1›o±SK‘: g.

9ÙIO5‰/

5 : ‘ *Ò
Ò SKk˜½ JÝ!' Ñž, žþ啃.

S K1. ¦¢ g. f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x12 + 2x22 − x32 − 2x1 x3 5‰/, Ù .5•ê•õ ? Ñ‚5O

†Ý .
) ‰. Œæ^̶z! •ÚÐ 1 C† •{. 3d=‰ÑÐ 1 C† ¦)•{.
   
1 0 −1 1 0 0
0 2 0 0 2 0
   
−1 0 −1 0 −2
 1˜1\ 31, 1˜ \ 3 → 0

 .
1 0 0 1 0 1
   
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1

‚5O†Ý •:
  
√1

1 1 0 0 1 0

1 0 2
C = 0 1 0 0 √1 0 = √1
 0 0 .
  
2 2
0 0 1 0 0 √1 1 0 0
2

?1‚5O†x = CyÙ5‰.• f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = y21 + y22 − y23 , .5•ê•2.

SK 2. n g. f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x12 + 21 x22 + ax32 − x2 x3 ••2

(1) ¦ëêa,
(2) ¦ Ý Q, Š O†x = Qy, z g. f (x1 , x2 , x3 )•IO/.
 
1 0 0
1
)‰. (1) g.éA Ý : A = 0 2 − 12  . ••2 a = 21 .
1
0 −2 a

(2) d|λ I − A| = λ (λ − 1)2 , A Šλ1 = 0, λ2 = 1(2-). ©O)ÑA •þ(0, 1, 1)T , (1, 0, 0)T ,
(0, 1, −1)T . Schmidt IOz √1 (0, 1, 1)T , (1, 0, 0)T , √1 (0, 1, −1)T , u´
2 2
 
0 1 0
 1 1 
Q =  √2 0 2 .
√1 0 − √12
2

ÙIO/• f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = y22 + y23 , x = Qy.

1
SK 3. é Nn ¢é¡Ý ,
(1) Uƒ- dŒ±©Aa?
(2) UÜÓ dŒ±©õ a?
       
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
√ 0 1 0 0
(3) ‰½Ý A = 0 −1 1 , B = 0 1 0 ,C = 0
  − 2 √0  , D = 0 1 0 , ‰Ñ±
0 1 1 0 0 −1 0 0 2 0 0 1
þÝ ƒ-!ÜÓÚƒq ©a.

)‰. (1) Uƒ- d©n + 1a, =UÝ •y©.

(n+2)(n+1)
(2) UÜÓ d© 2 a, =••0 1a, ••1 2a,. . . , ••r r + 1a.
(3) Ó.Ý ƒ- ¿‡^‡••ƒÓ. Ý ÜÓ ¿‡^‡´ K.5•êƒÓ. 3Ý
√ ÑŒƒ
√
qé z b e, Ý ƒq ¿‡^‡•ÙA ŠƒÓ. OŽA A Š•1, 2, − 2. Ï
dA, B,C, D ƒ-, A, B,C ÜÓ, A,C ƒq.

SK 4. n g. f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x12 + ax22 + x32 + 2x1 x2 + 2ax1 x3 + 2x2 x3 ••2, Ù¥a•¢~ê, ¦

2 2 2
x1 + x2 + x3 = 1ž, f Š‰Œ.
 
1 1 a
)‰. g.éA Ý : A = 1 a 1 . ••2 a = −2.
a 1 1
d|λ I − A| = λ (λ − 3)(λ + 3), A Šλ1 = 0, λ2 = 3, λ3 = −3. d C† ±ålØC,
Q• ÷v: QT AQ = diag(λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ). -x = Qy, K x12 + x22 + x32 = 1ž, kxT x = yT y = 1Ú

f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) 3y22 − 3y23

f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = = = 3y22 − 3y23 .
xT x yT y

3yT y = 1 ^‡e, −3 ≤ 3y22 − 3y23 ≤ 3. ¤±, x12 + x22 + x32 = 1ž, f Š‰Œ•[−3, 3].
S K 5. ¢é¡Ý A A õ‘ª• fA (λ ) = (λ − 2)2 (λ + 3), α1 = (1, 1, 0)T , α2 = (0, 1, 1)T •λ =
2 A •þ, ¦λ = −3 A •þÚéA AÝ .
) ‰. dA õ‘ª, A Š2(2-)Ú−3. ÏA•¢é¡, ØÓA ŠéA A •þ ,
α1 = (1, 1, 0)T , α2 = (0, 1, 1)T ‚5Ã', λ = −3 éA ¤kA •þ ‚, ¤±λ = −3 éA
¤kA •þ÷v 
x1 + x2 = 0
.
x2 + x3 = 0
) ˜‡š"•þ•α3 = (1, −1, 1), Qkλ = −3 A •þ•(k, −k, k), k 6= 0.
òα1 , α2 , α3 Schmidt IOz
 1
− √16 √1

√
2 3
 √1 √1 − √13 
Q=  2 6 .
0 √2 √1
6 3

2
  
1 5 −5
kQT AQ = diag(2, 2, −3). Ïd, A = Qdiag(2, 2, −3)QT = 13  5 1 5  .
−5 5 1
•Œ±-P = (α1 , α2 , α3 ). dP AP = diag(2, 2, −3), )ÑA = Pdiag(2, 2, −3)P−1 . džI‡¦
−1

)P−1 .

S K 6. A•n ¢é¡Ý , y²: •3˜‡ ~êc§¦ é?¿x ∈ Rn , Ñk|xT Ax| ≤ cxT x, …•

3˜‡x̄ ∈ Rn ¦ |x̄T Ax̄| = cx̄T x̄.
y ². ÏA¢é¡, •3 Q, ¦ QT AQ = diag(λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λn ), Ù¥|λ1 | ≥ |λ2 | ≥ · · · ≥ |λn |. -x =
T n
Qy, Kk|x Ax| = | ∑i=1 λi yi | ≤ ∑ni=1 |λi |y2i ≤ |λ1 |yT y = |λ1 |xT x. c = |λ1 |, ȳ = (1, 0, . . . , 0)T , =x̄ = Qȳ,
2

Kk|x̄T Ax̄| = |ȳT QT AQȳ| = |λ1 | = c.

 
0 5 1 0
5 0 5 0
SK 7. ®•A =  1 5 0 5, ئA A Š, y²: A©Okü‡ Úü‡KA Š.


0 0 5 0

y ². PA 4‡A Š•λ1 , λ2 , λ3 , λ4 . Kkλ1 + λ2 + λ3 + λ4 = 0 (A é ‚êƒÚ.)9λ1 λ2 λ3 λ4 =

detA = 54 . ddíÑA 4‡A Šš", dλ1 + λ2 + λ3 + λ4 = 0 k kK. dç{•ŒU2 2K.

SK 8. A = (ai j ) ´n ¢é¡Ý , ÙA Š´λ1 ≤ λ2 ≤ · · · ≤ λn .

(1) y²éu?¿n‘ •þα ∈ Rn , þk

λ1 α T α ≤ α T Aα ≤ λn α T α.

(2) y²: λ1 ≤ a11 ≤ λn .

(3) (*) b A = (ai j )´˜‡2 ¢é¡ . ¦a12 ŒU •ŒŠÚ• Š.

)‰. (1) y²: •3 Q,

 
λ1 0 ... 0
 0 λ2 ... 0 
QT AQ =  .
 
.. .. .. ..
 . . . . 
0 0 ... λn

éu?¿n‘ •þα = (a1 , a2 , · · · , an )T , -β = Q−1 α = (b1 , b2 , . . . , bn )T , Kk

α T Aα = β T QT AQβ = λ1 b21 + λ2 b22 + · · · + λn b2n ≤ λn b21 + λn b22 + · · · + λn b2n

≤ λn β T β = λn α T α.
Ï•Q´ Ý , ¤±λn β T β = λn α T α. ÓnŒyØ ªλ1 α T α ≤ α T Aα.

(2) -α = e1 = (1, 0, · · · , 0)T . KeT1 Ae1 = a11 . d(1), Ø ª¤á.

3
  
a b
(3) Œ8B¤ü«/ª:
c d
   
cost −sint cost sint
(^=) Ú (‡ )
sint cost sint −cost

(J«µd ½Â, a2 + c2 = 1 = b2 + d 2 = 1, -a = cost, b = cosθ , 2A^ab + cd = 0.)

†‡ Ý ü §·‚
   
sint cost cos( π2 − t ) sin( π2 − t )
=
−cost sint −sin( π2 − t ) cos( π2 − t )

E,´˜‡^=Ý . Ïd, ˜‡2 ¢é¡ U‰Xe©), ••Ä^=Ý œ/. XJ•‡

Ý , K †λ1 Úλ2 ^S, 8( ‡ Ý †ü , K„´?Ø^=Ý œ/.
     
a11 a12 cost sint λ1 0 cost −sint
= .
a12 a22 −sint cost 0 λ2 sint cost

ÏLOŽ, ·‚ a12 = 21 (λ2 − λ1 )sin2t§Ï §k

1 1
− | λ2 − λ1 |≤ a12 ≤ | λ2 − λ1 | .
2 2

SK 9. A, B´n ¢é¡Ý , ÙA Š©O´λ1 ≤ λ2 ≤ · · · ≤ λn Úµ1 ≤ µ2 ≤ · · · ≤ µn . ¦y: A + B

A Š Üá3«m[λ1 + µ1 , λn + µn ]. ?ØA + B A Š´Ä˜½ˆ «m þe.?
y ². A^þSK(1), ?¿α ∈ Rn , α T Aα ≤ λn α T α, α T Bα ≤ µn α T α. Ï•A + B•´¢é¡ §A
Šþ´¢ê. b η ∈ R´˜‡A Š,ƒA A •þ´β , Kβ T (A + B)β = ηβ T β . ,˜•¡,

ηβ T β = β T (A + B)β = β T Aβ + β T Bβ ≤ λn β T β + µn β T β = (λn + µn )β T β .

Ï•β T β > 0, ·‚ η ≤ λn + µn . ÓnŒy²η≥ λ1 +µ1 .  

0 0 1 0
? Ø : «m þe.ؘ½U ˆ . XA = ,B= , ²w«m•[0, 2], A+B =
  0 −1 0 2
1 0
A Š•1.
0 1