Scribd
Upload
15 views

1 Orientation and Introduction to MicroPara

Uploaded by

Ruth Nathanielle Dizon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
15 views

1 Orientation and Introduction to MicroPara

Uploaded by

Ruth Nathanielle Dizon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 44

Microbiology and

Parasitology Week 1
Juan Carlos B. Santiago, MSN, RN, LPT
THE ANGELITE PRAYER
Almighty God, we glorify you for giving us the Angelite
Charism. We thank you for the gift of your Son, Jesus
Christ, who is the Way, Truth, and Life. We bless you for
the continuous guidance of the Holy Spirit.
Grant us, we pray, courage and strength that we may give
perpetual praise to you in whatever we do. We ask this
through Christ, our Lord. Amen.
Oh, Holy Guardian Angels, guide us and protect us!
Laus Deo semper!
Welcome to
Microbiology
and
Parasitology!
Course Outline
SCHEDULE
ATTENDANCE
CLASS PARTICIPATION
ASSESSMENTS
and
DELIVERABLES
Any Questions?
Introduction to Microbiology
and Parasitology
MICROBIOLOGY
• study of Microorganisms / Microbes* (M.O.)
• “bios” – living organisms; and “logy” – the study of
• “micro” – means very small
• very small, minute living organisms; may also include the
study of certain nonliving entities
• too small to be seen with the unaided eye; must be viewed
with a “microscope”
• Microbes are said to be ubiquitous**, virtually everywhere.
MICROBIOLOGY
• Sub-provinces of Microbiology / types of MO:
• Bacteriology - bacteria
• Phycology- algae
• Protozoology- protozoa
• Mycology- fungi
• Virology- viruses

• Major categories
• Acellular (infectious particles)
• Cellular (MO)
MICROBIOLOGY
• Categories / general types:
• Pathogenic microorganisms (Pathogens)
• disease causing MO
• “Germs”

• Non-pathogenic microorganisms (Non-pathogens)


• non-disease causing MO
• more common
• either beneficial or no effect to the body
• Ex. Staphylococcus epidermis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, E. coli
PARASITOLOGY
• Study of Parasites
• organisms that live on or within a living organism
• Require living organisms for nourishment

• types:
• Parasitic protozoa
• Helminths / Parasitic worms (Nematodes, Cestodes,
Trematodes)
• Arthropods / Insects
IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
• INDIGENOUS MICROFLORA
• also known as:
• Indigenous/ Normal Microbiota
• Normal flora
• beneficial non-pathogenic MO that reside normally on or
within a person
• very abundant throughout the body (on skin, in the
mouth, and intestinal tract)
• 10x more than human cells itself (epithelial cells, nerve cells,
muscle cells, etc.)
IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
• INDIGENOUS MICROFLORA
• main function: Inhibit the growth of pathogens by:
• occupying space
• depleting food supply
• secreting materials that ↓ the growth of pathogens (waste
products, toxins, antibiotics, etc)
• Bacteriocin
IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
• INDIGENOUS MICROFLORA
• Opportunistic Pathogens/ “opportunists”
• usually do NOT cause a disease but have the POTENTIAL to
cause a disease/ infection:
• If they gain access in other parts of the body that they do not belong
(*)
• if the person has a ↓ immune status
• stressed
• diseased
• prolonged steroid use
• surgical procedures, etc.
IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
•INDIGENOUS MICROFLORA
• Bacteriocin
• protein produced by MO to kill other MO
• *antibiotics
• substances produced by bacteria and fungi used in treating
infectious diseases
IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
• MO produce more oxygen than plants do through photosynthesis
• e.g., algae and cyanobacteria (a group of photosynthetic bacteria) that
produce oxygen

• MO aid in digestion of food and produce important substances


• e.g. Escherichia coli
• produces Vit. B1(thiamine) and Vit. K

• Essential in various food and beverage technology/ Biotechnology*


• used to produce enzymes and chemicals (fermentation)
• vinegar, cheese, and bread
IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
• MO are part of the food chain. Microbes serve as an important link in
food chains.
• Planktons – microscopic organisms in the ocean, serve as starting point of
many food chains.
• Phytoplanktons
• tiny marine plants and algae that reside in the ocean
• Zooplanktons
• tiny marine animals that reside in the ocean

• MO produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and acetone


IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
• MO produce very useful substances such as insulin, hormones, antibiotics,
and vaccines (genetic engineering)

• MO decompose organic waste and dead organisms


• Saprophytes*/ Decomposers

• MO decompose industrial waste (oil spills, herbicides and pesticides),


sewage treatments, and water purification
• called Bioremediation – use of microorganisms to clean various types of wastes,
including industrial wastes and other pollutants.
• MO can cause diseases
MICROBIOLOGY
• Categories of diseases caused by MO:
• Infectious Disease (ID)
• Pathogen colonizes the body
↓
Disease

• Microbial Intoxication (MI)


• MO produce a toxin (poisonous substance)
↓
Disease
MICROBIOLOGY
• Importance of microbiology to nurses:
• to know:
• the disease itself caused by the MO
• signs and symptoms

• the pathogen that caused the disease, and the sources

• how the pathogen is transmitted


• mode of transmission

• how to protect yourself and your patient


• prevention and treatment
Earliest known Infectious Diseases
• Human pathogens have existed for thousand years, damage has been
observed in the bones and internal organs of mummies and early human
fossils
• Scientists discovered bacterial diseases such as TB and syphilis, and
parasitic worm infections, (schistosomiasis, guinea worm infection), and
tapeworm infection.
• “pestilence” occurred in Egypt about 3180 BC, pestilence and plague were
used in early writings
• “bubonic plague”, an epidemic that decimated the Greek army in 1900 BC
near the end of the Trojan War
• epidemics and plague also occurred in China (1122 BC), Rome (790, 710,
and 640 BC), and in Greece (430 BC)
Earliest known Infectious Diseases
• There were also early accounts of rabies, anthrax, dysentery,
smallpox, ergotism, botulism, measles, typhoid fever, typhus fever,
diphtheria, and syphilis.
• Syphilis first appeared in Europe in 1493, allegedly carried by Native
Americans who were brought to Portugal by Christopher Columbus.
• the French called it Neapolitan disease
• the Italians called it French or Spanish disease
• the English called it French pox
• other names for syphilis were Spanish, German, Polish, and Turkish
pocks
• The name “Syphilis” was not given to the disease until 1530
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)
• “Father of Microbiology”
• first person to see live bacteria and
protozoa, tiny living creatures
(animalcules)
• described live MO that he observed in
teeth scrapings, blood, sperm, rain water,
and peppercorn infusions

• gave the first accurate description of


the RBC

• three shapes of bacteria


LOUIS PASTEUR (1822 – 1895)
• developed what is known today
as Pasteurization
• kills some pathogens in certain
types of liquid by heating the
liquid to a certain degree and
time, but not all microbes.

• Championed changes in hospital


practices regarding prevention of
disease transmission
LOUIS PASTEUR
• developed vaccines against:
• Anthrax
• Rabies
• Cholera
LOUIS PASTEUR
• introduced the terms:
• Aerobes
• oxygen requiring organisms

• Anaerobes
• non-oxygen requiring organisms
LOUIS PASTEUR
• Disproved the “Theory of
Spontaneous Generation”
• states that large forms of life can be
generated by non-living materials
LOUIS PASTEUR
• showed that microbes are
responsible for fermentation
• introduced techniques in fermentation
ROBERT KOCH (1843 – 1910)
• discovered the bacteria:
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Koch’s bacilli

• Vibrio cholera
ROBERT KOCH
• discovered that Bacillus anthracis
produces spores
↓
resistant to adverse conditions
• proved B. anthracis causes anthrax
Anthrax Biowarfare (2001)
ROBERT KOCH
• introduced Tuberculin
• protein derived from Mycobacterium
tuberculosis to test for its infection
• via skin test, to diagnose TB

• developed methods of cultivating


bacteria in a solid media, enabling
scientists to acquire a Pure Culture
• condition where only ONE TYPE of
organism is growing in a culture media, no
other types of organisms
• no contamination
ROBERT KOCH
• Developed methods of fixing,
staining and photographing bacteria
ROBERT KOCH

• Q: What are Koch's postulates and why are they important?

• A: Koch's postulates are important because they were one of the first
methods doctors used to identify the cause of a disease.
Koch’s Postulates
JOSEPH LISTER
• introduced Aseptic techniques
• measures taken to ensure that living
pathogens are absent.

• stated that disease and infection


were the result of invading MO

• Introduced use of dilute phenol as


disinfectant
ALEXANDER FLEMING
• discovered:
• Lysozyme, a digestive enzyme
found in lysosomes, tears and other
body fluids; especially destructive
to bacterial cell walls.
ALEXANDER FLEMING
• discovered:
• first antibiotic in 1928
• Penicillin

• he observed that
Penicillium notatum
fungus made an
antibiotic, penicillin, that
killed Staphylococcus
aureus
JONAS SALK
• discovered Injectable Polio Vaccine
(IPV)
ALBERT SABIN
• discovered Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)

You might also like