-In a plant population the genotypes that grow fastest tend to be the most sensitive

to drought. This is an example of ________ and it tends to ____ evolution.

A trade off, accelerate, constrain, stabilizing, disruptive selection .
- a Sparrow population currently eats seeds that are mostly of medium size. Larger
birds prefer somewhat larger seeds and smaller birds prefer small somewhat
smaller seeds the population currently is experiencing stabilizing selection for body
size. Which condition will most likely lead to directional selection for smaller size?
a. A decrease in population size of Sparrow
b. more seeds that are either considerably small or considerably larger than the
average with fewer of intermediate size
c. more seeds are smaller in size
d. more seeds that are somewhat larger than the average and fewer that are some
longer than the average
e. a reduction in the overall number of seeds with no change in the distribution

- Three population of mice A,B and C are surveyed for their population sizes,
degree of genetic variation among them in standardized units and their
average body size in grams. The table below shows the results which
population is least likely to cope with the challenges over the long term and
why?
- There are two isolated populations A&B of an endangered plant species.
Population a has had a constant size of 2000 plants and population B has had
a constant size of 250 plants. We must expect to see more changes in the
frequency of new trial alleles in population ____ due to_____
(A, B positive selection, genetic drift, stabilizing selection)
- Farmers are trying to produce shorter wider lines of rice in order to improve
yield. Despite imposing selection on these traits the lines are not getting
shorter. Which is the most likely reason for the lack of response.
a. Many more rice plants are grown than can survive
b. instead of a single gene many genes influence the widths of rice
c. there is not enough genetic variation for the traits
d. there is no difference in survival or preproduction among the rice lines of
different sizes
e. there's too much genetic variation in the population
- Snapping shrimp has evolved very rapid movements in the structure they
used to capture prey. These private movements which evolve through natural
selection can be considered a _______ and the process by which they evolved
is called_______
a. founder effect, stabilizing selection
b.phenotype, genetic drift
c. adaptation, stabilizing selection
d. adaptation, adaptation
e. Founder effect, adaptation
 - Refer to the table showing there is also a study of genetic variation over
geographic distance. Here allele frequencies at several loci in a species of
mice were measured at various locations from Maine in the north to South
Carolina in the South. The northern populations are better adapted to
temperature conditions in the north and the southern populations are better
adapted to temperature conditions in the South. (answer is NOT G at locus 2
not T at locus 2 nor A to locus 2)
- In a species of beetles, males that have large horns are better able to fight off
other males for access to females. This is an example of _______ selection.

A: purifying
B: stabilizing
C: tradeoff
D: disruptive
E: sexual

- Next generation sequencing reveals that 6 new mutations have occurred in

the coding regions of genes in an individual diploid fly. If the coding region of
this flight compromised 100 million nucleotides per haploid genome what is
the mutation rate per nucleotide.

- Had Wallace died before sending a letter to Darwin which circumstances

would most likely be?

a- Darwin's evolutionary theory theory would not have considered descent

with modification
b- Darwin would not have started gradual change in his theory
c- Darwin would not have known about animal and plant breeding
d- Darwin would have published his evolutionary theory later than he did
e- Darwin's evolutionary theory would not have incorporated natural
selection

- Assuming there are only two elites at a given locus, if the frequency of one
allele is 0.3 what is the frequency of the other allele?
-
Each of the observations provide evidence that supports the idea of common
ancestry and evolution. Which one is from the field of molecular biology?
a. Two closely related but distinct species of squirrels inhabit the North and South
rims of the Grand Canyon
b. the embryos of both birds and mammals divide into radical cleavage pattern
instead of a spiral cleavage pattern and present an insects
c. Mammals have two openings in the skull behind each eye socket whereas reptiles
and birds only have one opening

d. DNA analysis shows that the DNA of Neanderthals is more similar to the DNA of
that African humans than that of Africans

- Synonymous substitutions are possible because:

a. Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon
b. mutations rates are high
c. mutation rates are low
d. most codnons are specified by more than one amino acid
e. most changes in DNA are either deleterious or selectively neutral
- In a sequence of DNA taken from various species of snails researchers have
found that the rates of non synonymous substitutions and synonymous
substitutions are roughly the same what can we infer from this pattern?
a. Strong stabilizing selection is acting on this gene
b. the gene has a high mutation rate
c. most of the amino acids substitutions at this gene are neutral
d. strong positive selection is acting on this gene
e. the gene has a low mutation rate
- A gene been involved in the neural development shows three times as many
synonymous sites substitutions than non synonymous ones a likely
explanation is that this gene:
a. is affected by a heterozygote advantage
b. has a very high mutation rate
c. it's neutral gene
d. it's under purifying selection
e. it's under positive selection

- Use the mutation interactive to answer the questions . In the lower half of the
interactive change to the template DNA stand such as the sequence ACAAAC
is changed to ACATAC. If this mutation occurred in a protein coding gene how
would it be classified?
- Which statement about pseudogenes is true?
a. All sequences of a pseudogene and its functional counterpart are different
b. pseudogenes are found in multiple copies in order to maximize their
production of the gene product
c. so do genes are the same as highly repetitive sequences
d. with the gene family pseudogenes cannot outnumber functional genes
e. there often is little selective pressure to get rid of pseudogenes
- What is the definition of a non coding DNA?
a. DNA sequences that do not encode proteins
b. DNA that is not transcribed into RNA
c. DNA sequences with no known biological function
d. DNA that is only used to bind activators and repressors

- True or false”
a. Most of the human genome is non coding
b. much of the human genome is composed of mobile genetic elements
c. the size of a prokaryotic genome is correlated with the number of genes in
the genome
d. large eukaryotic genomes contain more genes
e. the more behavior league complex an Organism is the larger its genome
will be

- Identify each statement as neither an advantage or disadvantage of sexual

selection:
a. Recombination breaks up adaptive combinations of genes
b. dividing offspring into separate genders reduces the overall reproductive
rate
c. reduces the rate at which females pass genes on their offspring
d. generates a variety of genetic combinations in each generation
e. facilitates DNA repair
f. permits the elimination of deleterious mutations

- which of the statements exaplins why Hox genes are highly conserved
between species?
a. They are critical for proper development
b. They are arranged in clusters on a chromosome
c. Mutations in Hox genes increase an organism’s chance of survival
d. They encode proteins with a DNA binding domain.

Classify each statement as either maternal effect genes, segmentation

genes, or hox genes
a. creates unevenly distributed mRNA's and proteins
b. lots of these genes stimulate the hunchback gene
c. determines the boundaries and polarity of each of the segments
d. set up the major axis of the embryo
e. mutations in these genes have been linked to major changes in body
structure
f. includes gab and pair rule jeans
g. express when there are about 6000 nuclei in the embryo
h. determines what organ will be made at a given location
 - Largest work in at an archaeological site discovered igneous rock, which is
formed when molten lava cools. The geologist would use
Match each statement about geological strata with the term that best describes it:
a. rocks formed by the accumulation of sediment
b. the oldest layer in sedimentary rock
c. type of fossilized Organism found in younger strata
d. type of Organism found in widely separated places on earth
e. study of geological strata
f. younger layer in sedimentary rock
(high strata, sedimentary rock, stratigraphy, similar, modern, bottom strata)
- classify each element to the era it best describes
eras: Cenozoic, Mesozoic, paleozoic, Precambrian

a. includes the Neogene period

b. formation of the Laurasia and Gondwana continenets
c. incluse the archean oen
d. includes the Carboniferous period with extensive fern, horsetail and giant
club moss forests.
e. Atmospheric oxygen levels approach current levels
f. Humans eveolve
g. Dinosaurs diversify
h. Rapid diversification of multicellular animals
i. continents near current positions
j. lasted approximately 4 billion years
k. origin of photosynthesis
l. origin of life
- Match each term with the statement that best describes it
a. the geophysics of the movement of major landmasses
b. the stone sphere of earth's crust
c. malleable layer of earth's Mantel
d. results in volcanism and mountain building
e. type of currents that push the continental plates

- What term is associated with the isotope decay (fauna, radiometric dating,
Laurasia, play tectonics, gondwana, flora, Pangaea)
- The length of time that life has existed on earth is closest to: (4 billion years,
13.8 billion years, 4,000,000 years, 4000 years)

- select all of the methods used to determine the age of fossiles

o a. conducting radiometric dating
o b. constructing fossilized skeletons.
o c. comparing to the age of earth
o d. identifying their positions on rock strata
 - Which statement accurately describes regime metric dating
a. radiometric dating uses geological stratification to determine the age of
fossils and rocks on a relative time scale
b. radiometric dating measures the proportion of amino acids isomers in
fossils and rocks can determine their absolute age
c. radiometric dating uses isotopes to determine the age of fossils and rocks
on a scale of absolute time
d. regimented dating is a method of determining the epoch in which organic
tissue was fossilized
- What events in earth's history occurred approximately 535,000,000 years
ago? (Cambrian explosion, oxygen increase in the atmosphere, evolution of
first humans, evolution of prokaryotic cells
- As the amount of lateral gene transfer in a taxon decreases, it becomes
difficult to infer relationships among lineages within the taxon and to infer
species boundaries. Stop
- A researcher in 2024 studies the evolutionary relationships between influenza
viruses by comparing the genomic sequences of the viruses found in pigs
ducks and humans in a given year. when evaluating the viruses that had
infected these hosts the previous year she identifies across species
transferred from begs to ducks in the year 2022. What information supports
the hypothesis that cross species transfer leads to more severe disease in the
new host:
A. ducks suffered a severe influenza pandemic in 2021
B. humans suffer disappear influenza pandemic in 2023
C. pigs suffered a severe influenza pandemic in 2021
D. ducks suffered a severe influenza pandemic in 2023
E. pigs suffered severe influenza pandemic in 2023

You are a molecular evolutionist and have found five successive ancestors of today's
Arctic lemming frozen in the Arctic permafrost. You sequence the genomes of these
ancestral lemmings and the modern lemming. For most genes, if you graph the
number of actual substitutions on the X axis and the number observed substitutions
on the Y axis the slope of this graph will most likely.
a. Be more or less constant and approximately 0
b. be more or less constant and approximately ½
c. the more or less constant and approximately 1
d. start off around zero and increase with increasing divergence
e. Start off around 1 and decrease with increasing divergence
- suppose the size of a population of whales is 2400 individuals. According to
genetic drift theory, what is the probability that the newly arisen in neutral
mutation will become fixed in this population?
- How do bio prospecting and in vitro evolution differ?
a. Medicines cannot be generated via bio prospecting
b. medicine cannot be generated via in vitro evolution
 c. bioprospecting takes advantage of natural selection while individual
evolution uses artificial selection
d. bioprospecting uses artificial selection while in vitro evolution takes
advantage of natural selection
e. none of the above there are no differences between what you're
spectating and vitro evolution play
- In the phylogenetic tree of primates a gene involved in the production of
brain peptides shows 25 silent substitutions but only four missense
substitutions. From these results we can infer that
a. strong positive selection has been operating on the gene
b. the gene is pseudogene
c. a strong purifying selection has been operating on the gene
d. The evolution of the gene is affected only by mutation and genetic drif
e. the gene is following a molecular clock
- Because the species of grasshoppers is resistant to toxins produced by a
plant it is able to feed on it while its relatives cannot. This resistance is likely
to be due to changes in the gene family of channel proteins. To determine the
likely candidate gene responsible for their resistance a researcher can
__________the grasshoppers channel genes.
a. Map the sequence deletions within
b. determine the rate of genetic drift within
c. map the missense mutations
d. let's try the number of gene duplications within
e. compare the rates of synonymous and non synonymous nucleotide
substitutions within
- Which statement about synonymous mutations is true?
a. They will affect the structure of the protein
b. they usually evolve more slowly than the non synonymous substitutions
c. they can occur because of the redundancy of the genetic code
d. they would likely be lethal
e. they changed the amino acid composition of the protein
- Assume that this sequence is under strong purifying selection. Which
nucleotide substitution in an mRNA strand is more likely to have the most
harmful effect on the activity of the protein that it encodes. (not GGU to
GGC, not GGA to GGG)
- According to the phylogenetic gene tree shown since the gene duplication
event that gave rise to the STST6, STAT5 lineages, how many genes
duplication events have occurred to generate human STAT5a and human
STAT5b?
- Which ranking of organisms is correct in terms of their proportion of coding
DNA to noncoding DNA in their genomes from smaller promotion to largest
proportion?
(Humans, yeast, E.coli, Drosophila)
 - If you know that a Hox gene is expressed in the most anterior part of the
abdomen in a drosophilia embryo which conclusion about the homologous
gene in mice would most likely be correct?
a. The homologous gene exists and is expressed roughly equally throughout
mice embryos
b. there is no homologous genes because vertebrates lost the hox of genes
c. the homologous gene exists and is expressed near the tail of mice
embryos
d. there's no homologous genes in mice because the evolutionary distance
between mice and flies is so great
e. the homologous gene exists and is expressed in the head of mice embryos

- The ratio of carbon 14 to it's a stable isotope carbon 12 is relatively constant

in living organisms and their environment however this changes once an
Organism dies. In a fossil approximately 40,000 years old, the
- Which of the following represents the correct chronological order from oldest
to most recent? (First vascular plants, insect flight evolves, end of ordovician
extension)
- The Permian extension occurred approximately million years ago and was
associated with ? (A global warming event, a meteorite collision, decreased in
sea levels, increase volcanic activity and other factors, climatic conditions
known as the snowball earth)
- Which of the following correctly places the organisms in chronological order
according to when they appeared in the fossil record (giant dragonflies,
millipedes, mollusks, and pterosaurs)
- The three major classes of species concepts include the morphological
species concept, the lineages piece concept, and the biological species
concept. Classify each statement into the species concept at it best describes

(species that look different are different species, used by Linnaeus to develop
binomial nomenclature, one species is splits into descendant species and
thereafter evolve as distinct lineages, first proposed by Ernest Mayr, does not
apply to asexually reproducing organisms, limited to single point in
evolutionary time, not helpful with cryptic species, considers species over
evolutionary time, species history starts with speciation event and ends with
extinction or speciation event)
-
What is reproductive isolation?
a- Divergence of two species from a common ancestor while in the same
geographical location
b- two species that are capable of producing viable hybrids through
interbreeding
c- evolution of analogous structure is not present in the last common ancestor
of two species
 d- prevention of gene flow between two populations due to physical or
behavioral barriers
e- two species diverging from a common ancestor due to ageographical
isolation
- When two parts of a population become isolated from each other by some
barrier to gene flow they begin to diverge genetically .
- What is the term that describes 2 chromosomes sets that are derived from
more than one species
- What is the term that describes the formation of two species due to a
geographic barrier
- what is the overlap or range between 2 closely related species?
a. Hybrid zone
b. evolutionary radiation
- In Africa Lake Victoria is home to many distinct species of cichlid fish that
vary in color from blue to red this fish species that live in shallow water are
blue and prefer to mate with other blue fish whereas the fish species that live
in deep water are red under prayer tomato with other rich fish. All of the fish
species evolved from a single ancestral species and lived together in the
same habitat. So this is an example of which type of speciation
- to find the following two prezygotic or postzygotic
a. One frog species mates in the spring whereas another frog species mate
in the summer
b. a horse and a donkey made to produce a sterile mule
c. when both species prefers flat land whereas another goat species prefer
mountains terrain
d. individuals from two different species made but the resulting embryo dies
before birth
- Darwin's finches on the Galapagos islands
a. YouTube required sympatric speciation to diversify
b. evolved by allopatric speciation
c. are similar to their mainland ancestor
d. are indistinguishable from each other
e. it folks from different ancestors on the mainland
What is the basic distinction between rabbit speciation and adaptive radiation?
a. An adaptive radiation does not involve a high rate of speciation
b. an adaptive radiation involves diversification into distinct niches in addition to
rapid speciation
c. adaptive radiation requires reinforcement while rapid specification does not
d. Rapid speciation requires reinforcement while an adaptive radiation does not
e. there's no difference between the two terms that are synonyms
- Refer to the table individuals or populations of attacks on of mice are
collected from various locations at 10 km distance intervals. This is how they
are brought back to the lab where mice from different populations are mated.
The percentage of crosses that are successful is recorded for each population
along with the percentage of offspring that are infertile from each cross. Data
are shown in the table.