two points


when one joule of energy is used to move one coulomb of charge
from one point to the other.

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 2 The Voltage Source

• A voltage source provides electrical energy or electromotive force


(emf), more commonly known as voltage.

• Voltage is produced by means of chemical energy, light energy, and


magnetic energy combined with mechanical motion.

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 2 The Ideal Voltage Source

• Voltage sources can be either dc or ac. A common symbol for a dc


voltage source is presented below.

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Types of DC
Chapter 2 Voltage Sources

• Batteries

• Fuel Cells

• Solar Cells

• DC Generator

• The Electronic Power Supply

• Thermocouples

• Piezoelectric Sensors

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 2 CURRENT

• As you Know, free electrons are available in all conductive and semi
conductive materials. These outer-shell electrons drift randomly in
all directions, from atom to atom, within the structure of the material.

• These electrons are loosely bound to the positive metal ions in the
material, but because of thermal energy, they are free to move
about the crystalline structure of the metal

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 2 CURRENT
• If a voltage is placed across a conductive or semi conductive
material, one end becomes positive and the other negative.

• The repulsive force produced by the negative voltage at the left end
causes the free electrons (negative charges) to move toward the
right.

• The attractive force produced by the positive voltage at the right end
pulls the free electrons to the right. The result is a net movement of
the free electrons from the negative end of the material to the
positive end.

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 2 CURRENT
• The movement of these free electrons from the negative end of the
material to the positive end is the electrical current, symbolized by I.

• Electrical current is the rate of flow of charge.

• Current in a conductive material is determined by the number of


electrons (amount of charge) that flow past a point in a unit of time.
I=Q/t

• Where I is current in amperes (A), Q is charge in coulombs (C), and


t is time in seconds (s).

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 2 Ampere

• One ampere (1 A) is the amount of current that exists when a


number of electrons having a total charge of one coulomb (1 C)
move through a given cross-sectional area in one second (1 s).

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 1

QA

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 1

Resistance

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 2 Resistance
• When there is current through a material, the free electrons move
through the material and occasionally collide with atoms. These
collisions cause the electrons to lose some of their energy, thus
restricting their movement.

• The more collisions, the more the flow of electrons is restricted. This
restriction varies and is determined by the type of material.

• The property of a material to restrict or oppose the flow of electrons


is called resistance, R

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 2 Resistance

• Resistance is the opposition to current.

• Resistance is expressed in ohms, symbolized by the Greek letter


omega.

• One ohm (1 ) of resistance exists if there is one ampere (1 A) of


current in a material when one volt (1 V) is applied across the
material.

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 2 Conductance

• The reciprocal of resistance is conductance, symbolized by G.


It is a measure of the ease with which current is established.
The formula is
G = 1/ R
• The unit of conductance is the Siemens, abbreviated S. For
example, the conductance of a 22 resistor is
G = 1/ 22 k ohm = 45.5 micro S

• The obsolete unit of mho (ohm spelled backwards) was


previously used for conductance.

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 2 Resistor

• A component that is specifically designed to have a certain


amount of resistance is called a resistor.

• The principal applications of resistors are to limit current in a


circuit, to divide voltage, and, in certain cases, to generate
heat.

• Although resistors come in many shapes and sizes, they can all
be placed in one of two main categories: fixed or variable

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall


Chapter 2 Fixed Resistors
• Fixed resistors are available with a large selection of resistance
values that are set during manufacturing and cannot be
changed easily.

• They are constructed using various methods and materials

Principles of Electric Circuits - Floyd © Copyright 2006 Prentice-Hall

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