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History Notes 3.2

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27 views

History Notes 3.2

Uploaded by

notmads133
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Nineteenth-Century Progress

Setting the stage: The Industrial Revolution, fueled by inventions like the
spinning jenny and steam engine, led to rapid technological
advancements, social changes, and scientific discovery, pushing
knowledge boundaries.

Inventions change ways of life


- In the early 1800s, coal and steam drove the machines of industry.
- By the late 1800s, new kinds of energy were coming into use.
- In the 1870s, the electric generator was devel-oped, which produced a
current that could power machines.
Edison the inventor
- Thomas Edison, a 19th-century inventor, patented over 1,000
inventions, including the light bulb and phonograph. He started a
research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, where most of his
important inventions were developed, with the idea of a laboratory
for industrial research and development possibly being his most
significant invention.
Bell and Marconi Revolutionize Communication
- Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in his spare time,
which was used by the Brazilian emperor to communicate with his
aide. Guglielmo Marconi created the first radio in 1895, using
theoretical discoveries about electromagnetic waves to transmit
messages through the air using Morse Code. Primitive radios
became standard equipment for ships at sea, but it wasn't until later
that radios could transmit human voices.
Ford sparks the automobile industry
- In the 1880s, German inventors powered automobiles using gasoline
engines. However, early cars were expensive to buy and repair due to
their hand-built nature. American mechanic Henry Ford aimed to
make affordable cars by creating models on an assembly line. The
Model T Ford, introduced in 1908, sold for $850 and eventually
dropped to less than $300, making it accessible to the middle class.
Ford's ideas were adopted by other factories, and by 1914, over
600,000 cars were on the road.
The wright brothers fly
- Two bicycle mechanics from Dayton, Ohio, named Wilbur and Orville
Wright solved the age-old riddle of flight. On December 17, 1903, they
flew a gasoline-powered flying machine at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
The longest flight that day lasted only 59 seconds, but it was enough
to begin a whole new industry-aircraft.
The rise of mass culture
- In earlier periods, art, music, and most theater had been largely the
concern of the wealthy.
- This group had the money, leisure time, and education to enjoy high
culture.
- It was not until about 1900 that people could speak of mass
culture-the appeal of art, writing, music, and other forms of
entertainment to a much larger audience.
Changes in produce mass culture
- Around the turn of the century, mass culture emerged due to public
education, improved communications, and increased literacy in
Europe and North America. High-speed presses made publications
cheaper and easier to produce, while the invention of the
phonograph and records brought music directly to homes. By 1900,
industrial countries limited the working day to ten hours, creating
the "weekend," allowing workers more leisure time in evenings and
weekends, allowing them to participate in activities their
grandparents never had time for.
Music halls and vaudeville
- Local music halls in the US hosted vaudeville, a variety show
featuring various acts, including singers, dancers, comedians, and
parakeets, performing at theaters like the Gaiety, Grand, and
Orpheum.
Movies are born
- In the 1880s, inventors attempted to record and project moving
images, with France and Edison's labs being key contributors. The
first motion pictures were black and white, lasting less than a minute.
Sports entertain million
- New time allowed people to enjoy various sports and outdoor
activities, leading to the rise of spectator sports. Popular sports like
football and baseball in the US, professional soccer clubs in Europe,
and English sports like cricket spread to British colonies. The
international Olympic Games began in 1896, reviving the ancient
Greek tradition of athletic competitions every four years. The first
modern Olympics took place in Athens.

New Ideas in Medicine and Science:


Earlier centuries had established the scientific method as a road to
knowledge. Now this method brought powerful new insights into nature as
well as many practical results.
The germ theory
- The germ theory of disease, developed by French chemist Louis
Pasteur in the mid-1800s, posits that diseases are caused by bacteria,
which can be killed through pasteurization. This led to the
development of the pasteurization process, which helped kill germs
in liquids like milk. British surgeon Joseph Lister's research led to the
development of vaceines or oures for deadly diseases like typhus,
typhoid fever, diphtheria, and yellow fever, ultimately improving
public health and promoting longer, healthier lives.

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