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14 views

Chp.1_Introduction_a12aac0cdcff6b78c6f29f69f65baf1e

Uploaded by

raoof Elmahdy
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Faculty of Engineering and Natural

Sciences
Department of Mechatronics Engineering

MECA 301 Numerical Methods

Chapter 1 Introduction

Instructor: Dr. Burcu ERTUG


Course textbook:
 F.B. Hildebrandt, Introduction to Numerical Analysis, Dover Publications,
1987.

Additional references:
 K.E. Atkinson, W. Han, Elementary Numerical Analysis, 3Ed. John Wiley,
2004.
 S.K. Gupta, Numerical Methods for Engineers, New Age International
Publishers, 1995.
 Steven C. Chapra, Raymond P. Canale, Numerical Methods for Engineers
7th Ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2015
 J. Douglas Faires and Richard L. Burden, Numerical Analysis, Thomson
Press, 2004
 S.D. Conte and Carl de Boor, Elementary Numerical Analysis-An
Algorithmic Approach, McGraw-Hill, 1980
TOPIC
1.week Introduction
2week Error Analysis
3.Week Non-linear Equations
4.Week Finite Difference Operators
5.Week Rootfinding, bisection method
6.Week Interpolation
7.Week Curve fitting, least squares method
8.Week Midterm or Midterm Project
9.Week Numerical Differentiation
10.Week Numerical Integration
11.Week Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations
12.Week Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations
13.Week Solutions of Linear Equation Systems
14.Week Solutions of Linear Equation Systems
15.week Summary
Communication: website of the course is Bilgi
Learn.

Electronic course documents will be posted


regularly during semester.

Bilgi.sis system will be used to announce


semester grades.
Exams: 1 Final exam. The duration is 50 min.

Final exam: Covering all lectures from


beginning of semester.

Final exam is closed book and notes.


Grading:
Grading for the course is as follows:

Midterm project: 40 %
Final exam: 60 %
Total: 100 %
Numerical methods

Numerical methods are techniques in which mathematical


problems are formulated so that they can be solved by
arithmetic operations.
Numerical methods are techniques to approximate
mathematical processes.

Numerical methods course shows the numerical techniques for


the following mathematical processes:

Differentiation
Non-linear equations
Simultaneous linear equations
Curve fitting by interpolation or regression
Numerical Integration
Differential equations
Numerical methods

To solve the engineering problems, there are two approaches:

1. Analytical (theory): results are continuous.

2. Numerical (experimental): results are non-continuous.


1. Analytical (theory):

They give solutions as the mathematical functions. Then,


these solutions are converted into numerical values for
some data.

 They help us in the solution of non-complex problems.

They provide single and certain solution.


2. Numerical (experimental):

 They are used in solving complex problems, which do not


have analytical solutions.

 The solutions are always numerical.

 To reach an approximate solution, an iterative solution is


used.
2. Numerical (experimental):

 They provide an approximate solution. These approximate


solutions become more precise when we increase the
number of steps.

 Since the solution is approximate, we need to make an


error analysis.
Numerical methods are techniques to approximate mathematical
procedures (e.g., integrals).

Approximations are needed:

 because we cannot solve the procedure analytically (e.g., standard


normal cumulative distribution function) or

 because the analytical method is intractable (e.g., solving a


thousand simultaneous linear equations for a thousand
unknowns).
There are other additional reasons why we study
numerical methods:
 Numerical methods are powerful problem-solving tools;

-They are capable of handling large systems of equations,


nonlinearities, and complicated geometries common in eng.
practice and impossible to solve analytically.
 By numerical methods, we can acknowledge and
control the errors of approximation, which are part of
large-scale numerical calculations.
 Numerical methods reinforce the understanding of
mathematics;

-Because one function of the numerical methods is to


reduce higher mathematics to basic arithmetic operations.
So, what can we do with the
numerical methods?
1. Roots of Equations

 These probl. deal with value of a variable that satisfies a


non-linear equation.

 These probl. are valuable in eng. design where it is


impossible to explicitly solve design eqs for parameters.
2. Systems of Linear Algebraic Eqs

 These probl. deal with values that satisfy eqs.

 We look for a set of values that simultaneously satisfies


a set of linear algebraic eqs.

 Such eqs. come out in the mathematical modeling of


large systems of interconnected elements such as
structures, electric circuits, and fluid networks.
3. Optimization

 These probl. involve determining value of independent


variable that correspond to a “best” or optimal value of a
function.

 Such probl. occur routinely in eng. design.


4. Curve Fitting

The techniques are in two general categories:

 Regression
 Interpolation
4. Curve Fitting

Regression:

 Used where there is a significant degree of error


associated with the data.

Ex: Experimental results.

 We derive a single curve that represents the general


trend of the data without necessarily matching any
individual points.
4. Curve Fitting

Interpolation:

 To determine intermediate values between relatively error-


free data points.
Ex: for tabulated information.

 We fit a curve directly through the data points and use the
curve to predict the intermediate values.
5. Integration:

 Physical interpretation of numerical integration is


determination of the area under a curve.

App. of integration: determine the centroids of oddly shaped


objects; calculation of total quantities based on sets of
discrete measurements.

 Also, numerical integration is used to solve differential eq.


6. Ordinary Differential Eqs:

 Significant because physical laws are given in terms of rate of


change of a quantity (rather than magnitude of quantity).

Ex: population-forecasting models (rate of change of population);


acceleration of a falling body (rate of change of velocity).

 Two types of probl. are addressed: initial-value and boundary-value


prob.

Also, computation of eigenvalues is covered.


7. Partial Differential Eqs:

 To characterize eng. systems where physical quantity is


given in terms of rate of change with 2 or more independent
variables.

Ex: steady-state distribution of temp. on a heated plate (two


spatial dimensions) or time-variable temp. of a heated rod
(time and one spatial dimension).
7. Partial Differential Eqs:

 Two fundamentally different approaches to solve partial


differential eq. :

1. Finite-difference methods that approximate the


solution in a pointwise fashion,
2. Finite-element methods, which use a piecewise
approach.

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