ANALYSIS OF THE RESISTANCE OF STEEL

ELEMENTS UNDER FIRE SITUATIONS: A

COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN STANDARD
ABNT NBR 14323: 2013 AND ITS 1999 VERSION
Luciano Lins, Ramon Silva, Emanuella Guntzel, Luciano Bezerra

Abstract- The structural elements of steel when subjected to that its effects are attenuated and cannot be discarded
the action of a fire suffer degeneration of their physical and during the design phase of the building. (Rigobello, 2011)
chemical characteristics as a consequence of the high thermal The results of the systematical analysis will be fundamental
effect, decreasing their resistance and rigidity, and causing
to evaluate the technological development in the field of
alterations in the conditions of the initial state of the structure’s
research on steel structures under a fire situation, thus
tensions and deformations. The stability guarantee of a
structural element of steel under the action of a fire is provided making it possible to stimulate the technical adoption of
by handling time, temperature and resistance. The sizing measures to protect the structures in an efficient,
criteria are established as a function of the temperature curves economical and simplified way..
versus time, which allows the possibility to calculate the effect
of thermal action on the structural elements. The objective of Manuscript received “04/15/2018”
this work is to compare the simplified sizing methods for the About 1st Luciano Lins Vieira Civil Engineering graduate student, Universidade
calculation of the traction of bars under the effect of high Paulista.
thermal gradients as proposed by ABNT NBR 14323: 1999 and SGAS Quadra 913 Conj. B - SHCS, Brasília - DF, CEP 70390-130, Brasília, DF,
Brasil. Email: [email protected]
the one presented in the most recent version of this guideline,
About 2nd Emanuella Guntzel Barbosa, Civil Engineering graduate student,
published in 2013. The results indicated that the latest standard
Graduate student, UNICeub
is less conservative. In Brazil, the studies related to effects of a
SEPN 707/907 - Asa Norte, Brasília - DF, 70790-075 Email:
fire in structures have been increasing; however, there is still [email protected]
much to be done, such as the real-scale simulation of the About 3rd Ramon Saleno Yure Rubim Costa Silva Assistant Professor of Civil
behavior of a fire in a compartment. Engineering, UniCEUB
SEPN 707/907 - Asa Norte, Brasília - DF, 70790-075 Email:
Keywords- Thermo-structural analysis, Metal structures, Fire, [email protected]
Sistematical analysis and Dimensioning About 4th Luciano Mendes Bezerra Associate Professor of Civil Engineering,
UNB
I. INTRODUCTION Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília - CEP 70910-900 Email:
[email protected]

D During the occurrence of the phenomenon of fire in

a compartment, the analysis of the resistance of the
steel structures can be performed by measuring
conditions that the structure is submitted to in room
SAFETY CHECK UNDER A FIRE SITUATION

When submitted to high thermal gradients due to a fire, the

temperature, combined with the simultaneous effect of steel structures gradually suffer resistance and rigidity
high thermal gradients of a fire, thus designing buildings decreases, as well as changes in the conditions observed on
capable of withstanding the demands of such a situation. their initial state of equilibrium, creating tensions and
(Rigobello, 2011) structural deformations. (Silva, 1997)
The sizing methods that are present in this work refer to the The guarantee of the stability of a structural steel element
response analysis of individual steel components of the under the action of fire is verified by handling the variables
structure. Therefore, it is not taken into account the of time, temperature and resistance.
interaction between those elements during the heat
propagation phase in the structure. (Kirchhof, 2004) According to Mesquita (2013), in the temporal sphere the
Fire safety engineering procedures are based on complex structure must be designed to withstand without collapsing
analysis when compared to the same phenomenon at room during a period that allows the safe escape of the users and
temperature. It should be considered that the behavior of the safety of firefighting teams. In Brazilian standards and
the fire can change depending on the situation in such a way
regulations, it is related to the Required Time of Resistance analysis is to determine the ultimate load of the structural
to Fire. It is represented by Equation 1 strength of steel.
𝑡𝑓,𝑑 > 𝑡𝑓,𝑟𝑒𝑞 (1) In order to obtain the values of the resistant capacity of the
Where: structural steel elements through this method, it is
𝑡𝑓,𝑟𝑒𝑞 - is the required time of resistance to fire; necessary to take into account that the thermal analysis
𝑡𝑓,𝑑 - is the calculation value of fire resistance based on used is the stationary type, that is, the distribution of
standart fire ISO 834. temperature and other thermal quantities along the cross
In order for the structural steel element avoid collapsing section and the length of the steel element shall be
during the thermal action, its temperature must be below considered uniform (Rodrigues, 2013).
the critical temperature. This criterion is called verification For those cases in which safety engineering adopts the
in the temperature domain. In addition, according to Silva standard fire, the same expressions of this method can be
(2001), the safety of the structures is met in a fire situation employed, considering the effects of a variable temperature
when the temperature affecting the steel structural distribution through factors such as outflow resistance
elements is lower than the temperature that promotes reduction and the modulus of elasticity corresponding to
structural collapse, that is, the critical temperature. the highest temperature reached by the element during the
The Equation #2 represents the structural safety check by action of the thermal gradient. (NBR 14323: 2013).
the temperature degree analysis. The calculation methodology discussed in this paper will
Where: follow the calculation procedures established by Silva
𝜃𝑎 ≤ 𝜃𝑐𝑟 (2) (2001). However, it will be readapted to the new formulation
𝜃𝑎 - is the temperature of the steel; proposed by NBR 14323: 2013. In this sense, it will continue
𝜃𝑐𝑟 - is the critical temperature. with the determination of the resistance efforts of the
For the calculations concerning the resistance sphere, it structural elements in the traction, comparing it with the
must be taken into account the simultaneous effect of the results obtained in the previous version of the norm in 1999.
actions that the structure is subjected to at room According to Silva (2001), the analytical simulations that will
temperature, along with the exceptional actions (fire be presented in this study were performed with the
action). Based on this accidental combination, it is possible following simplifying assumptions:
to calculate the resistance capacity of the structural •The structural element is fully immersed in the burning
elements, which should be lower than the calculation of the environment;
request in a fire situation (Mesquita, 2013). •The distribution of temperature in the structural element is
𝑅𝑓𝑖,𝑑 ≥ 𝑆𝑓𝑖,𝑑 (3) uniform;
𝑆𝑓𝑖,𝑑 - is the requesting effort of calculation in situation of •There is an one-dimensional heat flux in the structural
fire, obtained from the combination of actions; element;
𝑅𝑓𝑖,𝑑 - is the corresponding resistance effort of the structural •It is recommended to consider ∆𝑡 < 5𝑠.
element to the maximum limit state under consideration in
a fire situation. DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE IN
THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT
METHODOLOGY For a more sophisticated analysis of the behavior of the
The analytical model addressed in this study refers to the steel piece subjected to the high heat exchanges caused by
simplified sizing method, proposed by NBR 14323: 2013 for fire action, it is necessary to understand how the
the determination of the thermal action that reaches the temperature distribution is carried out along its cross
structure during the occurrence of a fire in a building. With section through the analysis of heat transfer (Campêlo,
this tool, it is possible to calculate the thermal gradient by 2008).
means of the flux of radiation and convection emanating When the phenomenon of fire occurs in an environment, the
from the flames. temperature of the structural elements after a time interval
The simplified sizing method is applied to the structural tends to approach the temperature of the hot gases
elements engulfed by the hot gases, caused by the (Kimura, 2009). This temperature inequality generates a
occurrence of a fire inside a compartment. It can be also thermal action, characterized by a heat flux which is
applied in safety analysis of elements external to the transferred to the structure by radiation and convection,
building, but this will not be addressed in this study (Silva, causing a rise in temperature in the structural element
2001). (Silva, 2001).
Without dismissing the deformations caused by thermal
effects, the resistance analysis will be carried out so that the Radiation is defined as the process in which heat does not
modulus of elasticity of the steel and its respective flow limit need a physical medium to propagate. It flows in the form
is constant and with its value adopted at elevated
temperature (NBR 14323: 1999). The purpose of this
of waves from one body at elevated temperatures to the uncoated against the fire inside of a building, over a period
surface of another with lower temperature (Dorr, 2010). of time, can be determined by means of equation 5.
Convection concerns the transfer of heat through the (𝑢⁄𝐴𝑔 )
∆𝜃𝑎,𝑡 = 𝑘𝑠,ℎ 𝜑∆𝑡 (5)
movement of fluids, gases or liquids. When the heat transfer 𝜌𝑎 𝑐𝑎
occurs through the convective flow, the flame propagation
Where:
is analyzed by the movement of the smoke and by the
presence of the hot gases in the ceiling or out of the burning ∆𝜃𝑎,𝑡 - is the temperature change in a steel structural
compartment (Azevedo, 2010). element, during a time period Δt;
The main mechanisms of thermal analysis of a structural 𝑘𝑠,ℎ - is a correction factor for the shading effect, which
element subject to the action of a fire are: test results, can be taken equal to 1.0 or determined as we will see later;
simplified models, and advanced or computational models 𝑢
(Rigobello, 2011). It is possible to determine the ⁄𝐴𝑔 - is the mass factor for structural steel elements with
temperature increase by considering the thermal no protection against fire, expressed in meters at a minus
equilibrium between the heat coming from the fire and the one (m-1);
heat absorbed by the steel profile (Campêlo, 2008).
𝜌𝑎 - is the specific mass of the steel, expressed in kilograms
MASS FACTOR per cubic meter (𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 );
The temperature that the structure reaches during a fire is 𝑐𝑎 - is the specific heat of the steel, expressed in joules
strongly influenced by the relationship between the surface per kilogram and by degrees Celsius (J / kg ° C);
area exposed to heat and the mass of the profile. This 𝜑 - is the value of the heat flux per unit area, expressed
relationship is called a mass factor (Bellei, 2008). in watts per square meter (𝑤/𝑚2 );
For prismatic bars, the mass factor can be expressed by the
relation between the perimeter exposed to the fire (u) and ∆𝑡 - is the time period, expressed in seconds.
the area of the cross section of the bar, also known as the
form factor of the section (Silva, 2001).
Regarding the structural elements of steel without thermal 4.3.2 Shading effect
protection subject to fire action, the mass factor can be The shading effect is characterized by the fact that it acts on
expressed by equation 4. concave shaped profiles in cross sections H or I. It is caused
𝑢 (4)
⁄𝐴𝑔 by local obstructions of the thermal radiation due to the
Where: shape of the steel profile, as shown in figure 1 (Rigobello,
𝑢 - is the perimeter of the steel structural element, exposed 2011).
to fire; The shading factor for the I or H profiles, subject to the
𝐴𝑔 - is the cross-sectional area of the structural steel thermal action of a standard fire, is represented by equation
element. 6:
It is possible to deduce that concerning elements with the
same area, those that have less exposure to the fire will have (𝑢⁄𝐴𝑔 )𝑏
𝑘𝑠ℎ = 0,9 (6)
a slower heating when compared to the other elements. (𝑢⁄𝐴𝑔 )
And for the elements with the same exposed surface to the Where:
fire, the one that has greater mass will experience a slower
heating as well. (Rodrigues, 2013) (𝑢⁄𝐴𝑔 )𝑏 - is the value of the mass factor, defined as the
Therefore, the lower the mass factor of a structural element ratio between the perimeter exposed to the fire of a
is, the greater is its resistance to the various temperatures it
undergoes (Bellei, 2008).

ELEMENT WITHOUT THERMAL PROTECTION

4.3.1 Generality

NBR 14323: 2013 establishes that for an uniform

temperature distribution along the cross section, the
temperature rise, ∆𝜃𝑎,𝑡 , of a structural steel element
hypothetical box that surrounds the profile and cross- procedure was adapted to the calculation established by
sectional area of the profile; NBR 14323: 2013, as follows.
(𝑢 ⁄𝐴𝑔 )- is the mass factor for structural steel elements with Consider:
no protection against fire. θa (t = 0) = 20℃ (7)
Where:
For closed cross-sections such as the coffin and tubular, θa (t = 0) - is the temperature of the steel at room
circular and rectangular sections, and solid ones as the temperature.
rectangular sections, all fully exposed to fire, the value of If t = 5s.
k_sh = 1, according to Figure 1.
The temperature of the gases is determined:
θg (t) = 345 log(8t + 1) + 20 (8)
Where:
θg (t) - is the temperature of the gases at time t;
t - is the time in minutes.
The heat flux due to radiation is determined:
4
φr (t) = 5,67x10−8 εres [(θg (t) + 273) − (θa (t − ∆t ) + 273)4 ] (9)

If ∆t = 5/60 min and εres = 0,7.

a) (b)
Where:
Figure 1. Shading effect: a) Open section; b) Closed section.
𝜑𝑟 - is the component of the heat flux due to radiation;
4.3.3 Calculation Methodology
𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑠 - is the resulting emissivity;
Silva (2001) presents a calculation script for the
determination of temperature action on the structural 𝜃𝑔 (𝑡) - is the temperature of the gases at time t;
element, through the action of a standard fire. The
𝜃𝑎 (𝑡 − ∆𝑡 ) - is the temperature of the steel at time t - Δt.
The heat flux due to convection is determined:
𝜑𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝛼𝑐 (𝜃𝑔 (𝑡) − 𝜃𝑎 (𝑡 − ∆𝑡) (10)
Where: RESISTANCE CALCULATION
𝛼𝑐 - is the coefficient of heat transfer by convection, taken A W 150x37.1 profile in MR250 steel is subjected to an axial
equal to 25 W / m². tensile load Nfi, sd = 200 kN. Assuming that the member is
The heat flux is determined: subject to an ISO 834 standard fire action, determine the
element resistance after 30 minutes of exposure. Consider
𝜑 = 𝜑𝑐 + 𝜑𝑟 (11) that in the first case the four sides of the structural element
Where: are exposed to the flames and in the second case there is the
exposure of only three of its sides. Make sure that the profile
𝜑 – is the value of the heat flux per unit area; has the minimum conditions for temperature and resistance
The temperature variation of the steel ∆𝜃𝑎,𝑡 . evaluations.
Assuming that the element has all four sides exposed,
(𝑢/𝐴𝑔 ) according to NBR 14323: 2013 we will have:
∆𝜃𝑎,𝑡 = 𝑘𝑠ℎ 𝜑∆𝑡 (12)
𝜌𝑎 𝑐𝑎 𝜃𝑔 = 345 log(8 ∗ 30 + 1) + 20 = 842℃ (14)
It is determined the value of the temperature of the steel:
𝜃𝑎 (𝑡) = 𝜃𝑎 (𝑡 − ∆𝑡) + ∆𝜃 (13) Determination of the temperature of the gases:

We return to item c, with t + Δt, instead of t.

Figure 2 shows the influence of the mass factor in
determining the temperature of the structural element.

Figure 2. Steel temperature as a function of the mass factor

The mass factor is then calculated according to the characteristics of the profile, as follows in Chart 1 .

Chart 1. Perfil W 150 X 37,1

Your For the intermediate values of 𝜃𝑎 (𝑡 − ∆𝑡) it is
(𝑢/𝐴𝑔 )𝑏 necessary to interpolate. In the case of this study the
𝑘𝑠ℎ = 0,9
(𝑢/𝐴𝑔 )𝑏 determined value was 𝜃𝑎 (𝑡 − ∆𝑡) = 777,34℃.

𝑢 2𝑑 + 4𝑓 − 2𝑡0 2.16,2 + 4.15,4 − 2.0,81 The radioactive flux is determined by:

( )= = . 100 4
𝐴𝑔 𝐴𝑔 47,8 𝜑𝑟 (𝑡) = 5,67𝑥10−8 𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑠 [(𝜃𝑔 (𝑡) + 273) − (𝜃𝑎 (𝑡 − ∆𝑡) + 273)4 ]
= 193,26 (𝑚−1 )
𝜑𝑟 (𝑡) = 5,67𝑥10−8 . 0,7[(842 + 273)4 − (777,34 + 273)4
𝑢 2(𝑏 + ℎ) 2(15,4 + 16,2) = 13039,24 (𝑊/𝑚² )
( ) = = . 100 = 131,67 (𝑚−1 )
𝐴𝑔 47,8 47,8
𝑏 The convection heat flux is determined by:
(𝑢/𝐴𝑔 ) 131,67 𝜑𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝛼𝑐 (𝜃𝑔 (𝑡) − 𝜃𝑎 (𝑡 − ∆𝑡))
𝑘𝑠ℎ = 0,9 = 𝑘𝑠ℎ = 0,9 = 0,632
(𝑢/𝐴𝑔 ) 193,26
𝜑𝑐(𝑡) = 25(842 − 777,34) = 1615,5 (𝑊/𝑚² )
𝑢
Then: 𝑘𝑠ℎ . ( ) = 0,6132.193,26 = 118,34 (𝑚−1 ) Determination of total flow:
𝐴𝑔
𝜑 = 𝜑𝑟 + 𝜑𝑐
Then, the model of Franssen and Real (2012) is used to
𝜑 = 13039,24 + 1615,5 = 14654,74 (𝑊/𝑚² )
determine the temperature of the steel devoid of thermal
rotection, exposed 30 minutes to the fire ISO 834, at time t Determination of the increase of the steel temperature:
- Δt, according to Chart 2: 𝑈
(𝐴 )
𝑔
∆𝜃𝑎 = 𝑘𝑠ℎ 𝜑∆𝑡
𝜌𝑎 𝐶𝑎

118,34
∆𝜃𝑎 = 14654,74.5 = 1,84℃
7850.600
Thus:
∆𝜃𝑎 = 𝜃𝑎 − 𝜃𝑎 (𝑡 − ∆𝑡)
𝜃𝑎 = ∆𝜃𝑎 + 𝜃𝑎 (𝑡 − ∆𝑡)
Chart 2. Steel Temperature Unprotected, Exposed to Fire 𝜃𝑎 = 1,84 + 777,34
ISO 834 Standard 𝜃𝑎 = 779,18℃
The next step is to determine the factor of resistance
reduction to the flow of the profile at a high temperature.
Therefore, the reduction coefficients adopted by NBR
14323: 2013 are used, as demonstrated by Chart 3.
 Chart 3. Factor of reduction of the resistance to the drainage x temperature of the steel

By interpolation, the value of the resistance reduction factor Resistance Domain

in the flow is obtained K y,θ = 0,1350. 𝑅𝑓𝑖,𝑅𝑑 ≥ 𝑆𝑓𝑖,𝑅𝑑
For traction the calculation resistance is:
161,325(𝑘𝑁) ≤ 200(𝑘𝑁)
𝑁𝑓𝑖,𝑅𝑑 = 𝐴𝑔 𝐾𝑦,𝜃 𝑓𝑦 = 47,8.0,1350.25 = 161,325𝑘𝑁
(Does not check)
Verifications
Temperature Domain Chart 4 presents a summary of the calculations for
1 determining the strength of the profile, assuming that the
𝜃𝑐𝑟 = 39,19 ln ( − 1) + 842 < 𝜃𝑎
0,9674.𝐾𝑦,𝜃3,833 steel element without thermal protection has 3 of its sides
1 exposed. According to NBR 14323: 2013, the results are:
𝜃𝑐𝑟 = 39,19 ln ( − 1) + 482 < 787,767
0,9674. 0,13503,833
𝜃𝑐𝑟 = 784,084 < 787,767℃
(Checks)

𝒖 𝒖 𝒖 𝛉𝐚 (𝒕 − ∆𝒕 ) 𝛗𝐫 𝛗𝐜 𝛗 ∆𝛉𝐚 𝛉𝐚 𝐑 𝐟𝐢,𝐑𝐝
( ) ( ) 𝒌𝒔𝒉 ( )
𝑨𝒈 𝑨𝒈 𝑨𝒈
𝒃
(𝒎−𝟏 ) (𝒎−𝟏 ) (𝒎−𝟏 ) (°C) (𝐖/𝐦𝟐 ) (𝑾/𝒎𝟐 ) (𝑾/𝒎𝟐 ) (°C) (°C) KN

132,2 13022,5 786,71

161,05 118,19 785,08 11599,55 1423 1,634 114,03
1 5 4
Chart 4. Determination of the strength of the structural steel element, as NBR 14323:2013
Verifications: the 1999 standard it was not taken into account the effect
of shading, that is, 𝑘𝑠ℎ = 1.
Temperature Domain
Thus, for the intermediate values of 𝜃𝑎 (𝑡 − ∆𝑡), it is
𝜃𝑐𝑟 = 39,19 ln (
1
− 1) + 482 < 𝜃𝑎 necessary to interpolate. In this study the determined value
0,9674.𝐾𝑦,𝜃3,833 was 𝜃𝑎 (𝑡 − ∆𝑡) = 823,28℃.
1 Then, the radioactive flow of heat is determined:
𝜃𝑐𝑟 = 39,19 ln ( − 1) + 482 < 786,71
0,9674.0,12263,833 4
𝜑𝑟 (𝑡) = 5,67𝑥10−8 𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑠 [(𝜃𝑔 (𝑡) + 273) − (𝜃𝑎 (𝑡 − ∆𝑡) + 273)4 ]
𝜃𝑐𝑟 = 793,738℃ < 786,714℃
𝜑𝑟 (𝑡) = 5,67𝑥10−8 . 0,5[(842 + 273)4 − (823,28 + 273)4 ] =
(Does not check)
2869,40 (𝑊/𝑚2 )
Resistance Domain

𝑅𝑓𝑖,𝑅𝑑 ≥ 𝑆𝑓𝑖,𝑅𝑑
151,287 (𝑘𝑁) ≤ 200(𝑘𝑁)
(Does not resist)

Assuming that the element has all four sides exposed,

according to NBR 14323: 1999 we will have:
The temperature of the gases:
𝜃𝑔 = 345 log(8 ∗ 30 + 1) + 20 = 842℃
The following is the heat flow by convection:
The mass factor according to the characteristics of the
profile shown in figure 4 is obtained as follows: 𝜑𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝛼𝑐 (𝜃𝑔 (𝑡) − 𝜃𝑎 (𝑡 − ∆𝑡))
𝑢
( )=
2𝑑+4𝑓−2𝑡0
=
2.16,2+4.15,4−2.0,81
. 100 = 193,26 (𝑚−1 ) 𝜑𝑐 (𝑡) = 25(842 − 823,28) = 468 (𝑊/𝑚²)
𝐴𝑔 𝐴𝑔 47,8
The total heat flux, which reaches the structural steel
Then, the model of Franssen and Real (2012) is used to
determine the temperature of the steel devoid of thermal element, is then calculated
protection, exposed 30 minutes to the fire ISO 834, at time 𝜑 = 𝜑𝑟 + 𝜑𝑐
t - Δt, as presented in Chart 2. However, for this version of
𝜑 = 2869,40 + 468 = 3337,4 (𝑊/𝑚2 )
Then, the temperature increase of the steel is determined
by:
(𝑈/𝐴𝑔 )
∆𝜃𝑎 = 𝜑∆𝑡
𝜌𝑎 𝐶𝑎

193,26
∆𝜃𝑎 = 3337,4.5 = 0,6847℃
7850.600
Thus:
∆𝜃𝑎 = 𝜃𝑎 − 𝜃𝑎 (𝑡 − ∆𝑡)
𝜃𝑎 = ∆𝜃𝑎 + 𝜃𝑎 (𝑡 − ∆𝑡)
𝜃𝑎 = 0,6847 + 823,28
𝜃𝑎 = 823,96℃
Then, the flow limit reduction factor is determined for the
calculation of the tensile strength of the structural element
in a fire situation. For this, Chart 3 is used observing that
there was no change in the respective values of the unprotected steel element has 3 of its sides exposed.
coefficients in the update from one norm to another. According to NBR 14323:1999:
By interpolation, the value of 𝐾𝑦,𝜃 = 0,09802.
For traction, the calculation resistance is:
𝑁𝑓𝑖,𝑅𝑑 = 𝐴𝑔 𝐾𝑦,𝜃 𝑓𝑦 = 47,8.0,09802.25 = 117,13 𝑘𝑁
Verifications
Temperature Domain
1
𝜃𝑐𝑟 = 39,19 ln ( − 1) + 482 < 𝜃𝑎
0,9674.𝐾𝑦,𝜃3,833

1
𝜃𝑐𝑟 = 39,19 ln ( − 1) + 482 < 823,96
0,9674.0,098023,833

𝜃𝑐𝑟 = 832,18℃ > 823,96℃

(Does not check)

Resistance Domain
𝑅𝑓𝑖,𝑅𝑑 ≥ 𝑆𝑓𝑖,𝑅𝑑
117,1339 (𝑘𝑁) ≤ 200 (𝑘𝑁)
(Does not resist)
The Chart 5 shows a summary of the calculation to
determine the profile resistance, considering that the heat

𝒖 𝛉𝐚 (𝒕 − ∆𝒕 ) 𝛗𝐫 𝛗𝐜 𝛗 ∆𝛉𝐚 𝛉𝐚 𝑲𝒚,𝜽 𝐑 𝐟𝐢,𝐑𝐝

( )
𝑨𝒈
(𝒎−𝟏 ) (°C) (𝐖/𝐦𝟐 ) (𝑾/𝒎𝟐 ) (𝑾/𝒎𝟐 ) (°C) (°C) - KN

161,05 803,53 5741,45 961,75 6703,2 1,15 804,68 0,10766 128,65

Chart 5. Resistance of the steel structural element, according to NBR 14323:1999

Verifications CONCLUSION
Temperature Domain In this study, the fundamental concepts for the analysis of
the resistance of steel structural elements subjected to a fire
1
𝜃𝑐𝑟 = 39,19 𝑙𝑛 ( − 1) + 482 < 𝜃𝑎 phenomenon were studied, using the simplified method of
0,9674.𝐾𝑦,𝜃 3,833
design used by ABNT NBR 14323 when submitted to an axial
1 tensile load. In addition, it dealt with how the heat transfer
𝜃𝑐𝑟 = 39,19 𝑙𝑛 ( − 1) + 482 < 823,96
0,9674.0,107663,833 from the flames to the structure occurs, also addressing the
necessary checks of the safety conditions of the buildings.
𝜃𝑐𝑟 = 818,09℃ > 803,53℃
It became evident how important that the mass factor is
(Does not chek) concerning the dimensioning of the structures under a fire
Resistance Domain situation. The larger the mass of the element is, the greater
is its ability to absorb heat and withstand the thermal effect.
𝑅𝑓𝑖,𝑅𝑑 ≥ 𝑆𝑓𝑖,𝑅𝑑
On the other hand, its cooling will occur slowly. In cases
128,65 (𝑘𝑁) ≤ 200 (𝑘𝑁) where the mass of the element is small, the heat flow
entering the element is characterized by rapidly raising the
(Does not resist) temperature of the profile, rendering its resistance capacity
lower in a shorter time.
It was possible to verify that the non-consideration of the de Incêndio, Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia de
shading effect by the 1999 norm leads to conservative Estruturas, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos,
results, that is, the element has less design resistance. In the Universidade de São Paulo, SP.
calculation of the radiation share the emissivity used by the Mesquita, A. (2013). Verificação da Resistência de
1999 standard is 0.5, which contrasts with the resulting Estruturas de Aço ao Fogo, Dissertação para obtenção do
emissivity of 0.7 adopted by the referred standard in 2013. Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civl – Ramo de Estruturas,
Thus, it is not possible to verify a significant difference when Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia / Universidade Nova de
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Código Computacional para Análise de Estruturas de Aço
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