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English Composition Assignment Activity Unit 4

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English Composition Assignment Activity Unit 4

Uploaded by

DESTINY OMOWARE
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© © All Rights Reserved
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English Composition Assignment Activity Unit 4

A concise report on Cancer

Definition of cancer

Cancer is a group of disease that involves abnormal cell growth which invade
or spread to other parts of the body (WHO, 2018; National Cancer Institute,
2007).

Cancer is seen as a complex deadly disease that affects millions of people


(National Cancer Institute, 2007).

Types of cancer

Cancer has numerous types but some includes

Breast Cancer

Lung cancer

cervical cancer

leukemia

liver cancer

kidney cancer

bowel cancer

prostrate cancer

skin cancer and so on.

Divisions of cancer

Cancers is divided into five major and they are:

 Carcinoma – it origins is from the skin, lungs breast, pancreas, and


glands.
 Sarcoma- It begins in the bone, muscle, fat, blood, vessels and even
connecting tissue.
 Melanoma- From the pigment of the skin that is where they arise.
 Lymphoma- It’s the cancer of the lymphocytes
 Leukemia- It doesn’t form solid and affects the blood as cancer.

Causes of cancer
It’s caused by changes in gene mutations that affects the DNA in the
cells. It result in becoming cancerous when DNA functionality stops.
Gene mutations allows fast growth, make more mistakes when
repairing DNA errors and have no absolute control over cell growth.
Other causes includes; physical and chemical agents, radiation,
dietary, smoking and so on.

Signs and Symptoms of cancer


 Fatigue
 Lump detected under the skin
 Weight gain or loss
 Changes in skin coloration and unhealed sores
 Difficulty in swallowing
 Constant cough and breathing problems
 Indigestion constantly
 Continuous joint pain
 Constant bleeding

Risk factors of Cancer

The risk factor are numerous but few are outlined below

 Obesity
 Tobacco
 Alcohol
 Sedentary lifestyle
 Poor diet
 Carcinogenic Material exposure
 Age
 Genetics
 Radiation

Diagnosis of cancer

 Physical Examination- Lumps, skin coloration, enlargement of organ


are critically examined by the Doctor
 Genetic Medical History – Family/genetic Medical History is discussed
and questioned.
 Laboratory Test- Various test on the level of carcinogenic chemicals
present in the blood, urine and other fluids in the body are all checked
by the doctor.
 Imaging tests- Internal organs scanned through CT, MRIs, Ultrasound,
X-ray and PET scans to detect any form of cancer.
 Biopsy – Cancer here is determined by collecting a sample from the
tumor detected

Prevention of cancer

Various ways to prevent cancer are

 Healthy Dietary- Maintain good eating habits by avoiding junks food,


sugary drinks, tobacco and alcohol.
 Physical Exercise- regular exercise to keep fit, avoid musculoskeletal
muscle pain, good body mass index, and maintain body flexibility
helps to prevent cancer.
 Vaccination – Teenagers are vaccinated against cervical cancer.
There is also vaccination against Hepatitis B and Human
Papillomavirus (HPV) for everyone and avoidance of air pollution,
and ultraviolet radiation exposure.
 Regular check ups – With regular check ups there will be early
detection of cancerous.
 Reduce involving in risk factors- Completely stop smoking and
indulging in other risk factors can help prevent cancer.

Treatment and Advanced research of cancer


 Chemotherapy – cancer treatment which uses drugs to fight
cancerous cells.
 Hormonal therapy – Stops or slow growth of cells.
 Hyperthermia- The tissue is heated to a very high frequency of -
113°c to kill the cancer cells with little or no damage to the tissue
 Immunotherapy – it assist the immune system to fight against
cancer
 Photodynamic therapy- Activated drug by light is used to kill cancer
cells and shrink tumors.
 Stem cell transplant- This is a procedure that restore stem cells that
have been destroyed by chemotherapy and radiation. The stem cell
grows into blood cells.
 Surgery- It is use to treat cancer by removal of the affected part of
the body.
 Targeted therapy – Cancer treatment target the drastic changes in
cancer cells which helps it to grow, divide and spread.

Assumptions of cancer
I. Cancer is contagious- Cancer doesn’t transfer by contact with the
infected patients. It’s a myth.
II. Cancer is punishment – It usually seen as punishment from God
or Satan, or crime committed and this is a fallacy.
III. Tumors are cancerous – Not all tumors are cancerous, hence It is
not correct to assume that myth.
IV. Age- Cancer only affects older adults. This has proven not to be
true as it affects any age, size, ethnicity or skin color.
V. Cancer is single disease- It is incorrect to think that cancer that
has millions of cells and affects millions of people is a single
disease.
VI. Genetics is a major risk factor – Genetics affects the person risk
factor though.
VII. Diet and lifestyle – diet paly an important part in having cancer
as sedentary lifestyle. Physical exercise is encouraged regularly.

Reference

American Cancer Society (2023). "What Is Cancer?" Retrieved from


[American Cancer Society]
(https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-basics/what-is-cancer.html).

American Institute for Cancer Research (2021). "Diet, Nutrition, Physical


Activity, and Cancer: A Global Perspective”. Retrieved from [AICR Report]
(https://www.aicr.org/research/food-nutrition-physical-activity-and-cancer-
2021.html).

Colorectal Cancer Alliance (2022). "The Importance of Early Detection”.


Retrieved from [Colorectal Cancer Alliance](https://www.ccalliance.org/).

Hanahan, D., & Weinberg, R. A (2011). "Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next


Generation." Cell, 144(5), 646-674. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013.

Katz, J. A., & Kauffman, S. L. (2018). "Immunotherapy and the Future of


Cancer Treatment." Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 144(3),
511-524. DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2526-2.

Lozano, G., et al (2012). "The p53 Tumor Suppressor: Pathways and Targets."
Nature Reviews Genetics, 13(2), 146-159. DOI: 10.1038/nrg3090.

National Cancer Institute (2021). "Cancer Treatment: An Overview."


Retrieved from [National Cancer Institute](https://www.cancer.gov/about-
cancer/treatment).
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2022). "NCCN Clinical Practice
Guidelines in Oncology." Retrieved from [NCCN
Guidelines](https://www.nccn.org).

National Cancer Institute ( 2007). “Defining Cancer”. Retrieved 28 March


2018.

Seymour, L., et al. (2017). "Precision Medicine and the Role of Biomarkers in
Cancer Treatment." Oncology, 31(9), 635-641. DOI:
10.1016/j.ponc.2017.08.003.

World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). "Cancer." Retrieved from [WHO


Cancer](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer).

World Health Organization (2018). “Cancer “Cancer”. World Health


Organization. Retrieved 19 December 2018.. Retrieved 19 December 2018.

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