CLIMATE RESILIENT DESIGN STANDARDS & GUIDELINES

FOR PROTECTION OF PUBLIC RIGHTS-OF-WAY

APPENDIX A. OVERVIEW OF FLOOD BARRIER TYPES

BOSTON PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT

Appendix A. Overview of Flood Barrier Types

CLIMATE RESILIENT DESIGN STANDARDS & GUIDELINES

CITY OF BOSTON PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT (BPWD)

Technical Advisory Group (TAG) Kick-off Meeting

February 6, 2018

ADDITIONAL MATERIALS FOR GENERAL REFERENCE

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 Flooding (Storm Event)

Flexible/Adjustable
Flooding (Gradual)

Retreat/Elevating
Coastal & Fluvial

Coastal & Fluvial

Accommodation
Pluvial Flooding

Deployable

Short-Term

Long-Term
Protect
Flood Protection Implementation Examples
Solutions

Static Options (Shoreline and Upland)

Levees ● ● ● ● ● New Orleans, LA
Horizontal Levees ● ● ● ● ● ● Tokyo, Japan
Revetments ● ● ● ● Manchester by the Sea, MA
Super Levees/Raised Land ● ● ● ● ● Osaka, Japan
Floodwalls ● ● ● ● New Orleans, LA
Seawalls/Bulkheads ● ● ● ● Georgetown, D.C.
Raised Roadways ● ● ● ● ● Norfolk, VA
Raised Curbs & Sidewalks ● ● ● ● ● Sacramento, CA
Passive Barriers ● ● ● ● ● ● ● New York City, NY
Dynamic Options
Inflatable Flood Barriers ● ● ● ● ● ● Houston, TX
Membrane Flood Barriers ● ● ● ● ● ● Newcastle, Australia
Modular Flood Barriers ● ● ● ● ● ● New York City, NY
Flood Plank Barriers ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Grein, Austria

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 LEVEES
Benefits Earthen embankment designed and
– Can be designed with constructed to prevent flood waters from
harborwalk path reaching downstream areas.
– Drainage systems within levee
can aid in stormwater impact
Drawbacks
– Extensive amount of space
required to construct
– Susceptible to scour/erosion
– Seepage through embankment
– Overtopping may lead to
catastrophic damages
Source: Wright, Kathryn, et al. (2015, February). Enhancing Resilience in Boston
- A Guide for Large Buildings and Institutions. A Better City.; FEMA 259 Ch. 5F.;
Burden, Amanda M, et al. (2013, June) Urban Waterfront Adaptive Strategies.
Department of City Planning City of New York.
Source: Indolences (2007). Sacramento River Levee. Wikipedia. Retrieved From
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sacramento_River_Levee.jpg

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 HORIZONTAL LEVEES
Benefits Horizontal levees are an extension to a hardened levee
– Less cost of traditional levees or floodwall, and provide a natural habitat between the
– Can be designed with a pathway
water and the levee for moderate surge levels, wave
along the top action, erosion, and flood events.
– Quick recovery after storm events
– Mitigate impacts of flooding by
buffering, elevating, and
accommodating flood waters
– Provides public access to waterfront
– Ecological enhancement opportunities
Drawbacks
– Natural habitat requires maintenance
& repair after storm events
– Requires space between levee and
waterfront for vegetation
Sources: Bosch Slabbers, et al. Adaptation Solutions. ClimateApp. Retrieved
from www.climateapp.nl/; Burden, Amanda M, et al. (2013, June). Urban
Waterfront Adaptive Strategies. Department of City Planning City of New York.;
Deltares; Sweco; Witteveen & Bos; KNMI ; Horizontal Levees. Naturally Resilient
Communities. Retrieved from http://nrcsolutions.org/wp-
content/uploads/2017/03/NRC_Solutions_Levees.pdf
Source: Horizontal Levees. Naturally Resilient Communities. Retrieved from nrcsolutions.org/horizontal-levees/.

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 REVETMENTS
Benefits Revetments are onshore structures
– Dissipates wave energy during storm events designed to protect the shoreline
– Can be designed with a pathway along the top from erosion.
– Easier to maintain than soft protection measures
– Well-suited to mitigate wave action
– Suitable for areas with less space for ecological
shoreline treatments
– Generally less expensive than bulkheads
– Less erosion and scour impact
– More flexible based on diversity of building
materials
Drawbacks
– Requires space between levee and waterfront
– Less aesthetic than vegetation
– May result in increased wave action down current
Sources: Burden, Amanda M, et al. (2013, June). Urban Waterfront Adaptive Strategies. Department of City
Planning City of New York.; StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 7: Repair and Reconstruction of Seawalls and Source: Kelisi. (2010, February 13). Mumbai Caltrop like Seashore Defence. Wikipedia, Mumbai.
Revetments. Massachusetts Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. Retrieved from
https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/05/29/ssp-factsheet-7-revetments-new.pdf.
Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MumbaiCaltroplikeSeashoreDefence.JPG.

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 SUPER LEVEES/RAISED LAND
Super levees are wider than a normal levee, and
include raising grades on the downstream side to a
negligible slope.
Benefits
– Area out of flood zone
– Once constructed, raised land requires virtually no unusual ongoing capital
or maintenance costs
– Seepage less problematic than traditional levees
– Less threat of breach or slope failure
– Levee does not block access or view of waterfront
– More resistant to flooding and earthquake damage
– Stormwater drainage design opportunities can be similar to that of normal
levees
Drawbacks
– Very expensive, requires massive grade change and rebuilding
infrastructure and buildings
– Numerous engineering and design issues
Source: Valin, I. (2009, November 24). Levee-Town (Super!). Smart Cities DIVE. – Redesign & construction of dense, developed urban environment
Retrieved from www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/levee- Sources: Burden, Amanda M, et al. (2013, June) Urban Waterfront Adaptive Strategies. Department of City Planning City of New York..; Valin, I. (2009, November 24). Levee-
town-super/9331/. Town (Super!). Smart Cities DIVE. Retrieved from www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/levee-town-super/9331/.

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 SEAWALL/BULKHEAD
Benefits Seawalls are designed to resist wave
• Well established solution forces to protect upland areas from
• Abundant design information available flooding during major surge events.
• Space efficient
• Can be built with boardwalk or roadway
• Reinforcement and repair is fairly simple
• Drainage holes can aid in stormwater
management
Drawbacks
• Significant upfront costs and O&M costs
• May worsen flooding for neighboring sites
• Disruptive to sediment transport
• Toe erosion and scour problematic
• Possible less aesthetically pleasing than
vegetation or soft solutions Source: WRT Design. Georgetown Waterfront Park. Retrieved from
Source: Bosch Slabbers, et al. Adaptation Solutions. ClimateApp. Retrieved from www.climateapp.nl/;
Burden, Amanda M, et al. (2013, June). Urban Waterfront Adaptive Strategies. Department of City Planning www.wrtdesign.com/work/georgetown-waterfront-park.
City of New York.; Deltares; Sweco; Witteveen & Bos; KNMI.

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 FLOODWALLS
Floodwalls are generally reinforced concrete
structures designed to resist hydrostatic pressure in
high and low surge events.
Benefits
– Ease of construction
– Less space required than earthen structures
– Can be combined with other measures
Drawbacks
– More expensive than levees to construct
– Physical and visual separation from waterfront
– Scour, seepage and uplift problematic
– May affect drainage in the area
Source: Jakec. (2015, August 25). Floodwall in Sudbury, – Proper drainage considerations necessary to
Pennsylvania. Wikipedia. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_wall#/media/File:Floodwall_in
prevent stormwater back ups
Source: Burden, Amanda M, et al. (2013, June). Urban Waterfront Adaptive Strategies. Department of City Planning City of New York.; Wright, Kathryn, et al. (2015,
_Sunbury,_Pennsylvania.JPG February). Enhancing Resilience in Boston - A Guide for Large Buildings and Institutions. A Better City.

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 RAISED ROADWAYS
Benefits
Raised roadways elevate streets to above
– Roadway out of flood zone expected flood levels to act as flood barrier
– Provides safe evacuation routes
Drawbacks
– Difficult in developed/urban environment
– Connections to existing structures and
infrastructure may also need to be raised
– Sidewalks and access routes need to be
raised
– Utility access
– Widened roadway to manage sloped
embankments
– Settlement associated with increased grades
– Infeasible for roadway portions that pass
through tunnels
– Costs
Sources: Bosch Slabbers, et al. Adaptation Solutions. ClimateApp. Retrieved from
www.climateapp.nl/; Deltares; Sweco; Witteveen & Bos; KNMI.

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 RAISED CURBS & SIDEWALKS
Benefits Raised curbs and sidewalks can act as
– Less difficult than raising whole road flood walls and don’t require full
– Prevents water from entering
adjacent buildings roadway elevation.
Drawbacks
– Limits handicap accessibility to
street
– Pedestrian safety
– Retains water in the street (possible
benefit for stormwater storage)
– Drainage considerations necessary
for where to direct water
– Roadway intersections
– Loading/access impacts to adjacent
buildings/structures
Source: Bosch Slabbers, et al. Adaptation Solutions. ClimateApp, Retrieved
from www.climateapp.nl/; Deltares; Sweco; Witteveen & Bos; KNMI
Source: Conradi, Bob. (2016, December 9). Council Weighs Traffic Safety, Business Access After Raised Sidewalk Installed.
The Saline Post. Retrieved from www.thesalinepost.com/government/council-weighs-traffic-safety-business-access-after-
raised-sidewalk-installed.

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 PASSIVE BARRIERS
Benefits Passive, retractable flood barriers
– Does not require human deployment require no deployment measures
– Does not use electricity
– Deployed based on water height
and are usually recessed into sites.
– Installed to be custom-sized
– Minimize disruption to fair weather function
Drawbacks
– Upfront costs significantly higher than
temporary barriers
– Effectiveness limited to adjacent structures
– Does not address gradual sea level rise tidal
changes
– Drainage designs would be necessary to
relocate flood waters
– May not deploy if ground is frozen
Sources: Burden, Amanda M, et al. (2013, June). Urban Waterfront Adaptive Strategies. Department of City Planning City
of New York.; Sustainable Buildings Initiative. Climate Resilience Toolkit. Sustainable Buildings Initiative. Retrieved from
sustainablebuildingsinitiative.org/toolkits/climate-resilience-toolkits/; Wright, Kathryn, et al. (2015, February). Enhancing
Source: FloodBreak. Lourdes Hospital - Binghamton, NY. FloodBreak. Retrieved from
Resilience in Boston - A Guide for Large Buildings and Institutions. A Better City.; FloodBreak. Lourdes Hospital - floodbreak.com/about/success-stories/success-story-lourdes-hospital-binghamton-ny/.
Binghamton, NY. FloodBreak. Retrieved from floodbreak.com/about/success-stories/success-story-lourdes-hospital-
binghamton-ny/.

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 INFLATABLE FLOOD BARRIERS
Inflatable barriers are set up prior to a potential flood
event and use incoming flood waters to inflate
automatically and create a barrier to divert water.
Benefits
– Reusable, easier to deploy and clean up, and are often cheaper than
sandbags
– Do not require building or site modifications
– Can be used and maintained by individual sites
– Flexible to accommodate bends and site restrictions
Drawbacks
– Not appropriate for frequent tidal events
– Models range in deployment time
– Puncture risk due to ice/sharp items
– Deployment requires human intervention and sufficient installation
time
– Most temporary barriers do not protect from high-velocity flooding and
wave action
Source: Flood Control International. NOAQ Tubewall Flood Barrier.
FloodControl International. Retrieved from
– Can obstruct building access and sidewalks when deployed
http://www.floodcontrolinternational.com/PRODUCTS/FLOOD- – No drainage capabilities
BARRIERS/noaq-tubewall.html Sources: Sustainable Buildings Initiative. Climate Resilience Toolkit. Sustainable Buildings Initiative. Retrieved from
https://sustainablebuildingsinitiative.org/toolkits/climate-resilience-toolkits/flooding-and-sea-level-rise/flood-barriers?toolkit=204/; Wright, Kathryn, et al. (2015, February)
Enhancing Resilience in Boston - A Guide for Large Buildings and Institutions. A Better City.

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 INFLATABLE FLOOD BARRIERS
AFTER
Source: Chia, Jessica. (2016, June 12). Texas man uses 400ft plastic dam he found on the Internet to protect his house from
record 27-Inch floods - and it worked!. Daily Mail Online, Associated Newspapers. Retrieved from
www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3637271/Texas-man-uses-dam-filled-WATER-house-dry-27-inch-flood.html.

BEFORE
Source: Chia, Jessica. (2016, June 12). Texas man uses 400ft plastic dam he found on the Internet to protect his house from record
27-Inch floods - and it worked!. Daily Mail Online, Associated Newspapers. Retrieved from www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-
3637271/Texas-man-uses-dam-filled-WATER-house-dry-27-inch-flood.html.

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 MEMBRANE FLOOD BARRIERS
Benefits Membrane flood barriers use
– Reusable, easier to deploy and clean up,
and are often cheaper than sandbags
floodwater to seal and stabilize the
– Do not require building or site modifications
groundsheet and backwall.
– Can be anchored to impermeable structures
for watertight seal
– Can be used on various surfaces
– Flexible length and shape options
Drawbacks
– Not appropriate for frequent tidal events
– Deployment requires human intervention
and sufficient installation time
– Most temporary barriers do not protect from
high-velocity flooding and wave action
– Can Obstruct building access and sidewalks
when deployed
Sources: Sustainable Buildings Initiative. Climate Resilience Toolkit. Sustainable Buildings
Initiative. Retrieved from sustainablebuildingsinitiative.org/toolkits/climate-resilience-toolkits/;
Wright, Kathryn, et al. (2015, February). Enhancing Resilience in Boston - A Guide for Large Source: Aquobex. Rapidam. Aquobex. Retrieved from aquobex.com/products-list/rapidam/.
Buildings and Institutions. A Better City.

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 MEMBRANE FLOOD BARRIERS

BEFORE AFTER
Source: BLUEMONT. (2016, February 1). Bluemont and Newcastle City Council Mobile Flood Barrier Tests. BLUEMONT. Retrieved from
Source: Aquobex. Rapidam. Aquobex. Retrieved from aquobex.com/products-list/rapidam/. http://www.bluemont.com.au/bluemont-and-newcastle-city-council-mobile-flood-barrier-tests/

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 MODULAR FLOOD BARRIERS
Benefits Modular flood barriers can be
– Reusable, easier to deploy and clean
up, and are often cheaper than constructed of a wide range of materials
–
sandbags
Do not require building or site
and use floodwaters to deploy.
modifications
Drawbacks
– Not appropriate for frequent tidal
events
– Deployment requires human
intervention and sufficient installation
time
– Most temporary barriers to not
protect from high-velocity flooding
and wave action
– Can obstruct building access or
sidewalks when deployed
– Structural materials may prevent
flexibility in site setups Source: Dalheim, R. (2017, March 3). Seven-foot plywood flood barrier prepares mall for storm. Woodworking
Sources: Sustainable Buildings Initiative. Climate Resilience Toolkit. Sustainable Buildings Initiative. Retrieved from
sustainablebuildingsinitiative.org/toolkits/climate-resilience-toolkits/; Wright, Kathryn, et al. (2015, February). Enhancing
Resilience in Boston - A Guide for Large Buildings and Institutions. A Better City. Network. Retrieved from https://www.woodworkingnetwork.com/wood/panel-supply/seven-foot-plywood-
flood-barrier-prepares-mall-storm

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 MODULAR FLOOD BARRIERS

BEFORE AFTER
Source: Alibaba.com. Aqua Fence Freestanding Barriers - Buy Flood Protection Product on Alibaba.Com. Alibaba.com. Retrieved from Source: Alibaba.com. Aqua Fence Freestanding Barriers - Buy Flood Protection Product on Alibaba.Com. Alibaba.com. Retrieved from
www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Aqua-Fence-Freestanding-Barriers_138734799.html. www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Aqua-Fence-Freestanding-Barriers_138734799.html.

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 FLOOD PLANK BARRIERS
Benefits Flood plank barriers are temporary,
– Does not permanently block
access/view to waterfront watertight barriers placed prior to flood
– Does not require additional land events.
(like floodwalls or levees)
Drawbacks
– Not appropriate for gradual and
tidal flooding protection
– Deployment requires human
intervention
– Sufficient installation time for
larger projects
– May not be appropriate for high-
velocity flows and wave action
– Susceptible to corrosion and rust
Sources: Flood Barriers. Flood Barriers: Flood Protection Products and
Information Resources. Flood Panel. Retrieved from www.flood-
barriers.com/; Wright, Kathryn, et al. (2015, February). Enhancing
Resilience in Boston - A Guide for Large Buildings and Institutions. A
Better City. Source: Williams, F. Who’s Afraid of Floods? The Mobile Flood Walls in Austria Keep Everyone Safe!. EliteReaders. Retrieved from
https://www.elitereaders.com/mobile-flood-walls-austria-machlanddamm/?cn-reloaded=1

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 FLOOD PLANK BARRIERS

BEFORE AFTER
Source: Williams, F. Who’s Afraid of Floods? The Mobile Flood Walls in Austria Keep Everyone Safe!. EliteReaders. Retrieved from Source: Williams, F. Who’s Afraid of Floods? The Mobile Flood Walls in Austria Keep Everyone Safe!. EliteReaders. Retrieved from
https://www.elitereaders.com/mobile-flood-walls-austria-machlanddamm/?cn-reloaded=1 https://www.elitereaders.com/mobile-flood-walls-austria-machlanddamm/?cn-reloaded=1

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 DEPLOYABLE BARRIER
RAISED ROADWAYS

VEGETATED BERM
Discussion on Flood

HARBORWALK
Protection Options Selected Flood Protection

BARRIER
Solutions Considered
How do we get to 4 ft. for Design Guidance
protection by 2070, with the
option to add an additional Static Options (Shoreline and Upland)
2 ft. in the future. Levees ● ● ●
Horizontal Levees ● ● ●
Revetments ● ●
• Harborwalk Barrier Super Levees/Raised Land ● ●
• Raised Roadway Floodwalls ● ●
• Vegetated Berm Seawalls/Bulkheads ●
Raised Roadways ●
• Deployable Flood Barrier Raised Curbs & Sidewalks ●
Passive Barriers ● ●
Dynamic Options
OTHER OPTIONS TO Inflatable Flood Barriers ●
DEVELOP SAMPLE DESIGN Membrane Flood Barriers ●
Modular Flood Barriers ●
DOCUMENTS? Flood Plank Barriers ● ●

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 REFERENCES
Abrahamsen, Elizabeth. (2017). Texans are Using These Portable Dams to Save Their Homes from Floods. Wide Open Country. Retrieved From
https://www.wideopencountry.com/aquadam-saves-another-texas-home-harvey/
Alibaba.com. (n.d.). Aqua Fence Freestanding Barriers - Buy Flood Protection Product on Alibaba.Com. Alibaba.com. Retrieved From https://www.alibaba.com/product-
detail/Aqua-Fence-Freestanding-Barriers_138734799.html
Aquobex. Rapidam. (n.d.). Aquobex. Retrieved From http://aquobex.com/products-list/rapidam/
Armstrong, Lance. (2013). Raising Sacramento’s Streets Created City’s Mysterious Underground. Valley Community Newspapers. Retrieved From
http://www.valcomnews.com/?p=10303
BLUEMONT. (2016). Bluemont and Newcastle City Council Mobile Flood Barrier Tests. BLUEMONT. Retrieved From http://www.bluemont.com.au/bluemont-and-
newcastle-city-council-mobile-flood-barrier-tests/
Burden, Amanda M, et al. (2013) Urban Waterfront Adaptive Strategies. Department of City Planning City of New York. [PDF File]. Retrieved From
https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/plans-studies/sustainable-communities/climate-resilience/urban_waterfront.pdf
Chia, Jessica. (2016). Texas man uses 400ft plastic dam he found on the Internet to protect his house from record 27-Inch floods - and it worked!. Daily Mail Online,
Associated Newspapers. Retrieved From https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3637271/Texas-man-uses-dam-filled-WATER-house-dry-27-inch-flood.html
Conradi, Bob. (2016). Council Weighs Traffic Safety, Business Access After Raised Sidewalk Installed. The Saline Post. Retrieved From
http://www.thesalinepost.com/government/council-weighs-traffic-safety-business-access-after-raised-sidewalk-installed
Dalheim, R. (2017). Seven-foot plywood flood barrier prepares mall for storm. Woodworking Network. Retrieved From https://www.woodworkingnetwork.com/wood/panel-
supply/seven-foot-plywood-flood-barrier-prepares-mall-storm
FEMA. (2012). FEMA P-259, Engineering Principles and Practices of Retrofitting Floodprone Residential Structures, Third Edition: Floodwalls and Levees. Retrieved From
https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/3001
FloodBreak. (2013). FloodBreak Passive Flood Barriers Deploy Automatically at Customer Location – January 2013. [YouTube Video]. Retrieved From
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NuDshmb4fmA
FloodBreak. (n.d.). Lourdes Hospital - Binghamton, NY. FloodBreak. Retrieved From http://floodbreak.com/about/success-stories/success-story-lourdes-hospital-
binghamton-ny/
Flood Control International. (n.d.). NOAQ Tubewall Flood Barrier. FloodControl International. Retrieved From
http://www.floodcontrolinternational.com/PRODUCTS/FLOOD-BARRIERS/noaq-tubewall.html

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 REFERENCES, CONT.
Indolences (2007). Sacramento River Levee. Wikipedia. Retrieved From https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sacramento_River_Levee.jpg
Jakec. (2015). Floodwall in Sudbury, Pennsylvania. Wikipedia. Retrieved From
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_wall#/media/File:Floodwall_in_Sunbury,_Pennsylvania.JPG
Kelisi. (2010). Mumbai Caltrop like Seashore Defence. Wikipedia, Mumbai. Retrieved From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MumbaiCaltroplikeSeashoreDefence.JPG
Kiefer, J. M. (2012). Brambleton and Colley Avenues Intersection; Brambleton Ave and 2nd St Intersection; Fort Norfolk Improvement Projects. City of Norfolk, Virginia
Department of Public Works. Retrieved From https://www.norfolk.gov/documentcenter/view/63
Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM). (2018). StormSmart Properties Fact Sheet 7: Repair and Reconstruction of Seawalls and Revetments. [PDF
File]. Retrieved From https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2018/05/29/ssp-factsheet-7-revetments-new.pdf
Murdock, Vanessa. (2014). AquaFence Protects Buildings from Flooding. CBS New York. Retrieved From https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2014/07/31/aquafence-protects-
buildings-from-flooding/
Naturally Resilient Communities. (n.d.). Horizontal Levees. Retrieved From http://nrcsolutions.org/horizontal-levees/
n.p. (n.d.). A Failure of Initiative: Final Report – Levees. [PDF File]. Retrieved From http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/katrina/levees.pdf
Sustainable Buildings Initiative. (n.d.). Climate Resilience Toolkit. Sustainable Buildings Initiative. Retrieved From https://sustainablebuildingsinitiative.org/toolkits/climate-
resilience-toolkits/
UC Davis Center for Watershed Sciences. (2015). Dutch Lessons on Levee Design and Prioritization for California. California WaterBlog. Retrieved From
https://californiawaterblog.com/2015/02/26/21st-century-delta-dutch-lessons-on-levee-design-prioritization/
US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). (2017). Floodwall Improvement Project Scheduled to Begin in November near the French Market. Retrieved From
http://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Releases/Article/1347653/floodwall-improvement-project-scheduled-to-begin-in-november-near-the-french-ma/
Valin, I. (2009). Levee-Town (Super!). Smart Cities DIVE. Retrieved From https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/levee-town-super/9331/
Williams, F. (n.d.). Who’s Afraid of Floods? The Mobile Flood Walls in Austria Keep Everyone Safe!. EliteReaders. Retrieved from https://www.elitereaders.com/mobile-
flood-walls-austria-machlanddamm/
Wright, Kathryn, et al. (2015). Enhancing Resilience in Boston - A Guide for Large Buildings and Institutions. A Better City. [PDF File]. Retrieved From
http://www.abettercity.org/docs-new/resiliency%20report%20web%20FINAL.pdf
WRT. (n.d.) Transforming an Industrial Site into a Civic Space. Retrieved From http://www.wrtdesign.com/work/georgetown-waterfront-park

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