NOTES

CLASS 12TH
SUBJECT – COMPUTER SCIENCE
CHAPTER – 5 SORTING

Introduction to Sorting:
• Sorting is the process of arranging data in a specific order, usually ascending or
descending.
• Sorting is essential for various applications like searching, data analysis, and
optimization in algorithms.

Types of Sorting:
There are two types of sorting:
1. Internal Sorting: Sorting is done in the main memory (RAM). This is used when the
dataset is small enough to fit in memory.
2. External Sorting: Sorting involves external storage (such as disk), used when the data
is too large to fit into memory.

Sorting Algorithms:
The most commonly used sorting algorithms are:
1. Bubble Sort
2. Selection Sort
3. Insertion Sort
4. Merge Sort
5. Quick Sort

1. Bubble Sort:
• Concept: Compares adjacent elements and swaps them if they are in the wrong
order. This process is repeated until the list is sorted.
• Time Complexity: O(n²) in the worst and average cases. Best case: O(n) (when the
list is already sorted).
• Algorithm:
1. Start with the first element of the list.
2. Compare the current element with the next element.
3. If the current element is greater than the next, swap them.
4. Move to the next element and repeat the process until the end of the list.
5. Repeat this process for all elements.
• Example:
Unsorted list: [64, 25, 12, 22, 11]
Sorted list after Bubble Sort: [11, 12, 22, 25, 64]

2. Selection Sort:
• Concept: Divides the list into two parts: a sorted part and an unsorted part.
Repeatedly selects the smallest (or largest) element from the unsorted part and
swaps it with the leftmost unsorted element.
 • Time Complexity: O(n²) for all cases (best, average, and worst).
• Algorithm:
1. Find the smallest element in the unsorted part of the list.
2. Swap it with the first element of the unsorted part.
3. Move the boundary between the sorted and unsorted parts one step to the
right.
4. Repeat until the entire list is sorted.
• Example:
Unsorted list: [64, 25, 12, 22, 11]
Sorted list after Selection Sort: [11, 12, 22, 25, 64]

3. Insertion Sort:
• Concept: Builds the sorted list one element at a time by repeatedly taking an
element from the unsorted part and inserting it into the correct position in the
sorted part.
• Time Complexity: O(n²) in the worst case. Best case: O(n) when the list is already
sorted.
• Algorithm:
1. Start with the second element, as the first element is already "sorted".
2. Compare it with elements in the sorted part, moving the larger elements one
position to the right.
3. Insert the current element into its correct position.
4. Repeat this process for all elements in the unsorted part.
• Example:
Unsorted list: [64, 25, 12, 22, 11]
Sorted list after Insertion Sort: [11, 12, 22, 25, 64]

4. Merge Sort:
• Concept: A Divide and Conquer algorithm. It divides the list into two halves,
recursively sorts both halves, and then merges them back together.
• Time Complexity: O(n log n) for all cases (best, average, and worst).
• Algorithm:
1. Divide the list into two halves.
2. Recursively sort both halves.
3. Merge the two sorted halves back into one sorted list.
• Example:
Unsorted list: [64, 25, 12, 22, 11]
Sorted list after Merge Sort: [11, 12, 22, 25, 64]

5. Quick Sort:
• Concept: Another Divide and Conquer algorithm. It selects a pivot element,
partitions the array into two parts based on the pivot, and recursively sorts both
parts.
• Time Complexity: Best and average case: O(n log n). Worst case: O(n²) (when the
pivot is poorly chosen).
• Algorithm:
1. Select a pivot element.
2. Partition the array such that elements smaller than the pivot go to the left,
and elements greater go to the right.
 3. Recursively apply Quick Sort to the sub-arrays on the left and right of the
pivot.
• Example:
Unsorted list: [64, 25, 12, 22, 11]
Sorted list after Quick Sort: [11, 12, 22, 25, 64]

Comparative Analysis of Sorting Algorithms:

Stability in Sorting Algorithms:

• A stable sorting algorithm maintains the relative order of equal elements.
• Stable Algorithms: Bubble Sort, Insertion Sort, Merge Sort.
• Unstable Algorithms: Quick Sort, Selection Sort.

Applications of Sorting:
• Searching: Sorted lists are easier to search (e.g., binary search).
• Data Storage and Retrieval: Helps in efficiently storing and retrieving data.
• Optimization: Sorting helps optimize the performance of other algorithms.

Conclusion:
Sorting is a fundamental operation in computer science, with various algorithms suited to
different needs. While algorithms like Bubble Sort and Selection Sort are simple but
inefficient for large datasets, advanced algorithms like Quick Sort and Merge Sort provide
better performance for most real-world applications.
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