UNIVERSITY OF BATH

ARCHITECTURE & CIVIL ENGINEERING

Referencing Guide for Architecture

The use of references in coursework for Architectural History and Theory, Urban Studies
and Research Papers is one important factor considered during assessment. References have
many functions: they justify statements of fact by showing what authority they come from;
they help to place your arguments in a wider academic conversation; they tell the reader
where to go for more information, or where to look to check the sources themselves and to
decide whether they agree with your interpretation. In essay writing for assessment,
references reveal your processes of research, assimilation and manipulation of source
material. Referencing in some form is compulsory for essay writing, and not doing so can be
considered as plagiarism – passing off your work as wholly original without acknowledging
your debt to others.

When to Reference

A reference should always be placed after the material whose source is to be indicated by it.
Usually a reference will be placed at the end of a sentence or paragraph. Quotations are
always referenced at the end of the quotation, or if several quotes from one source are
included over a paragraph, at the end of the last quote of a series. References should be used
for all factual information taken from any written source, and for all arguments that are
based on those of another author. If you need to refer to more than one work in one place,
combine them all in one footnote or endnote, not in separate notes. References are not
needed for anything that you have observed yourself, any interpretation or argument that
you are making using material that you have referenced elsewhere, or any statements that
might be considered general knowledge.

Reference Format

The most important rule about reference formatting is consistency in using one system. The
choice of referencing system is up to you, but for courses in architectural humanities subjects
we recommend footnotes or endnotes using our simplified version overleaf, or either of the
Chicago Style or Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA) standards. Referencing
using the ‘author-date system’ (where references are in brackets within the text) is
permitted, but can be inconvenient for unconventional sources such as unpublished
material. Overleaf is a basic template for formatting footnotes for different types of source. A
bibliography is always required in addition to references.

When inserting footnotes or endnotes into your writing, the most efficient method is to use
the ‘References’ function in Microsoft Word, or whatever similar function is available in
your preferred software. Word processors take care of numbering and positioning for you,
automatically updating the numbers if text is shifted or new notes inserted, though you
must usually still write the reference itself in the correct format.
Referencing Template

The following template is a simplified version of the Chicago Style which we have created
for ease of use in coursework. A guide to the full Chicago Style can be found online (search
for “Chicago Style Quick Guide”), and also one for the similar MHRA Style (search for
“MHRA Style Guide Download”; look up chapter 11). Take note of when italics are used;
where brackets, commas and full stops are used, and how page numbers are written. In
cases such as pamphlets or anonymous works where some information is lacking, it can just
be omitted; in all other cases, be consistent and include all the information required.

First references to a work should take the full form; second and subsequent references
should take the short form; the bibliography has its own form. Scanned printed sources
found online (e.g. articles on JSTOR, books on archive.org) should be referenced as printed
sources, not as websites; however, separately-created web editions of texts do need to be
referenced as websites. Types of material not given here, such as works with multiple
authors, dissertations, unpublished material, newspaper articles, and so on, all require
referencing in specific formats which can be obtained online or adapted from these.

Books

Use for printed books and pamphlets, including ebooks or online scanned books, if they are
also available in print.

Full form: author’s name, title in italics (town: publisher, year), page numbers referred to.
James Fergusson, History of the Modern Styles of Architecture (London: Murray, 1873), 34-40.

Short form: author’s surname, year, page numbers referred to.

Bibliography: author’s surname, first name, Title (town: publisher, year)

Books of Essays by Different Authors

Full form: author’s name, ‘title of essay’, in book title, ed. editor’s name (town: publisher, year), page
number referred to.
Richard Chafee, ‘The Teaching of Architecture at the École des Beaux-Arts’, in The Architecture of the
École des Beaux-Arts, ed. Arthur Drexler (London: Secker and Warburg, 1977), 96-7.

Short form: author’s surname, year, page number.

Bibliography: author’s surname, first name, ‘title of essay’, in title of book, ed. editor’s name (town:
publisher, year), page numbers for whole essay
Chafee, Richard, ‘The Teaching of Architecture at the École des Beaux-Arts’, in The Architecture of the
École des Beaux-Arts, ed. Arthur Drexler (London: Secker and Warburg, 1977), 61-109

Articles in Journals

Use for academic journal articles, including scanned or electronic versions accessed through
databases.

Full form: author’s name, ‘title of article’, title of journal volume number (year), page numbers referred
to.
W. R. Lethaby, ‘The Earlier Temple of Artemis at Ephesus’, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 37 (1917), 12.

Short form: author’s surname, year, page numbers used

Bibliography: author’s surname, first name, ‘title of article’, title of journal volume number (year),
pages of whole article
Lethaby, W. R., ‘The Earlier Temple of Artemis at Ephesus’, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 37 (1917), 1-
16

Websites

Note that if you are using an online article or ebook that is otherwise available in printed
form, especially scans or digitised versions of printed items, such as those in JSTOR or other
databases, use the format for articles or books rather than this one. If there is information
required for the reference that is not available on the website, first look elsewhere on the site
to see if it can be deduced (you might find dates and authors in ‘About Us’ or copyright
sections, for example). If the information cannot be found, simply omit it from the reference.

Full form: author’s name, ‘title of website page’, host institution or general website title, full date of
web page creation, accessed full date, full web address of page used.
Sarah Ryan and Stephen Murray, ‘Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène-Emmanuel’, Mapping Gothic France,
accessed 21 August 2014, http://mappinggothic.org/person/265.

Short form: depending on what information is available, shorten as for books or articles above if there
is an author, or use the page title.
Ryan and Murray.

Bibliography: author’s surname, first name (or creating institution’s name), ‘title of web page’, host
website or institution if not used at start, date of web page, accessed date, full web address
Ryan, Sarah and Stephen Murray, ‘Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène-Emmanuel’, Mapping Gothic France,
accessed 21 August 2014, http://mappinggothic.org/person/265

Guide produced by: Vaughan Hart, Mark Wilson-Jones & Robert Proctor. 2014/15