SCH3U EXAM REVIEW

UNIT 1 - MATTER AND CHEMICAL BONDING

1. What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond? Fill in the table below.
Type of bond
formed Physical Properties
Lewis Diagram
of compound formed
Pair of atoms
between the two
ionic covalent elements conductive conductive
soluble in state at room
in solid in liquid
water temperature
state state
chlorine and
chlorine

potassium and
iodine

carbon and
oxygen

magnesium
and fluorine

2. For each of the following, draw a Lewis structure, draw in the dipoles if present, state the shape, indicate whether the molecule is polar
or not, and determine whether or not it will dissolve in water:
POLAR
SOLUBILITY
LEWIS STRUCTURE WITH SHAPE IN WATER
MOLECULE
DIPOLES
YES NO YES NO

O2

CO2

CH4

NH3

HCN

3. Circle the more polar bond in each of the following pairs:

a) C – H ; O – H b) S – H ; O – H c) C – O ; N – O d) H – Cl ; H – I e) C – C ; C – H

4. Write the formula or name for each of the following compounds.

a) aluminum chloride ____________________ g) NH4NO3 ________________________

b) copper(II) sulphate ____________________ h) Na3PO5 ________________________

c) calcium hydroxide ____________________ i) SnBr2 ________________________

d) lead(II) nitrate ____________________ j) FeCO3 ________________________

e) sulphuric acid ____________________ k) K2O2 ________________________

f) ferrous iodide ____________________ l) CuSO4∙2H2O ________________________

5. Complete the table.
Which element in the following pairs ...

is more is larger is more is more has a smaller first has a higher has higher
reactive electronegative metallic ionization energy electron effective
affinity nuclear charge
F & Cl
Mg & Ca
Na & Mg

S & Cl
Ne & F

6. a) Describe and explain the trend in atomic radius across a period and down a group. Circle the bigger atom in the following groups a)

b) Describe and explain the trend in first ionization energy across a period and down a group.
Circle the atom that has the higher first ionization energy?
a) Si, N, O b) Na, Ca, Fr c) Li, Be, N d) Sb, Po, Bi

7. State the number of significant figures in each of the following:

(a) 0.00200 __________(b) 17.505 (c) 1.20 X 102 (d) 120

8. Perform the following operations and give the answer to the correct number of significant digits.
(a) 178.904 56 – 125.805 5 (b) 12.4 x 0.30 (c) 12.6 × 0.70 + 1.99  3.409

UNIT 2 – CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1. Classify each of the following reactions as synthesis (S), single displacement (SD), double displacement (DD), combustion (C) or
decomposition (D).

a) _____ iron + copper(I) nitrate → iron(II) nitrate + copper

b) _____phosphorus + oxygen → diphosphorus pentoxide

c) _____ calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

d) _____propane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

e) _____ lead(II) hydroxide → lead(II) oxide + water

f) _____ ammonia + sulphuric acid → ammonium sulphate

g) _____potassium phosphate + magnesium chloride → magnesium phosphate + potassium chloride

2. Complete each reaction. If there is no reaction write NR.

a) C6H6 (g) + O2 (g) → b) Ni (s) + I2 (s) →

c) CoBr2 (s) → d) Ca (s) + O2 (g) →

e) Na (s) + H2O (l) → f) AlCl3 (aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) →

g) SO2 (g) + H2O (l) → h) MgO (s) + H2O (l) →

i) Ca (s) + H2O (l) → j) H3PO4 (aq) + Al(OH)3 (aq) →

k) BaCO3 (s) → l) Au (s) + ZnSO4 (aq)→

m) Fe (s) + AgNO3 (aq)→ n) Cu (s) + HCl (aq)→

o) Cl2 (s) + NaBr (aq)→ p) Pb (s) + CuSO4 (aq)→

3. Balance the following equations:

a) ___NH3(g) + ___O2 (g) → ___NO (g) + ___H2O(l) b) ___NO2(g) + __H2O(l ) → ___HNO3(aq) + ___NO(g)

c) ___C12H22O11(s) + ___O2(g) → ___CO2(g) + ___H2O(g) d) ___KClO3(s) → ___KCl(s) + ___O2(g)

e) ___KOH(aq) + ___H3PO4(aq) → ___K3PO4(aq) + ___ H2O(aq) f) ___Al2O3(s) → ___Al(s) + ___O2(g)

g) ___MnO2(s) + ___HCl(aq) → ___MnCl2(aq) + ___Cl2(g) + ___H2O(g)

4. How would you produce the following bases starting from elements? a) NaOH, b) LiOH, c) Mg(OH)2
How would you produce the following acids starting from elements? a) H2CO3 b) H2SO3, c) HNO3

UNIT 3 – QUANTITIES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1. A sample of glucose (C6H12O6) has a mass of 36.2 g. (Note: be able to solve these problems using the unit conversion method)
a) How many moles of glucose molecules are present?
b) How many molecules are there?
c) How many atoms of oxygen are there?

2. An oxide of nitrogen was found to contain 36.8% nitrogen by mass.

a) Find the empirical formula for this compound.
b) The molar mass of this compound was found to be 76.02 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of this compound?

3. A compound contains 16.0 g of hydrogen and 96.0 g of carbon. If the molar mass of this compound is 28.06 g/mol, what is its molecular
formula?

4. Calculate the percentage by mass of the highlighted element in each of the following:
a) PbI2 b) NH4NO3

5. Sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas to produce sodium chloride. 2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2 NaCl

What mass of sodium is needed to completely react with 15.00 g of chlorine gas?

6. When 8.40 g of zinc metal is placed in a solution in which 11.6 g of HCl is dissolved, hydrogen gas and zinc chloride are produced.

Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

a) Identify the limiting reactant.
b) Calculate the mass of hydrogen gas produces.
c) If 0.19 g of hydrogen gas is produced, what is the percentage yield?

UNIT 4 – SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY

1. As temperature increases, will the solubility in water increase or decrease for

a) solids _________________ b) liquids _____________________ c) gases ______________________

Use the solubility graph to the right to answer the following questions?
(a) At 20 ℃, which salt is the most soluble?

(b) At 0 ℃, which salt is the most soluble?

( g/100 mL water )
SOLUBILITY

(c) What is peculiar about the following salts?

(i) NaCl (ii) Ca(OH)2

(d) How much potassium nitrate would precipitate out

if 50 mL of potassium nitrate solution was cooled from 40℃ to 0 ℃?

(e) Determine whether each of the following will form a

saturated, unsaturated or supersaturated solution when
it is added to 100 mL of water:
(i) 15 g Ca(OH)2 at 10 ℃
(ii) 10 g Ca(OH)2 at 80 ℃
(iii) 10 g Ca(OH)2 at 90 ℃
2. Water is known as a universal solvent.
a) What is meant by this term? b) Describe the structure and polarity of water.
c) Explain why water is able to dissolve a large number of substances. d) Explain why water is not able to dissolve oil
e) Why is water a good solvent

3. Explain how (a) an ionic substance dissolves in a polar solvent

(b) a non polar substance dissolves in a non polar solvent
(c) a polar substance dissolves in a polar solvent

4. (a) What is the Arrhenius definition for an acid? base?

(b) Use the concept of degree of dissociation to explain the difference between a strong and weak acid and a strong and weak base.

5. Which pair of solutions will produce a precipitate when mixed? Complete the reactions and label them.

a) NaOH(aq) + H2S (aq) →

b) CaCl2 (aq) + K2CO3 (aq) →

c) Al(NO3)3 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) →

d) CuSO4 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq) →

6. Write the net ionic equation for each of the following:

a) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)

b) CuSO4(aq) + 2 AgNO3(aq) → Ag2SO4(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)

c) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

7. Write a balanced chemical equation for the neutralization reaction between each of the following pairs of acids and bases.

a) H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) →

b) HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) →

c) H3PO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) →

d) HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq) →

8. A 25.0 mL portion of 0.125 mol/L hydrochloric acid requires 21.4 mL of potassium hydroxide solution for neutralization.
Calculate the molar concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution.

9. A 20.0 mL portion of sulphuric acid solution requires16.8 mL of 0.250 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution for neutralization. Calculate
the molar concentration of the sulphuric acid solution.

10. Calculate the molar concentration (mol/L) of each of the following solutions:
a) 0.174 mol of sodium hydroxide dissolved in water to a final volume of 0.250 L of solution.
b) 60.0 g of NaOH dissolved in water to a final volume of 750.0 mL of solution.

11. Calculate the mass of solute in 24.9 mL of a 0.200 mol/L solution of NaOH(aq).

12. What volume of concentrated 17.8 mol/L stock solution of sulphuric acid would you need in order to prepare 2.0 L of 0.215 mol/L
sulphuric acid?

13. A 15.0 mL sample of 11.6 mol/L HCl(aq) is added to water to make a final volume of 500.0 mL. Calculate the concentration of the final
dilute HCl(aq).
 UNIT 5 – GASES AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY

1. Identify the major and minor component gases of the atmosphere.

2. Complete the following table

GASES
Shape
Volume

Diagram

Attraction between particles

Spacing
Motion

Types of motion present

(✓ check if present)

vibrational

rotational

translational

Predominant type of molecule at

room temperature
ability to be compressed

2. a) Describe the motion of particles in the gaseous state using the kinetic molecular theory.
b) Use this description to describe the changes in volume, or pressure of a gas if another variable
(V, P or T) is changed.

3. Describe the quantitative relationships which exist among the following variables for an ideal gas (P, V, T, n) (e.g.with V & n constant)

Constant Changing Representative

Law Type of Relationship Formula
Variable(s) Variable(s) Graph

Boyle’s Law

Charles’ Law

Gay-Lussac’s Law

Combined Gas Law

4. What is an ideal gas? Under what conditions does a real gas behave most like an ideal gas?

5. Explain Dalton’s law of partial pressures.

6. State Avogadro’s hypothesis. Describe how this relates to the understanding of reactions with gases.

7. A balloon filled to 2.00 L at 98.0 kPa is taken to an altitude at which the pressure is 82.0 kPa, thetemperature remaining the same.
What is the new volume of the balloon?

8. Calculate the volume of the right hand globe shown below. Initially the pressure in the 200. mL bulb is 60.0 kPa and when the valve is
opened, the pressure drops to 40.0 kPa.

V = 200. mL
P = 60.0 kPa

9. What will the pressure be when the valve is opened? Initially the pressure in the 200. mL bulb is 80.0 kPa, and the empty bulb has a
volume of 40.0 mL.

V = 40.0 mL
V = 200. mL
P = 80.0 kPa

10. A sample of gas in a metal cylinder has a pressure of 135.0 kPa at 25 What is the pressure in the cylinder if the gas is heated to a
temperature of 125 ℃?

11. A sample of gas occupies 1.00 L at 22 ℃ and has a pressure of 700.0 kPa. What volume would this gas occupy at STP?

12. Calculate the volume occupied by 2.50 mol of nitrogen gas at 58.6 kPa and −40.0 ℃.

13. What mass of chlorine gas is present in a sample that has a volume of 500.0 mL at 20 ℃ and exerts a pressure of 450.0 kPa?

14. A sample of 1.00 L of an unknown gas has a mass of 1.25 g at STP. Calculate the molar mass of the gas.

15. In the following reaction, what mass of zinc is necessary to produce 250.0 mL of hydrogen gas at STP?

Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq)→ H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)

16. When ammonium nitrite undergoes decomposition, only gases are produced according to the equation:

NH4NO2(s) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g)

What is the volume of water vapour produced at 819K and 1.00 atm pressure when 128 g of ammonium nitrite undergoes the above
decomposition reaction?

17. If a mixture of gases contains 80.0% nitrogen gas and 20.0% oxygen gas by volume, calculate the pressure exerted by the nitrogen if
the mixture is at STP.

18. A mixture of gases at 810 kPa pressure contains: 3.0 mol of oxygen gas, 2.0 mol of helium gas, and 4.0 mol of carbon dioxide gas.
What is the partial pressure of helium gas? (PHe)

19. In the laboratory, hydrogen gas was collected by water displacement at an atmospheric pressure of 98.2 kPa and a temperature of
22.0 ℃. Calculate the partial pressure of the dry hydrogen gas. (The vapour pressure of water at 22.0 ℃ is 2.64 kPa)