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CONCRETE

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7 views

CONCRETE

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tsdbackup.bspci
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

1. Concrete
a. Water+Cement+Aggregate+(Admixture)
b. Quality depends upon the quality of paste
c. Cement is most important in concrete
d. Composition
i. Aggregate (CA + FA) = 70%
1. Gravel
2. Sand
a. 2.75 - standard fineness modulus
ii. Cement Paste (Cement + Water) = 30%
e. Characteristics of Concrete
i. Workable
ii. Durable
iii. Finishable
iv. Strong
v. Water tight
vi. Wear resistant

2. Cement
a. Composition
i. Tricalcium Silicate (C3S)
1. Responsible for initial set & early strength
ii. Dicalcium Silicate (C2S)
iii. Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A)
iv. Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (C3AF)
b. Types of Cement
i. Pozzolan
ii. Portland
1. Type I
a. General use
b. Allowed to be substituted by Portland Pozzolan Type IP
2. Type II
a. Acid higher than normal
3. Type III
a. Gains strength faster & develop more heat of hydration
b. For cold weather
4. Type IV
a. Low heat of hydration
5. Type V
a. High sulfate and acid content
c. Properties of Portland Cement
i. Fineness
1. The finer, the higher rate of setting and strength development
2. Tested by Blaine Air Permeability Test/ 45 microns sieve
ii. Soundness
1. Ability of hardened paste to retain volume after setting
iii. Consistency
1. Mobility of a freshly mixed paste
iv. Setting Time
1. Tested by Gillmore needle/ vicat apparatus
2. Initial setting for Portland Cement is not < 45min
3. Final setting for Portland Cement is 10 hrs
v. False Set
1. Loss of plasticity w/o evolution of much heat shortly after mixing
vi. Compressive Strength (ASTM C150)
1. Tested by 2" mortar cube (ASTM C 109)
2. Ottawa sand is used for testing mortar strength
3. 19.3MN/sq.m compressive strength of cement mortar for 7 days

vii. Heat of Hydration


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1. Heat generated when cement and water react
viii. Loss of Ignition
1. Heating the sample of known weight to 900˚C~ 1000˚C until constant weight is
obtained
ix. Specific Gravity = 3.15
x. Weight of cement
xi. Air content
xii. Insoluble residue

3. Air Voids
a. Entrapped air
i. Not desirable, visible to the eye
b. Entrained air
i. Barely visible to the eye, tiny bubbles w/c absorb the pressure built up within the concrete as
the water expands when it freezes

4. Admixtures
a. Any material other than cement, water, aggregate added in the concrete to modify its properties
b. Types
i. Air Entraining Admixture
ii. Chemical Admixture-liquid, by volume
1. Type A - Water Reducing
2. Type B - Retarding
3. Type C - Accelerating
4. Type D - Water Reducing & Retarding
5. Type E - Water Reducing & Accelerating
6. Type F - Water Reducing, High Range Admix (Superplasticizer/Fluidizer)
iii. Mineral Admixture-solid, by weight
1. Fly ash - most used mineral admix
2. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBF Slag)
3. Micro silica

5.
ITEM/TEST GRADING SPECIFIC ABSORPTION DRY UNIT WT. ABRASION SOUNDNESS
GRAVITY

FA * * * *

CA * * * * * *

6. Laboratory Tests on Aggregates


a. Unit Weight /Mass
i. Used to convert weight/mass to loose volume
b. Organic Impurities in Sand
i. Determines the presence of injurious organic compound
c. Soundness Test
i. Use magnesium sulfate or sodium sulfate (5 cycles)
ii. Determines the resistance of aggregates to disintegration by saturated solutions
iii. Evaluates soundness of aggregates to weathering action
iv. Weighted loss shall not exceed 10%mass for FA and 12% for CA
d. Specific Gravity
i. Used for the calculation of volume occupied by the aggregate
e. Absorption Test
i. Used to calculate the change in the weight of an aggregate due to water absorbed in the
pores
f.Los Angeles Abrasion Test
i. max 40 mass % of wear
ii. 30 ~ 33 rpm speed
iii. Approx.46.8mmØ, each weighing bet. 390 ~ 455 g
iv. % wear = [(orig. wt. - wt retained at sieve#12) / orig. wt. ] x 100
v. 5,000 ±25 grams = total wt. of sample of CA, grading A w/ 12 spheres
vi. Significance of Abrasion Test
1. Evaluates structural strength of CA
2. Indicates quality as determined by resistance to impact and wear
3. Determines whether the aggregates will have degradation during traffic or rolling
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7. Handling & Placing Concrete
a. Shall not be dropped more than 1.5m high (5')
b. Placed as near as possible to its final position
c. Excess water at top layer must be removed carefully
d. Vibration shall be sufficient
e. Placing
i. Pneumatic means
ii. Pumping
1. Shall be continuous w/o air pockets
2. If completed, concrete remaining shall be ejected to prevent contamination
iii. Placing in water
1. Slump=10~20cm
2. Placed by tremie or bottom dump bucket
f.Compaction
i. Use vibrator, vertical, 15 sec/ location, 50~60cm interval
ii. A well consolidated concrete is 20% higher in strength
g. Curing
i. 7 days critical period

8. Tests for Concrete


a. Compressive Strength
i. CS = P/A, Force/Area
ii. Tested for 7,14 and 28 days
iii. Load Applied = 20 ~ 50 psi/sec
iv. 1 set -3 cylinder (6"Ø x 12"high)/75cu.m., 3 layers,25 blows/layer
v. Tamping Rod ,16mm (5/8") Ø, L = 610mm (24"), hemispherical tip
vi. After sampling, cylindrical mold shall be removed after 24±8 hours
vii. Standard temp. in curing sample = 23±1.7˚C
viii. Universal Testing Machine should be calibrated every 6mo, if not possible, once a year.
1. ±1% tolerance of error
b. Consistency
i. Slump Test (12" truncated cone)

CLASS STRENGTH,Mpa STRENGTH,psi SLUMP, mm MIN. USE W/C RATIO MAX SIZE OF
CEMENT AGG.

A 20.7 3000 50~100 9 bags heavily 0.53 37.5mm


reinforced
struc.

B 16.5 2400 50~100 8 small amt. of


reinf.

C 20.7 3000 50~100 9.5 thin reinf.


section

P 37.7 5000 100 max 11 pre-stressed

SEAL 20.7 3000 100~200 9.5 deposited in


water

9. Concrete Design Mix


a. determines the proportion of cement, water, FA & CA
b. Absolute Volume Method for DPWH
c. Trial Mix result - basis of acceptance of design mix

10. 1:2:4, 1 part cement: 2 parts FA: 4 parts CA, 20L water

11. 15 ~ 19 hrs
a. aggregates are soaked in water before tested for specific gravity and absorption

12. Fine agg. saturated surface dry condition


a. determined by the use of cone test for moisture content. If the molded shape of FA slumps
slightly, it has reached its surface dry condition.

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13. Problem Solving
a. Fineness Modulus of Sand
SIEVE SIZE % PASSING % RETAINED

12.5mm 0

9.5 0

4.75 #4 4

2.36 #8 35

1.18 #16 40

0.6 #30 70

0.3 #50 80

0.15 #100 95

0.075 #200 98

b. Fineness Modulus = (Sum of % retained from #4 to #100) / 100


Fineness Modulus = (4 + 35 + 40 + 70 + 80 + 95) / 100 = 3.24

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