FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
SUBJECT ASSIGNMENT

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
PARUL UNIVERSITY DIPLOMA STUDIES
DEPATEMENT
 CHAPTER-5 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Draw the magnetic circuit and define magnetic flux.
Magnetic Circuit: in fig an iron ring of mean length l meter and cross
sectional area of A meter square is shown. The ring wound with a coil of N
number of turns. The coil carries current of I ampere. So magnetic flux is
produced in the ring.

Magnetic flux: Magnetic Flux is defined as the number of magnetic field

lines passing through a given closed surface. It gives the measurement of the
total magnetic field that passes through a given surface area. Here, the area
under consideration can be of any size and under any orientation with respect
to the direction of the magnetic field.

2. Define the terms 1) M.M.F 2) Reluctance.

M.M.F: just as electromotive force (emf) is necessary to pass current in
electric circuit. Magneto motive force (mmf) is necessary to establish flux in
the magnetic circuit. Magneto motive force is the multiplication of current
flowing through the coil and the number of turns of the coil.

mmf = I*N.
unit of magneto motive force is ampere turn and its symbol is Fm.
 Reluctance: it is the property of the material to oppose the establishment of
magnetic flux through it. It is similar to resistance in electric circuit. Just as
R= E/I, we have,
Reluctance = mmf / flux.

S = IN / Ф.
its unit is AT / Wb.

3. Define permeability of a magnetic material.

Permeability: The property of material to allow the magnetic flux to be
produced through it is called permeability.

4. Define 1) Magnetic field strength 2) Permeance.

Magnetic Field Strength: it is the magneto motive force per meter length of
the magnetic path. It is denoted by letter H and its unit is ampere turn meter.
H = mmf / length.
H = IN / l.
l is the length of the magnetic flux path.

Permeance: it is inverse of reluctance. Permeance = 1 / Reluctance. it is

denoted by Δ.
Δ = 1 / S.

5. Define the terms 1) Cycle 2) Frequency.

Cycle: The emf induced increases from zero in one direction, becomes
maximum and then reduce to zero. Afterwards, it increases in opposite
direction, becomes maximum and then becomes zero. Afterwards it is
repeated. This one complete alternation is called the cycle.
 Frequency: it is the number of cycles completed in one second. It is
represented by symbol f and its unit is Hertz. in our country frequency used is
50Hz, while in USA it is 60Hz. In electronic oscillators very high frequency
is used. it is in the range of KHz and MHz.

6. Define the terms 1) Time period 2) Amplitude.

Time Period: It is the time taken to complete one cycle. It is represented by
T and its unit is second.

Amplitude: Maximum value of alternating quantity (emf, current or flux) is

called maximum value or peak value or amplitude. In a cycle it occurs twice.
One is positive maximum and the other is negative maximum. These two
values are equal in magnitude.

7. Define average value of a.c quantity.

Average Value: Average value is found by considering the charge transfer.
Average value of electric current is defined as that value of direct current
which transfer the same amount of charge in a circuit which is
transmitted by an alternating current flowing through the same circuit
for the same period.
 The average value is fund by taking the area under the curve and dividing it
by the base. Now for alternating waveform the sum of areas becomes zero, as
there are two loops of equal area in positive and negative direction. So the
average value is found by taking the area of one loop and dividing it by the
corresponding base.
I avg = 0.637 Im

8. Define R.M.S value of a.c quantity.

R.M.S Value: We have seen that the value of the alternating quantity changes
instantaneously. Its effective value is represented by RMS value. For this heating
effect of electric current is taken in to account.
Let us assume that certain value of alternating current flows through a resistor for
some period and as a result certain amount of heat is generated. Now we pass
direct current through the same value of the resistor for the same time period to
produce the same amount of heat. Then this value of direct current is known as
effective value or RMS value of the alternating current.
“Thus RMS value of the alternating current is defined as that value of the
direct current which is required to be passed through a resistor to produce
the same amount of heat produced by the alternating current when passed
for the same period through the same value of resistor”.

I RMS = 0.707 Im

9. State Lenz’s law.

The induced electromotive force with different polarities induces a
current whose magnetic field opposes the change in magnetic flux
through the loop in order to ensure that the original flux is maintained
through the loop when current flows in it.
Lenz’s Law is reflected in the formula of Faraday’s law. Here the negative
sign is contributed by Lenz’s law. The expression is

Where,
Emf is the induced voltage (also known as electromotive force).
N is the number of loops.
 3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. State and explain Fleming’s right-hand rule.
As per Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, whenever a conductor
moves inside a magnetic field, there will be an induced current in it. If this
conductor gets forcefully moved inside the magnetic field, there will be a
relation between the direction of applied force, magnetic field and the current.
This relation among these three directions is determined by Fleming’s right-
hand Rule.
This rule states “Hold out the right hand with the first finger, second finger
and thumb at the right angle to each other. If forefinger represents the direction
of the line of force, the thumb points in the direction of motion or applied
force, then second finger points in the direction of the induced current”.

2. State and explain Fleming’s left-hand rule.

It is found that whenever a current carrying conductor is placed inside a
magnetic field, a force acts on the conductor, in a direction perpendicular to
both the directions of the current and the magnetic field.
In the figure below, a portion of a conductor of length ‘L’ is placed vertically
in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of strength ‘H’, produced by two
magnetic poles N and S. If the current ‘I’ is flowing through this conductor,
the magnitude of the force acting on the conductor is:
3. Explain statically induced emf.
Statically Induced emf: When the conductor is stationary and the magnetic
field is changing, the induced EMF in such a way is known as statically
induced EMF (as in a transformer). It is so called because the EMF is induced
in a conductor which is stationary. The statically induced EMF can also be
classified into two categories.
Self-Induced emf
Mutually Induced EMF

Self-Induced emf: When an EMF is induced in the coil due to the change of
its own magnetic flux linked with it is known as self-induced EMF.
When a current flow in a coil, a magnetic field produced by this current
through the coil. If the current in the coil changes, then the magnetic field
linking the coil also changes. Therefore, according to Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, an EMF being induced in the coil. The induced
EMF in such a way is known as self-induced EMF.
Mathematically, self-induced EMF is given by,

Where, L is the self-inductance of the coil.

Mutually Induced emf: When an EMF is induced in a coil due to changing

magnetic flux of neighboring coil is known as mutually induced EMF.
Consider two coils coil-1 and coil-2 placed adjacent to each other (see the
figure). A fraction of the magnetic flux produced by coil-1 links with the coil-
2. This magnetic flux which is common to both the coils 1 and 2 is known
as mutual flux. Now, if the current in coil-1 changes, the mutual flux also
changes and thus EMF being induced in both the coils. The EMF induced in
 coil-2 is known as mutually induced EMF, since it is induced due changing in
flux which is produced by coil-1. Mathematically, the mutually induced EMF
is given by,

Where, M is the mutual inductance between the coils.

4. Explain dynamically induced emf.

When the conductor is moved in a stationary magnetic field so that the
magnetic flux linking with it changes in magnitude, as the conductor is
subjected to a changing magnetic, therefore an EMF will be induced in it. The
EMF induced in this way is known as dynamically induced EMF (as in a DC
or AC generator). It is so called because EMF is induced in a conductor which
is moving (dynamic).

Consider a conductor of length l meters moving with a velocity of v m/s at

right angles to a uniform stationary magnetic field of flux density B Wb/m2.
Let the conductor moves through a small distance dx in time dt seconds.
Then,

Now, according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the induced

EMF will be

Equation gives the dynamically induced EMF when the conductor moves at
right angle to the magnetic field.

If the conductor moves at an angle &theta to the magnetic field, then the EMF
induced due to only the perpendicular component of the velocity to the
magnetic field.

4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. State and explain Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction consists of two laws. The first
law describes the induction of emf in a conductor and the second law
quantifies the emf produced in the conductor.
1st law: The discovery and understanding of electromagnetic induction are
based on a long series of experiments carried out by Faraday and Henry. From
the experimental observations, Faraday concluded that an emf is induced
when the magnetic flux across the coil changes with time. Therefore,
Faraday’s first law of electromagnetic induction states the following:
“Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an
electromotive force is induced. If the conductor circuit is closed, a current
is induced, which is called induced current”.

Mentioned here are a few ways to change the magnetic field intensity in a
closed loop:

 By rotating the coil relative to the magnet.

 By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field.

 By changing the area of a coil placed in the magnetic field.

 By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil.
2nd law: The induced emf in a coil is equal to the rate of change of flux
linkage.
Primary flux linkage = Nф1
Secondary flux linkage= Nф2
E.m.f induced = Nф2-Nф1/ t (time)
= N (ф2-ф1) / t (time)
2. Draw and explain Hysteresis loop (B-H Curve).
 The hysteresis loop shows the relationship between the magnetic flux
density and the magnetizing field strength. The loop is generated by
measuring the magnetic flux coming out from the ferromagnetic
substance while changing the external magnetizing field.

 Looking at the graph, if B is measured for various values of H and

if the results are plotted in graphic forms then the graph will show
a hysteresis loop.
 The magnetic flux density (B) is increased when the magnetic field
strength(H) is increased from 0 (zero).
 With increasing the magnetic field there is an increase in the value of
magnetism and finally reaches point A which is called saturation point
where B is constant.
 With a decrease in the value of the magnetic field, there is a decrease
in the value of magnetism. But at B and H are equal to zero, substance
or material retains some amount of magnetism is called retentively or
residual magnetism.
 When there is a decrease in the magnetic field towards the negative
side, magnetism also decreases. At point C the substance is completely
demagnetized.
 The force required to remove the retentively of the material is known
as Coercive force (C).
 In the opposite direction, the cycle is continued where the saturation
point is D, retentively point is E and coercive force is F.
  Due to the forward and opposite direction process, the cycle is complete
and this cycle is called the hysteresis loop.

3. Give comparison between electric and Magnetic circuit.

Electric Circuit Magnetic Circuit

The closed path foe electric The closed path for magnetic
current is called electric flux is called a magnetic
circuit. circuit.
Current flows through the Flux is produced in the
conductor. Unit of current is material. Unit of flux is
ampere. Weber.
Electromotive force (emf) is Magneto motive force (mmf)
necessary to force current to is necessary to produce flux
flow in electric circuit. Its in the material. Its unit is
unit is volt. ampere turn.
Property of material to Property of material to
oppose the flow of electric oppose the establishment of
current is called resistance. Its magnetic flux is called
unit is ohm. reluctance. Its unit is AT/Wb.

Conductance = 1/ resistance Permeance = 1/ reluctance.

There is resistivity of There is reluctivity of
material. material.
Conductivity = 1 / resistivity Permeability = 1 / reluctivity.
Current = emf / resistance. Flux = mmf/ reluctance.