Ch - 3

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-2
•Position & Frame of reference
•Path length & displacement
•Average speed & Average velocity
•Instantaneous speed & Instantaneous velocity
•Uniform & Non uniform motion
•Uniformly accelerated motion
•Position –time graph
•Velocity –time graph
•Kinematic equations of motion
•Differentiation & integration
 Mechanics

Statics Dynamics
(Study of bodies at rest) (study of bodies in motion)

kinematics kinetics
(Study of bodies in motion without
considering the causes of motion) (Study of bodies in motion
by considering the causes
of motion)
 Motion

Vibratory motion
Translatory motion (To and fro motion
(All particles of the of the body about a
body have same Rotatory/Circular motion mean positon)
direction of motion) (Particles of the body
describe circular paths)
 Scalar Vector

Physical quantities having only Physical quantities having

magnitude both magnitude and
direction

Eg: distance, speed, work, Eg: displacement, velocity,

mass, length, time acceleration, force
Some terms:
•Motion is the change in position of an object with respect
to time.
•A body is at rest if it does not change its position wrt
time
•A rigid body is a body whose size and shape remain
unchanged under the action of external forces.
•A particle is a point mass

•To locate the positon of a body we set up a frame of

reference by choosing 3 perpendicular axes(X,Y,Z)
•The coordinates (x,y,z) of the body gives its position wrt
that frame.

Slide 2-3
(i) One dimensional motion: Only one coordinate changes
Eg:Free falling body
(ii) Two dimensional motion: Two coordinates changes
Eg:circular motion
(iii) Three dimensional motion: All the three coordinates changes
Eg:A bird flying

This chapter deals with motion along a straight line, i.e.

rectilinear motion or one dimensional motion
Path length / distance displacement

Actual distance moved by the Shortest distance between the

body from one position to initial and final positions of
another the body

Pathlength is a scalar Displacement is a vector

Eg: If a boy
walks from B to D [arc] in a
circular path, the distance will
be the semicircle of the circle,
B
while the displacement will be
the diameter BD.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Suppose a man starts from A ,
reaches B and then travels to C
Distance travelled = 4+3 =7 m
Dispalcement = 5 m

If starting point and final point are the same, then

displacement = 0
But if the body has moved , distance travelled is never 0
 Speed Velocity

Distance moved by the Displacement per unit

body per unit time time
scalar vector

Speed cannot be zero , Velocity can be zero

if body is in motion

Unit of both speed & velocity is m/s ( m s -1 )

Average speed Average velocity

Average speed =total distance Average velocity = total displacement

total time total time
vav= ∆x
∆t
average speed ≠ 0 If initial and final position are same ,
average velocity = 0
Instantaneous velocity Instantaneous speed

Instantaneous velocity is the Instantaneous speed is the

velocity at a particular instant magnitude of instantaneous
of time. velocity
It is the limiting value of
average velocity
v = lim ∆x = dx
∆t 0 ∆t dt
 Uniform motion Non uniform motion

If a body moves along a If a body moves covering

straight line covering equal unequal distances in equal
distances in equal intervals of intervals of time.
time, it is said to be in uniform
motion.

Velocity is same at different Velocity is different at different

instants instants

Eg: A car moving at 20 km/h Eg: A car moving on a curved

on a straight road road


 Uniform motion is always along

a straight line.

 Eg; Driving a car at a perfectly

60 kmph …
this means there is a change in the position by 6 km for
every time interval of 1 hour.

• Average speed is > magnitude of average velocity

• Instantaneous speed = magnitude of instantaneous velocity
at any instant
Acceleration :
Acceleration of a body is the rate of change of its velocity with
respect to time.
Average acceleration = change in velocity = ∆v
time interval ∆t

Unit : m s-2

Instantaneous acceleration = lim ∆v = dv

∆t 0 ∆t dt

•When the velocity increases, acceleration is + ve

•When the velocity decreases, acceleration is - ve and it is called
decelaration or retardation.
( Eg:1. When a body is thrown up
Eg:2. A car is braking)
 Uniform acceleration
A body is said to have uniform acceleration, if its velocity changes by
equal amounts in equal intervals of time.

Position- time graph:

A graph drawn with the positions of a body along y- axis
and time along x- axis

Uniform velocity (a = 0)
Straight line
parallel Straight line inclined a ‘+’ ve a ‘-’ve
to time axis to time axis curve
*Slope of position –time graph gives the velocity of the body
Velocity – time graph:
A graph drawn with velocity on Y-axis and time on X- axis is called
velocity time graph.
(i) Uniform velocity
( v-t graph)
Straight line parallel
to time axis
a =0

+ a(constant) - a(constant) increasing ‘a’ decreasing ‘a’

(ii) Uniform acceleration (iii) Non uniform acceleration
*The slope of v-t graph gives the acceleration
of the body at that instant of time.

*Area under v-t graph represents displacement.

OA = u , OC = t
Area = OA x OC = ut = displacement
v-t graph of a body thrown vertically upwards:

At maximum height ,v=0, then velocity increases in the

opposite direction under gravity .

Q: A car covers the first half of the distance between two places at 40 km/h and
the second half at 60 km /h Calculate the average speed.

Let s be half of the distance

Time taken to travel first half = s
40
Time taken to travel second half = s
60
Total time = s + s
40 60

Average speed = total distance = s+ s =2s

total time s + s 100 s
40 60 40 x60
Avg speed, v = 48 km/h
kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion:

v = u + at Also written as: v = v0 + a(t-t0) u = initial

velocity
s = ut + 1 at2
2 x- x0 = v0t + 1 a(t-t0) 2 v = final
2
velocity
v2 = u2 + 2as v2 = v02 + 2a(x- x0) s=
displacement
t= time
Note: a= acceleration
• a body dropped, u = 0
• a body started , u = 0
• a body stopped , v = 0
• a body thrown up, at max height, v = 0
 Derive v = u + at

Consider a body starting with initial velocity u,

moving with uniform acceleration a, for time t.

Let v be the final velocity

Acceleration , a = slope of v-t graph
a = BC = v- u
AC t

at = v - u

v = u + at
Derive s = ut + 1 at2
2
Consider a body starting with initial velocity u,
moving with uniform acceleration a, for time t.

Let v be the final velocity and s be the displacement.

Displacement = area under v-t graph

s = area OABD = area of rectangle OACD + area of triangle ABC

s = l x b + 1 bh
2 But v = u + at
s = ut + 1 (v-u)t v-u = at
2
s = ut + 1 (at) t
2
s = ut + 1 at2
2
Derive v2 = u2 + 2as
Consider a body starting with initial velocity u,
moving with uniform acceleration a, for time t.

Let v be the final velocity and s be the displacement.

Displacement = area under v-t graph

s = area of trapezium OABD

s = 1 b (h1 + h2)
2
s = 1 t (v + u)
2 But v = u + at
s = 1 (v-u )(v + u) t = v-u
2 a a
2as = v2 – u2 (v-u)(v+u) = v2 – u2

v2 = u2 + 2as
Motion under Gravity:

Acceleration due to gravitational force of earth is called acceleration due to

gravity. It acts downwards (towards earth’s centre)
The value of acceleration due to gravity for a :
(i) freely falling body, g = 9.8 ms-2

(ii) body thrown vertically upwards , -g = - 9.8 ms-2

Distance travelled during nth second of motion:

sn = u + a (2n – 1)
2
Relative velocity:

Relative velocity is the velocity of one body with respect to

another body.

[Consider two trains moving with same speed in the same direction.
For an observer on the ground, both trains are moving.
But for an observer in one train the other train does not appear to move
at all.
Relative velocity of one train wrt the other train =0

If the two trains are moving with unequal velocities, in the same
direction,relative velocity is smaller
if they are in opposite direction , relative velocity is greater than the
velocity wrt ground.]
If vA & vB are the velocities of two bodies moving in the same direction, velocity
of A wrt B vR = vA - vB
If they are moving in opposite directions, vR = vA + vB

Q: A plane travelling at the speed of 500 km h-1 ejects its products of

combustion at the speed of 1500 km h-1 relative to the plane.
What is the speed of the latter wrt an observer on the ground ?
vP = 500 km h-1

vR = 1500 km h-1
Vc = ?
Both are in opposite direction
vR = vP + vC

vC = vR - vP =

vC = 1000 km h-1
 Differential calculus:
Let y be a function of x
y= f (x ), then derivative of y wrt x ,
dy = d f(x) = lim ∆y
dx dx ∆x 0 ∆x
Differentiation or derivative of a function wrt a variable means
the instantaneous rate of change of the function wrt the variable.
Differential calculus:

𝒅
1. ( a) = 0 where a is a constant
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
2. xn = nxn-1
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
3. (𝒖𝒗) = u +v
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
4. = x
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒕
𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒘
5. (u+v+w)= + +
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 (𝒂𝒖) 𝒅𝒖
6. =a
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅
7. sin ө = cos ө
𝒅ө
𝒅
8. cos ө = - sin ө
𝒅ө
9. d log x = 1
dx x
 Egs:
d xn = nxn-1
1. y = 3x 3 +4 x2 +6
dx
dy = 9x2 + 8x
dx

2. y = 1
x2

dy = d (x-2 ) = -2 x-3 = - 2
dx dx x3

Q: The displacement (in m) of a particle moving along x axis is given by

x = 18t + 5t 2 Calculate (a) instantaneous velocity at t = 2 s
(b) Average velocity b/w t = 2 s and t = 3 s (c) instantaneous acceleration

(a)v = dx = d (18t + 5t 2 ) = 18 + 10 t
dt dt
When t= 2 s , v= 18 + 10 x 2 = 38 ms -1
(b) x = 18t + 5t 2 At t = 2 s, x1 = 56 m
At t = 3 s, x2 = 99 m

vavg = x2 – x1 = 99-56 = 43 ms -1
t2 – t1 3–2

(c) a = dv = d ( 18 + 10 t) = 10 ms -2
dt dt
Integral calculus:

It is the reverse process of differentiation . Integration is the process of finding a

function whose derivative is given.
If y= f (x ),then integral of y wrt x ∫ ydx = ∫ f(x)dx

An integral with upper & lower limits is called definite integral.

Indefinite integral has no limits.It is a function.
b
b
∫ f(x)dx = [ g(x) ] = g(b) – g(a)
a a
Integral calculus

1. ∫dx = x
𝒙𝒏+𝟏
2. ∫ x dx =
n
𝒏+𝟏
𝟏
3. ∫ dx = ln x
𝒙
4. ∫ a dx = a ∫ dx
5. ∫ (u+v+w) dx = ∫udx+∫ vdx+∫ wdx
6. ∫cos ө dө = sin ө
7. ∫ sin ө dө = - cos ө
Eg: 1. y = 4 x 3

∫ y dx =∫ 4 x 3 dx = 4 x4 = x4
∫ xn dx =
4

2. y = 2 x 2
4 4 4
∫ y dx = ∫ (2 x 2 dx ) = 2 x3
2 2
3
2

= 2 43 - 23
3 3
= 112
3
v = dx
dt
dx = v dt