lOMoARcPSD|21507424

Kinematics IN 1D, 2D AND 3D

Science, Technology, and Society (STI College)

Scan to open on Studocu

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Alice Rivera ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|21507424

∆𝒙 𝒅
𝒗𝒙 = = = 𝒗(𝒕)
𝒙
KINEMATICS:
𝐥𝐢𝐦
ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION

∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILO) Average acceleration: the change in velocity divided by
• Describe the motion of a body in terms of position, the time interval during which that change occurs.

∆𝒗 𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊
velocity, and acceleration.

𝒂⃗
∆𝒕 𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊
• Relate displacement and time to velocity and
𝒂𝒗𝒆
= =
acceleration.
• Apply calculus in deriving motion equations.
• Interpret motion graphs.
Instantaneous acceleration: the limit of the average
acceleration as approaches zero.

∆𝒗 𝒅
Kinematics - is the science of describing the motion of

𝒂𝒙 = = = 𝒂(𝒕)
objects using words, diagrams, numbers, graphs, and

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒗
equations.

∆𝒕→𝟎 𝒅𝒕
∆𝒕
𝒅𝒙
One dimensional motion – is a motion along a straight

𝐝 𝒅 𝒅𝟐𝒙
𝒂 𝐯 = 𝒅𝒕 =
line.

𝒅𝒕
= 𝒅𝒕
Position: the location of the particle with respect to a

𝐝
chosen reference point that we can consider to be the

with time according to the expression (𝑡) = −4𝑡 + 2𝑡2

origin of a coordinate system. 1. A particle moves along the x-axis. Its position varies

Distance: is a scalar quantity and it is the length of a , where x is in meters and t is in seconds.
path followed by a particle.
a.) Determine the displacement of the particle in the
Displacement: - is a vector quantity and it is the change time intervals t = 0 to t = 1 s and t = 1 s to t = 3 s.
between the starting point and final point.

∆𝒙 = 𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊

Speed is the rate of change of a distance.

Velocity is the rate of change of a displacement.

Average speed: a scalar quantity, defined as the total b.) Calculate the average velocity during these two time
distance traveled divided by the total time interval intervals.

𝒅 𝒅
required to travel that distance.

𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒆 = =
∆𝒕 𝒕
Average velocity: the particle’s displacement divided by
the time interval during which that displacement
occurs.

∆𝒙 𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊
c.) Find the instantaneous velocity of the particle at t =
2.5 s.

⃗𝒗 𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
= 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒊
∆𝒕 𝒇
 lOMoARcPSD|21507424

Instantaneous velocity: the rate of motion of a particle

or object at a given time.

PHYS001C-PHYSICS FOR ENGINEDEoRwnSlobaydePd MbySAJliRce/RRivVeCra/([email protected]) Page 1

 lOMoARcPSD|21507424

varies according to the expression 𝑣𝑥 = 40 − 5𝑡2

2. The velocity of a particle moving along the x-axis KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
The kinematic equations are a set of equations
where t is in seconds. that can be utilized to predict unknown information
a.) Find the average acceleration in the time interval about an object's motion if other information is known.
t=0s to t=2s . Each of the kinematic equations include four variables.
If the values of three of the four variables are known,
then the value of the fourth variable can be calculated.
In this manner, the kinematic equations provide a
useful means of predicting information about an
object's motion if other information is known.
b.) Determine the acceleration at t=2s.
Kinematics Equation 1:

c.) Determine the average velocity in the time interval

t=0s to t=2s .

Kinematics Equation 2:

Kinematics Equation 3:

3. Find the displacement, average velocity, and average

speed of the car between position A and F as described
by the table.

where: ∆𝑥 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒

𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡.
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡.
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡.
𝑣𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡.
 lOMoARcPSD|21507424

PHYS001C-PHYSICS FOR ENGINEDEoRwnSlobaydePd MbySAJliRce/RRivVeCra/([email protected]) Page 2

 lOMoARcPSD|21507424

1. A bus is moving at 25 m/s when the driver steps on 5. A car traveling at a constant speed of 45.0 m/s passes
the brakes and brings the bus to a stop in 3.0 s. What is
a trooper on a motorcycle hidden behind a billboard.
the acceleration of the bus while braking?
One second after the speeding car passes the billboard,
the trooper sets out from the billboard to catch the car,
accelerating at a constant rate of 3.00 m/s^2. How long
does it take her to overtake the car?

2. A golf ball rolls up a hill toward a miniature-golf hole.

Assign the direction toward the hole as being positive. If
the ball starts with a speed of 2.0 m/s and slows at a
constant rate of 0.50 m/s2, what is its velocity after 2.0
s?

FREELY FALLING BODIES

3. A race car accelerates uniformly from 18.5 m/s to
46.1 m/s in 2.47 seconds. Determine the acceleration of Free fall is the motion of an object under the
the car and the distance traveled. influence of only gravity. The velocity change is the
same in each time interval, so the acceleration is
constant. Aristotle thought that heavy bodies fall faster
than light ones, but Galileo showed that all bodies fall at
the same rate. If there is no air resistance, the
downward acceleration of any freely falling object is g =
9.8 m/s2 = 32 ft/s2. An object is in free fall even when it
is moving upward. Refer to the figure for up-and-down
motion.

4. Lawrence is approaching a stoplight moving with a

velocity of +30.0 m/s. The light turns yellow, and
Lawrence applies the brakes and skids to a stop. If
Lawrence’s acceleration is -8.00 m/s2, then determine
the displacement of the car during the skidding process
and the time the car will stop.

PHYS001C-PHYSICS FOR ENGINEDEoRwnSlobaydePd MbySAJliRce/RRivVeCra/([email protected]) Page 3

 lOMoARcPSD|21507424

KINEMATIC EQUATIONS FOR FREELY FALLING BODIES 4. A stone thrown from the top of a building is given an
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒈𝒕
initial velocity of 20.0 m/s straight upward. The building
(𝟏)
is 50.0 m high, and the stone just misses the edge of the

𝒈𝒕𝟐
roof on its way down, as shown in the figure.

∆𝒚 = 𝒗𝒊𝒕 (𝟐)
𝟐
+

𝒗𝒇𝟐 = 𝒗𝒊𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈∆𝒚 (𝟑)

1. Luke drops a pile of roof shingles from the top of a

roof located 8.52 meters above the ground. Determine
the time required for the shingles to reach the ground.

2. Rex throws his mother's crystal vase vertically

a.) Using 𝑡𝐴 = 0 as the time the stone leaves the

upwards with an initial velocity of 26.2 m/s. Determine

thrower’s hand at position 𝐴, determine the time at

the height to which the vase will rise above its initial
height.
which the stone reaches its maximum height.

b. ) Find the maximum height of the stone.

3. The boy drops the ball from a roof of the house which
takes 3 seconds to hit the ground. Calculate the velocity c.) Determine the velocity of the stone when it returns
before the ball crashes to the ground. How high is the to the height from which it was thrown.
roof?

d.) Find the velocity and position of the stone at t = 5.00

s.
 lOMoARcPSD|21507424

PHYS001C-PHYSICS FOR ENGINEDEoRwnSlobaydePd MbySAJliRce/RRivVeCra/([email protected]) Page 4

 lOMoARcPSD|21507424

KINEMATICS:
TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL MOTION

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILO)

 Find the position, velocity and acceleration
using unit vectors
 Describe and compare the motion of a body
thrown horizontally to that of in free fall
 Derive working equations for horizontally- Instantaneous Velocity: the derivative of the position
launched projectile vector with respect to time and direction at any point in
 Study the elements of projectile motion a particles path is along a line tangent to the path at

∆𝒓⃗ 𝒅𝒓
 Determine the relationship of the angle of that point.

𝒗⃗ = =
projection on the range at a given initial

𝐥𝐢𝐦
velocity.
∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅 𝒅𝒚
𝒋
Motion in Two Dimensions
𝒗⃗ 𝒙 𝒊̂
𝒅𝒕
Kinematic variables in one dimension
= +
𝒅
 Position: x(t) m

𝒕
⃗𝒗 = 𝒊̂ + ⃗𝒗 𝒚𝒋
 Velocity: v(t) m/s
𝒗⃗
 Acceleration: a(t) m/s2

velocity vector divided by the time interval ∆𝑡 during

Average acceleration: change in its instantaneous
𝑟 (𝑡) = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ,
Kinematic variables in three dimensions

𝑚
 Position:
which changes occurs

𝑣 (𝑡) = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗̂ +
𝑣𝑧 𝑘̂ , 𝑚/𝑠
 Velocity:

𝑎 (𝑡) = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘̂ , ∆𝒗 ∆𝒗𝒙 ∆𝒗𝒚

𝒊̂ 𝒋
𝑚/𝑠 2 ⃗𝒂 𝒂𝒗𝒈 = ∆𝒕
 Acceleration:

= ∆𝒕 +
∆𝒕
⃗𝒂 = 𝒂⃗ 𝒊̂ + 𝒂⃗ 𝒋̂
Position vectors : the position of an object is described
𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝒂𝒗𝒈𝒙 𝒂𝒗𝒈𝒚
by its position vector - always points to particle from
origin.
Instantaneous acceleration: The derivative of the
velocity vector with respect to time.

𝒂⃗ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⃗𝒂 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∆𝒗
=𝒅𝒗
𝒂𝒗𝒈

∆𝒕→ ∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝟎
𝒅𝒗
⃗𝒂 𝒅𝒗 𝒊̂ 𝒋̂
= +
𝒚

𝒅
𝒙
Displacement vector: difference between its final
𝒅 𝒕
𝒕
position vector and its initial position vector but making ∆𝒓⃗ = ∆𝒙𝒊̂ − ∆𝒚𝒋̂
use of the full vector notation rather than positive and
negative signs to indicate the direction of motion. Average velocity: the displacement vector of the particle

∆⃗𝒓 = ⃗𝒓⃗⃗⃗𝟐 − 𝒓⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏

divided by the time interval

∆⃗𝒓 = (𝒙𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒚𝟐𝒋̂) − (𝒙𝟏𝒊̂

+ 𝒚𝟏𝒋̂)
 lOMoARcPSD|21507424

𝒂⃗ = 𝒂𝒙 𝒊̂ + 𝒂𝒚 𝒋̂ even though the magnitude is constant

 Both the magnitude and the direction can
change
Motion in two dimensions

∆⃗𝒓
∆𝒙
 The direction of the velocity can change,
Motions in each dimension are independent

∆𝒚
components

𝒗⃗ 𝒂𝒗𝒈 = = 𝒊̂ 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑖
+ 𝒋 ∆𝒕 ∆𝒕 + 𝑎̂ 𝑡
∆𝒕 1 2

⃗𝒗 𝑟 − ⃗𝑟 = 𝑣⃗ 𝑡+ 𝑎𝑡
= 𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝒊̂ +
𝒂𝒗𝒈𝒚 𝑖 𝑖
2
𝒋
𝒂𝒗
𝒈 ⃗𝒗 𝒙 𝒗⃗

PHYS001C-PHYSICS FOR ENGINEDEoRwnSlobaydePd MbySAJliRce/RRivVeCra/([email protected]) Page 5

 lOMoARcPSD|21507424

𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗𝒊𝒙 + 𝒂𝒙𝒕 𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝒊𝒚 +

Constant acceleration equations 2. A golf ball is hit off a tee at the edge of a cliff. Its x

𝒂𝒚𝒕
and y coordinates as functions of time are given by the
1 1
∆𝒙 = 𝒗𝒙𝒊𝒕 + 2 ∆𝒚 = 𝒗𝒊𝒚𝒕 + 2 𝑥 = (18.0 𝑚/𝑠)𝑡
following expressions:
𝑎𝑥𝑡 2
𝑎𝑦𝑡 2

𝒗𝒇𝒙𝟐 = 𝒗𝒊𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝑎𝑥∆𝑥 𝒗𝒇𝒚𝟐 = 𝒗𝒊𝒚𝟐 + 𝑦 = (4.00 𝑚/𝑠)𝑡 − (4.90 𝑚/𝑠2)𝑡2

𝟐𝑎𝑦∆𝑦
a.) Write a vector expression for the ball’s position as a
Constant acceleration equations hold in each function of time, using the unit vectors î and ĵ.

 𝑡 = 0 beginning of the process;

dimension

 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑎𝑦𝑗̂ where 𝑎𝑥and 𝑎𝑦 are b.) The velocity vector as a function of time

 Initial velocity 𝑣
⃗ 𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑣𝑖𝑦𝑗̂
constant;

 initial displacement 𝑟⃗ 𝑖 = 𝑟𝑖 𝑖̂ + 𝑟𝑖 𝑗̂
c.) The acceleration vector as a function of time. Next
To determine the magnitude of a vector and its use unit–vector notation to write expressions.
direction:

𝑨 = |⃗𝑨 | = √𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐

𝑨𝒚
d.) The position, the velocity, and the acceleration of
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 | |
the golf ball, all at t = 3.00 s.
𝑨𝒙

1. A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with an initial

velocity having an x component of 20 m/s and a y
component of -15 m/s. The particle moves in the xy
plane with an x component of acceleration only, given
by ax=4.0 m/s2.
3. A web page designer creates an animation in which a

𝑟 = [4.0𝑐𝑚 + (2.5𝑐𝑚/𝑠2 )𝑡2]𝑖̂ + (5.0𝑐𝑚/𝑠)𝑡

a.) Calculate the velocity and speed of the particle at t = dot on a computer screen has a position of

magnitude of 𝒗⃗⃗⃗𝒇
⃗ . 𝑗̂
5.0s. Evaluate the speed of the particle as the

a.) Find the magnitude and direction of the dot’s

average velocity between t = 0 and t =2s.

b.) Determine the x and y coordinates of the particle at b.) Find the magnitude and direction of the dot’s
any time t and its position vector at this time. instantaneous velocity at t = 0, t = 1s, and t = 2.0s.
 lOMoARcPSD|21507424

PHYS001C-PHYSICS FOR ENGINEDEoRwnSlobaydePd MbySAJliRce/RRivVeCra/([email protected]) Page 6

 lOMoARcPSD|21507424

PROJECTILE MOTION
1.) Constant velocity in the horizontal direction
Superposition of two motion:
 curved motion with constant acceleration. It is

𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑣𝑓𝑥
two dimensional motion of a particle thrown

𝑎𝑥 = 0
obliquely into the air.

2.) Constant acceleration in the vertical direction

 is an object thrown into the air upon which the
only force acting is gravity.
 is any object which once projected continues in
𝑎𝑦 = 𝑔 = −9.8 𝑚/𝑠2
motion by its own inertia and is influenced only
3.) Initial Velocity
by the downward force of gravity

𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
 The path of the projectile is always a parabola.

𝑣𝑖𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 The path followed by the projectile is termed as
the "trajectory of the projectile".

𝑣 𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥𝑖̂ +
𝑣𝑖𝑦𝑗̂
Example of Projectile Motion
1. An object thrown from a hill to the downward
direction.

4.) Final Velocity

2. An object thrown from the ground towards the sky
or in the upward direction.
𝑣𝑓𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥
3. An object thrown towards the sky but by making
some angle with horizontal surface .
𝑣𝑓𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖𝑦 +
𝑎𝑦𝑡
Horizontal and Vertical Components of a Projectile’s

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑓𝑥𝑖̂ +
Motion
𝑓
𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑗̂
 projectile travel with a parabolic trajectory due
to the influence of gravity.
 there are no horizontal forces acting upon a

5.) Maximum Height

projectile and thus no horizontal acceleration.

- maximum value of the vertical distance attained

2
−𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
2
by the projectile .

𝐻 = 𝑦𝑓
𝑖
2𝑎𝑦
=
 the horizontal velocity of a projectile is constant
(considering air resistance is negligible)

6.) Time to reach maximum height

 there is a vertical acceleration caused by
gravity; its value is 9.8 m/s2, downward.

−𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 the vertical velocity of a projectile changes by

𝑡=
9.8 m/s each second.
𝑎𝑦
 the horizontal and vertical components of a
projectile motion are independent of each
7.) Horizontal Range or Horizontal Displacement
other.

o𝒓 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝑽𝒙) and vertical or y

A projectile has both the horizontal
- the distance from the point of projection to the

component (𝑽𝒚) components of motion. Each

point where the projection strikes the point in a

−𝑉𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2
horizontal plane.

𝑅 = 𝑥𝑓 =
component is independent with each other.

𝑎𝑦

8.) Time of flight

– the time from the instant when it is projected to
the time when it strikes the point in a horizontal
plane passing through the point.

−2𝑉𝑖
𝑇= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑎𝑦
 lOMoARcPSD|21507424

PHYS001C-PHYSICS FOR ENGINEDEoRwnSlobaydePd MbySAJliRce/RRivVeCra/([email protected]) Page 7

 lOMoARcPSD|21507424

1. To start an avalanche on a mountain slope, an 3. A long jumper leaves the ground with an initial
artillery shell is fired with an initial velocity of 300 m/s
velocity of 12 m/s at an angle of 28-degrees above the
at 55.0°above the horizontal. It explodes on the
horizontal. a.) Determine the time of flight, b.) the
mountainside 42.0s after firing. What are the x and y
coordinates of the shell where it explodes, relative to its horizontal distance, c.) the peak height of the long-
firing point? jumper, d.) the time it will reach the peak height, e.) the
x and y component at t=0.80s and f.) express the
velocity at t=0.80s in unit vector and determine its
magnitude.

a.)Time of Flight

2. A stone is thrown from the top of a building upward

at an angle of 30.0° to the horizontal with an initial
speed of 20.0 m/s as shown in figure. The height of the
b.) Horizontal Distance (Range)
building is 45.0 m.

c.) Peak Height (maximum height)

d.) Time to reach maximum height

a.) How long does it take the stone to reach the
ground?

e.) the x and y component at t=0.80s

b.) What is the speed of the stone just before it strikes

the ground?

f.) vector and magnitude at t=0.80s

PHYS001C-PHYSICS FOR ENGINEDEoRwnSlobaydePd MbySAJliRce/RRivVeCra/([email protected]) Page 8