Structural Drawing I

Introduction -
Foundations -
Walls and Columns -
Slabs and Floors -
Beams and Girders -

:References
Civil and Structural Drawing by Talal Jarjees 1
Manual for Detailing Reinforced Concrete Structures to EC2 by Jose 2
. Clalvera

:Course Instructor

1
 Chapter One

Introduction

Symbols 1.1

Wood

Brick
Rock Concrete

Classification of Building According to its Structural Design 1.2

. Skelton type building 1

. Building with the bearing walls. 3- Composite building 2

Building Parts 1.3

. Substructure (Foundation, Basement) 1

Superstructure (Columns, walls, slabs, floors, doors, windows) 2

Concrete Cover 1.4

75 - for foundation -
mm
for walls and slabs -
20 -
for columns and beams -
mm
for shells reinforced with ≤ 18 mm -
40 -
bar
mm
for shells reinforced with > 18 mm -
12 -
bar
mm
2
20 -
mm
Hooks 1.5

:Hook Diameter
6 - for bars with diameter 10-25 mm ( d is the bar -
d diameter)
8 - for bars with diameter 28-35 mm -
d
. for stirrups and ties -
Straight spacing at end of hook must not be less
4 -
:-than
d 65 - for 180 hook -
mm
for 90 hook -
12d-
when the hook is 90o and the diameter of bars not -
6d - . more than 16 mm

Bar Spacing 1.6

. Bar spacing between bars must not be less than 25 mm -

In columns the spacing must not be less than 1.5 d or 40 -

. mm

:-In walls and slabs the spacing not more than -

- for main reinforcement 3*slab slab or wall thickness* 3

- for secondary reinforcement or wall thickness

3
 Spacing
Lap Splices .7

d and not less than 300 mm) 20-30(

Concrete .8
. Mix design of concrete may be by weight or volume-
Lean concrete: - Used as a filler under the foundation (1:4:8) or - 1

(1:5:10) 2- Plain concrete: - Used for unreinforced footing and

. flooring (1:3:6)
)1:2:4 ( for slabs, beams, walls, and-
. girders
:-Reinforced concrete- 3
1:1.5:3 (
) . for columns -
)1:1:2 ( . for water tanks -

4
 Chapter Two

Foundation

General 2.1
It is the important part on which the structure is -
. used
. It usually construct below ground level -

Types of Foundation 2.1

Wall Footing 2.2.1

It is used with bearing walls-

. Figure 2.1 Wall Footing [1]

It is usually works from normal or reinforced -

. concrete

5
 :The reinforcement may

In the form of a grid placed at bottom of the base, the main bars are placed )a
. transversely. The secondary bars that are parallel to the base length

In the form of a boxed, the main bars are placed longitudinally at top and )b
. bottom

Figure 2.2 Wall Footing

6
 Spread Footing 2.2.2

It is usually used to transverse a column load ti the -

. ground
. It shall be in the form of a square, rectangle or circle -
Punching shear -

Figure 2.3 Spread footing

. [1]

7
Figure 2.4 Square Spread footing
. [2]

8
Figure 2.5 Circular Spread footing
. [1]

9
 Combined Footing 2.2.3

It is a spread footing carry out the loading of two columns that are close -
. together
reinforced as a beam. The longitudinal bars parallel to the line connecting -
. the centers of the columns to handle bending forces
. reinforced with stirrups to handle the shear forces -

Figure 2.6 plans of combined footing

. [1]

10
 . Figure 2.7 Edge of combined footing [2]

Continuous Footing 2.2.4

This foundation construct when there are a number of columns located on -
. one straight line
. It usually has one width -
. It constructs when spread footing overlapping among themselves -

11
Figure 2.8 Continuous footing
. [2]

12
 Raft Foundation 2.2.5
This foundation is used when the loads on the columns are large and the -
soil is weak, that lead the foundations need area more than half the area of
. the building

. It is usually in the form of a RC layer with a constant thickness -

. With or without beam -

Figure 2.9 Raft foundation (plan)

. [1]

13
14
Figure 2.10 Raft foundation
. [2]

15
 Figure 2.11 Section in raft foundation (Treatment
Station)

Pile Footing 2.2.6

Used when soil near the surface is not valid for foundation -

The pile footings are designed to make the column based on a set of -
. piles connect together by RC cap

The pile cap reinforced by two grid layers -

. The main layer grid at bottom -

. The reinforcement of pile must extend to top layer -

The reinforcement of columns must extend to bottom layer -

16
Figure 2.12 Plan of piles cap
. [1]

17
Figure 2.13 Pile foundation
. [1]

18
Figure 2.14 Pile foundation (one or two pile caps)
. [2]

19
Figure 2.15 Pile foundation (four-pile cap)
[2]

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 Chapter Three

Walls and Columns

Reinforced Concrete Columns 3.1

The columns are the elements that transfer the weight of the beams, girders -
and slabs to the foundations. It is considered one of the most important parts
. of the building
. The columns designed as square, rectangle and circular sections -
Ties or spiral -
. Cover : 3-4 cm -
Lap- splices : (24-30)d -
For spiral ties : pitch 4-8 cm -

Figure 3.1 Column section

[1]

21
Figure 3.2 Types of tied columns [1]

22
Figure 3.3 columns in intermediate stories
. [2]

23
Figure 3.4 Column Layout (Multi-story building)
(Plan)

24
 Figure 3.5 Sections in Columns

Notes
. This DWG must be read in conjunction with ARCH, Electrical & Mechanical DWGS .1
Concrete mixture .2
. reinforced concrete have a minimum compressive strength f’c=28 MPa at 28 days-
min cover for column and beams =40mm -
=20mm foundation=75mm slabs
. A sulphate resistance cement must be used for all concrete work under the ground level -
. equal to 414 MPa high grade deformed bars with minimum yielding strength-
. A 50 cm subbase layer compacted to 95% of modified procter test must be used .3
The ground water should be pumped out if needed until the construction reaches the .4
. natural ground level
. Slab thickness = 200 mm .5

25
 Reinforced Concrete Walls 3.2

It can replace the columns with shear walls -

The wall reinforced with a perpendicular grid or two -
grid
. must add reinforcement at opening -

Figure 3.6 Walls [2]

26
Figure 3.7 Walls (corner, joint and edge detail)
[2]

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 Chapter Four

Slabs and Floors

General 4.1

The slabs is the horizontal part of the building that divides the building into -
. multi-story

One-Way Slabs 4.2

L/W ≥ 2 -
Thickness 12-20 cm -
The main reinforcement shall be in a parallel direction to the short space -

. and the secondary reinforcement are perpendicular on them

Cover = 2 cm -
Spacing < 3* thickness for main reinforcement -
Spacing < 5* thickness for secondary reinforcement -

28
Figure 4.1 One-way slab reinforcement (plan and
section)

29
 Two-Way Slabs 4.3

. It is supported from its four sides -

L/W < 2-
The main reinforcement shall be in a parallel direction to the short space -
. and the secondary reinforcement are perpendicular on them

Figure 4.2 Two-way slab reinforcement

(plan)

30
 Figure 4.3 Two-way slab reinforcement (Section
1-1)

Figure 4.4 Two-way slab reinforcement (Layout 2)

[1]
31
Ribbed and waffle Slabs 4.4

Figure 4.5 Layout, panel moments, and critical sections-waffle slab with
beams

Figure 4.6 Critical sections-waffle slab with

beams

32
 Folded Plates 4.5

supported by columns or-

walls

Figure 4.7 Folded Plates

33
 Flat Slabs 4.6

Designed without beam -

Designed with or without Columns -

Capitals

. Middle and column strip -

Figure 4.8 Flat Slab [1]

34
Figure 4.9 Flat Slabs (bottom reinforcement)
[2]

35
Figure 4.10 Flat Slabs (Top reinforcement)
[2]

. Figure 4.11 Flat Slabs (Section) [2]

36
 Cylindrical Shells 4.7

Half of circle or part of-

. arc

Figure 4.12 Examples of cylindrical

shells

Figure 4.13 A continuous cylindrical shell roof with edge

. beams, transverse arches and end members [3]

37
 4.8
Domes

Figure 4.12 Domes

38
 Chapter Five

Beams and Girders

General 5.1

It transfer the load from slab to -

columns
. Stirrup is important for beam -
. Cover 4 cm -

Figure 5.1 Types of stirrups

39
 Figure 5.2 Beams Distribution

Simple Beam 5.2

Single- span-
supported by brick wall or columns or -
girder

40
Figure 5.3 Simple beam (method
1)

41
Figure 5.4 Simple beam (method
2)

42
 Continuous Beam 5.3
Two- span and more -
In case of heavily reinforcement. The reinforcement placed as -
. layers

Figure 5.5 Bent and cut distance (method

2)

Figure 5.5 Continuous beam (method

2)

43
Figure 5.6 Continuous beam (method
1)

44