CONCENTRATION TERMS

1.SOLUTIONS A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more pure

substances whose composition may be altered within certain limits. Though
the solution is homogenous in nature, yet it retains the properties of its
constituents. Generally solution is composed of two components, solute and
solvent. Such type of solution is known as binary solution. Solvent is that
component in solution whose physical state is the same as that of the
resulting solution while other component is called as solute. If the physical
state of both component is same, then the component in excess is known as
solvent and other one is called as solute. Each component in a binary
solution can be in any physical state such as liquid, solid and gaseous state.

2. CONCENTRATION OR STRENGTH OF SOLUTION :

The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a known
amount of the solvent or solution. Solution can be described as dilute or
concentrated solution as per their concentration.
A dilute solution has a very small quantity of solute while concentrated
solution has a large quantity of solute in solution. Various concentration
terms are as follows.
2.1 Mass percentage :
It may be defined as the number of parts of mass of solute per hundred parts
by mass of solution.

% by mass ( Ww ) := wt. of solute

w. of solution
×100
[ X % by mass means 100 gm solution contains X gm solute and hence ¿ and
hence (100−X )gm solvent]
2.2 Mass-volume percentage (W/V %):
It may be defined as the mass of solute (in gm) present in 100 cm3 of
solution. For example, If 100 cm3 of solution contains 5 g of sodium
hydroxide, then the mass-volume percentage will be 5 % solution.

% ( wV )= wt. of solute
volume of solution
×100

[ ()
X%
w
V
means 100 ml solution contains X gm solute ¿

2.3 Volume Percent :

It can be represented as %v/ v or % volume and normally used for the
solutions in which both components are in liquids state. It is the number of
parts of by volume solute per hundred parts by volume of solution.
Therefore,

% ( Vv )= volume of solute
volume of solution
×100

Moles of solute
2.4 Mole %= ×100
Total moles

 For gases, % by volume is same as mole %

2.5 Mole Fraction (X ) :
Mole fraction may be defined as the ratio of number of moles of one
component to the total number of moles of all the components (solute
and solvent) present in solution. It is denoted by letter X and the sum
of all mole fractions in a solution is always equals to one.
Moles of solute
Mole fraction (X )=
Total moles
Mole fraction does not depend upon temperature and can be extended
to solutions having more than two components.
2.6 Molarity (M) :
Molarity is most common unit for concentration of solution. It is
defined as the number of moles of solute present in one litre or one
3
dm of the solution or millimol of solute present in one mL of solution.
Mole of solute
Molarity (M )=
volume of solution in litre

2.7 Molality (m) : The number of mole of the solule present in 1000 g of the
solvent is known as molality of solution. It represented by letter ' m '.
Moles of solute
Molality (m)= ¿
Mass of solvent (in kg ¿
The unit of molality is mol /kg and it does not affect by temperature.
2.8 Parts per million (ppm) : The very low concentration of solute in solution
can be expressed in ppm. It is the number of parts by mass of solute per
million parts by mass of the solution.

Mass of solute 6 Mass of solute 6

Parts per million ( ppm)= ×10 ≅ × 10
Mass of solvent Mass of solution

 Get yourselves very much comfortable in their inter conversion. It is

very handy.

Ex.1 Calculate the mole fractions of the components of the solution

composed by 92 g glycerol and 90 g water ? ( M (water ¿=18 ; M ¿ glycerol
¿=92 )
Moles of water ¿ 90 g /18 g=5 mol water
Moles of glycerol ¿ 92 g /92 g=1 mol glycerol
Total moles in solution ¿ 5+1=6 mol
Mole fraction of water ¿ 5 mol /6 mol=0.833
Mole fraction of glycerol ¿ 1 mol /6 mol=0.167
Ex.2 What will be the molarity of solution when water is added to
16.4 gCa ( NO 3 )2, to make 100 mL of solution?
Mol of Ca ( NO3 )2=16.4/164=0.1
Molarity ¿ Mole of solute ¿ Volume of solution (L)=0.10 mol/0.10 L
Therefore, Molarity of given solution ¿ 1.0 M
Ex.3 Calculate the molality of a solution containing 20 g of sodium hydroxide
(NaOH ) in 250 g of water?
Moles of sodium hydroxide ¿ 20/ 40=0.5 molNaOH
250 gm=0.25 kg of water
Hence molality of solution = Mole of solute ¿ Mass of solvent
(kg )=0.5 mol /0.25 kg
or Molality (m)=2.0 m
Ex.4 Calculate the gram of copper sulphate ( CuSO f ) needed to prepare
250.0 mL of 1.00 MCuSO ? ? ?
250
Moles of CuSO 4=M ×V =1×
1000
Molar mass of copper sulphate ¿ 159.6 g /mol
Hence Mass of copper sulphate (gm)=¿ Moles of CuSO 4 × Molar mass of
copper sulphate.
250
¿1× ×159.6 g /mol=39.9 gm of Copper sulphate
1000
Ex.5 How many gram of H 2 SO 4 are present in 500 ml of 0.2 M H 2 SO 4 solution?
moles 500
M= ⇒ moles of H 2 SO 4 =M × V =0.2 × L=0.1
vol. 1000
Mass of H 2 SO 4 =0.1 ×98=9.8 g
Ex.6 Calculate the ppm of mercury in water in a sample containing 30 mg of
Hg in 500 ml of solution.
6
Mass of solute × 10
Parts per million ¿
Mass of solution

Mass of water ¿ 500/1=500 g=50 ×10 4 mg

v
(density ¿ mass ¿ volume ; density of water 1 g/ml ¿ w=
d
6
30 ×10
Therefore, ppm of mercury ¿ 4
=60 ppm of mercury
50× 10
Ex.7 A 100g NaOH solution has 20 gNaOH . Find molality.

20/ 40 500
m= ×1000= =6.25 mol /kg
100−20 80

Ex.8 Find molality of aqueous solution of CH 3 COOH whose molarity is 2 M

1000 × M
and density d=1.2 g /mL. Hint :
1000× d−MMs
where d=¿ density in gL , M =¿ Molarity, m=¿ molality, M S = molar mass of
−1

solute.
 2
m= ×1000=1.85 m
1200−2 × 60

w
Ex.9 A solution has 80 % NaOH with density 2 g L−1. Find (a) Molarity (b)
w
Molality of solution. Let V be vol. of solution, in L

Mass of solute
¿(d × V )×
( )
%
w
w
=2× V ×
80
=1.6 V
100 100
1.6 V / 40 1.6 V /40 −1
(a) M = =0.04 m (b) m= ×1000=100 mol kg
V 2 V −1.6 V
Ex.10 4.450 g sulphuric acid was added to 82.20 g water and the density of
the solution was found to be 1.029 g /cc at 25∘ C and 1 atm pressure.
Calculate
(a) the weight percent,
(b) the mole fraction,
(c) the mole percent,
(d) the molality,
(e) the molarity of sulphuric acid in the solution under these conditions.
Sulphuric acid ¿ 4.450 g , Water ¿ 82.20 g ⇒ Wt. of solution ¿ 86.65 g
∴ Density of solution ¿ 1.029 g/cc .
wt. of solute 4.450
(a) Weight percent ¿ ×100= × 100=5.14
wt. of solution 86.65
(b) Mole fraction:
wt. of solute 4.45
Mole of solute ¿ = =0.0454
mol wt. of solute 98

82.20
Mole of solvent ¿ =4.566
18
Total moles in solution ¿ 0.0454 +4.566=4.6114
0.0454
Mole fraction of solute ¿ =0.0098
4.6114
(c) Mole percent ¿ mole fraction of solute ×100=0.0098 ×100=0.98
moles of solute 0.0454 ×1000
(d) Molality ¿ ×1000 ¿ =0.552
mass of solvent ( in gm ) 82.2
moles of solute
(e) Molarity ¿
litre of solution
Mass 86.65 86.65
Volume of solution ¿ = ml= litre
Density 1.029 1.029 ×1000
0.0454 0.0454 ×1000 ×1.029
¿ = =0.539
Molarity 86.54 86.65
1.029 ×1000
−3
Ex.11 Find number of Na+¿∧ PO ¿ ions in 250 ml of 0.2 MNa NO 3 solution.
4

−3
Na3 PO 4 +¿ aq. ⟶ 3 Na+¿(aq)+PO ¿ (aq) [Ionic compound when added to water
4

ionize completely].
50 millimoles (m.m.) 150 mm 50 mm
No. of Na+¿¿ions ¿ 150 ×10−3 × N A ; No. of PO−3 −3
4 ions ¿ 50 ×10 × N A
Ex.12 80 gNaOH was added to 2 L water. Find molality of solution if density
of water ¿ 1 g/mL
20
moles of NaOH 80/ 40
Ans. m= × 1000= ×1000=1 molal
mass of H 2 O 2× 1000
Ex.13 The average concentration of Na+¿¿ion in human body is 3.0 to 3.9 gm
per litre. The molarity of Na+¿¿ ion is about.
M +¿ n solute
Na = ¿
0.15 M Sol. 3 +3.9
2 6.9
volume of solution in <¿= = =0.15 M ¿
23 46
DO YOUR SELF-01
Q.1 8 gNaOH is dissolved in one litre of solution. Its molarity is :
(A) 0.8 M
(B) 0.4 M
(C) 0.2 M
(D) 0.1 M
Q.2 If 18 g of glucose is present in 1000 g of solvent, the solution is said to
be :
(A) 1 molar
(B) 0.1 molar
(C) 0.5 molar
(D) 0.1 molal

Q.3 The mole fraction of oxygen in a mixture of 7 g of nitrogen and 8 g of

oxygen is :
8
(A)
15
(B) 0.5
(C) 0.25
(D) 1.0
Q.4 For preparing 0.1 M solution of H 2 SO 4 in one litre, we need H 2 SO 4 :
(A) 0.98 g
(B) 4.9 g
(C) 49.0 g
(D) 9.8 g
Q.5 What is the concentration of chloride ion, in molarity, in a solution
containing 10.56 gm BaCl2 ⋅ BH 2 O per litre of solution? (Ba=137)
Ex.14 50 ml 0.2 M H 2 SO 4 is mixed with 50 ml 0.3 M H 2 SO 4 Find molarity of final
solution.

Tulal mulesul H 2 SO4 50× 0.2 ×10−2 +50 ×10−2 × 0.3

Mf = = −3
=0.25 M .
Total volume (50+50)× 10

Ex.15 Find final molarity in each case :

(i) 500 ml 0.1 M HCl+500 ml 0.2 MHCl
(ii) 50 ml , 0.1 MHCl+150 ml ,0.3 MHCl+ 300 ml H 2 O
(iii) 4.9 g H 2 SO 4 +250 ml H 2 O+ 250 ml 0.1 M H 2 SO 4
Answer :
500 × 0.1+500 ×0.2
(i) M f = =0.15 M .
500+500
50 × 0.1+ 150× 0.3 50
(ii) M t = = =0.1 M
50+150+300 500
4.9 250
+ × 0.1
98 1000 50+25
(iii) M f = = =0.15 M
(
250+250
1000 ) 500

Ex.16 How much water should be added to 2 MHCl solution to form 1 litre of
0.5 MHCl ?
Let V be initial volume
Then mol of HCl=¿ constant
2 ×V =1× 0.5⇒ V =0.25 LVolume of water added ¿ 1−0.25=0.75 L
Ex.17 1.11 g CaCl2 is added to water forming 500 ml of solution. 20 ml of this
solution is taken and diluted 10 folds. Find moles of Cl ions in 2 ml of diluted
solution.
1.11 0.01
=0.01 mol CaCl 2In 200 ml solution, moles of CaCl2= [Note : Dilution
111 25
does not change moles of solute]
0.01/25 0.01 −6
In 2 ml of dilute solution moles of CaCl2= ×2= =4 ×10
200 2500
−6 −6
∴ moles of Cl−¿=2 × 4 ×10 =8 × 10 ¿

Ex.18 What volumes of 1 M ∧2 MH 2 SO 4 solution are required to produce 2 L

of 1.75 MH 2 SO 4 solution?
Let XL be vol. of 1 M solution.
∴(2−X )L is vol. of 2 M solution.
Moles of H 2 SO 4 :2 ×1.75=1(X )+(2−X )2 ⇒ X=0.5 L
i.e. 0.5 L of 1 M ∧1.5 L of 2 M solution are required.
Ex.19 A solution is made by mixing
300 ml 1.5 MAl 2 ( SO4 )3+ 300 ml 2 M CaSO 4 +400 ml 3.5 MCaCl 2 Find final molarity of
(1) SO−2
4 , (2) Ca
2+¿ ¿
, (3) Cl . [Assume complete dissociation of these
compounds].
−3 −3
Total moles 300 ×1.5 × 10 ×3+300 ×2 ×10
(1) [ SO 4 ]f =
−2
= −3
=1.95 M
Total volume (300+300+ 400)×10
300 × 2+ 400 ×3.5
(2) [ Ca ] f =
+2
=2 M
1000
(3) ¿ ¿

Ex.20 A solution of KCl has a density of 1.69 g mL L−1 and is 67 % by weight.

Find the density of the solution if it is diluted so that the percentage by
weight of KCl in the diluted solution is 30 % .
Let the volume of the KCl solution be 100 mL ,
Weight of KCl solution ¿ 100 ×1.69=169 g
100 g of solution contains ¿ 67 g of KCl
67
169 g of solution ¿ ×169=113.23 g
100
Lex x mL of H 2 O be added.
New volume of solution ¿(100+ x)mL
New weight of solution ¿(169+ x)g
(Since xmL of H 2 O=x g of H 2 O, d H O =1 )
2

New percentage of the solution ¿ 30 %

weight of solute × 100
% by weight ¿
weight of solution
113.23
30= × 100 x=208.43 mL=208.43 gNew density
(169+ x)
New weight of solution (169+ x)
¿ =
New volume of solution (100+ x)
∴ d=1.224 gm/ml⇒ V =1.5 mL

Ex.22. 100 m l, 3 % (w /v )NaOH solution is mixed with 100 m/, 9 % (w /v )NaOH

solution. The molarity of final solution is-
Ans. (1.5)
Total NaOH in 100 ml (1st solution) ¿ 3 gm
Total NaOH in 100 ml (2nd solution) ¿ 9 gm

∴ Molarity = ( 20012/40
/1000 )
=1.5 M

Ex.23. 1120 gm of 2 ' m ' urea solution is mixed with 2480 gm of 4 ' m ' urea
solution. Calculate the molality of the resulting solution?
Ans. 3.33 m
Sol. Let 2 m ,1120 g solution have mass of solute ¿ wgm
'
w /60 w /60
2= ×1000 w=120 gm& 4= × 1000
1120−w 2480−w
'

120+ 480
'
w =480 gmresulting molality 60
m= ×1000=3.33 m
1120−120+2480−480
DO YOUR SELF-02

1 Find the resultant molarity obtained by mixing the

2 litre, 0.5 MHCl+3 litre, 0.2 MHCl.
2 Find the resultant molarity obtained by mixing the
500 ml , 1 MNaCl+200 ml ,2 MNaClAnswers:
2 0.32 M
9
3 M
7
4 SOME TYPICAL CONCENTRATION TERMS
4.1 PERCENTAGE LABELLING OF OLEUM :
 Labelled as 1 % oleum', it means maximum amount of H 2 SO 4 that can be
obtained from 100 gm of such oleum (mixture of H 2 SO 4 and SO 3 ) by
adding sufficient water. For ex. 109 % oleum sample means, with the
addition of sufficient water to 100 gm oleum sample 109 gm H 2 SO 4 is
obtained. % labelling of oleum sample ¿(100+ x)%
x=¿ mass of H 2 O required for the complete conversion of SO 3 in
H 2 SO4
Ex.24 Find the mass of free SO 3 present in 100 gm, 109 % oleum sample.
Sol. 109 % means, 9 gm of H 2 O is required for 100 gm oleum
Ex.25 Find the % labelling of 100 gm oleum sample if it contains
20 gm SO3.
Sol. % labelling of oleum sample ¿(100+ x)%
Ex.26 An oleum sample is labelled as 118 % , Calculate composition of
mixture (mass of components) if 40 gm water is added to 30 gm given
oleum sample.
H 2 SO4 =35.4 gm, H 2 O=34.6 gmSol. In 100 gm sample requires water
¿ 18 gm
18
30 gm sample will require water ¿ ×30=5.4 gm
100
Mass of H 2 O=40−5.4=34.6 gm and mass of H 2 SO 4 =70−34.6=35.4 gm.
4.2 VOLUME STRENGTH OF H 2 O2 SOLUTION :
Labelled as 'volume H 2 O2, it means volume of O 2 (in litre) at STP that
can be obtained from 1 litre of H 2 O2 solution, when H 2 O2 when it
decomposes according to
1
H 2 O2 → H 2 O+ O2
2

Volume Strength of H 2 O2 Solution ¿ 11.35× molarity

Ex.27 Find the % w /v of "10 V ' ' H 2 O2 solution-

volume strength 10
Sol. Molarity (M ) of solution ¿ =
11.35 11.35
% ( )
w
v
=
M × mol. wt. of solute
10
=
10 34
× =3 %
11.35 10
Ex .28 ⁡2 H 2 O2 (aq)⟶ 2 H 2 O(l)+O2 ( g)Under conditions where 1 mole of gas
1
occupies 24 dm3 , XL of M solution of H 2 O2 produces 3 dm 3 of O z Thus X is :-
¿
24
Ans. (6)
1
moles of H 2 O 2= ×X
24
3 1
moles of O 2= = .
24 8
 1 X
moles of H 2 O 2= =
4 24
X =6DO YOUR SELF-03

1 34 g of hydrogen peroxide is present in 1135 mL of solution. Volume

strength of solution is:
(A) 10 V
(B) 20 V
(C) 30 V
(D) 32 V
2 Label an oleum sample which has mass fraction of SO 3 equal to 0.6 :
(A) 115 %
(B) 109 %
(C) 104.5 %
(D) 113.5%
Comprehension Q.3 and Q.4 (2 questions)
30 gm H 2 SO4 is mixed with 20 gram SO 3 to form mixture.
3 Find mole fraction of SO 3.
(A) 0.2
(B) 0.45
(C) 0.6
(D) 0.8
4 Determine % labelling of oleum solution.
(A) 104.5
(B) 106
(C) 109
(D) 110
Answers :
5 (A)
6 (D)
(B) 4. (C)

PREVIOUS YEARS SOLVED EXAMPLES

Q.1 One gm of charcoal absorbs 100 ml 0.5 M CH 3 COOH to form a monolayer,
and thereby the molarity of CH 3 COOH reduces to 0.49 . Calculate the surface
area of the charcoal adsorbed by each molecule of acetic acid. Surface area
of charcoal ¿ 3.01 ×102 m2 /gm .
[JEE'2003]
Ans. 5 ×10−19 m2
Sol. Final molarity ¿ 0.5−0.49=0.01 M

100 −3
mole =M × v=0.01× =10
1000
no of molecule ¿ moles × N A =10−3 × N A=6.02×10 20
1 gm contain charcoal ¿ 3.01 ×102 m2
20 2
6.02 ×10 molecule of acetic acid absorbed charcoal ¿ 3.01 ×10
1 molecule of acetic acid adsorbed charcoal ¿ 3.01 ×102 m2
20 2
6.02 ×10 molecule of acetic acid absorbed charcoal ¿ 3.01 ×10
2
3.01 ×10 −19 2
1 molecule of acetic acid adsorbed charcoal ¿ 20
=5× 10 m
6.02× 10
Q.2 Calculate the molarity of pure water using its density to be 1000 kg m−3.
[JEE'2003]
Ans. 55.5 mol L−1
1000 1000
Sol. M = = =55.5
MW 18
Q.3 6.02 ×1021 molecules of urea are present in 100 ml of its solution. The
concentration of urea solution is -
[AIEEE-2004]
(A) 0.001 M
(B) 0.01 M
(C) 0.02 M
(D) 0.1 M
Ans. (D)
21
6.02× 10 1
Moles of urea ¿ 23
=
6.02× 10 100

1000
Molarity = =0.1 M
100 ×100

EXERCISE # S-I
CONCENTRATION TERMS
Q.1 Calculate the molarity of the following solutions :
(a) 4 g of caustic (NaOH ) soda is dissolved in 200 mL of the solution.
CT0001
(b) 5.3 g of anhydrous sodium ( Na2 CO 3 ) carbonate is dissolved in 100 mL of
solution.
CT0001
(c) 0.365 g of pure HCl gas is dissolved in 50 mL of solution.
CT0001
Q.2 Density of a solution containing 13 % by mass of sulphuric acid is
0.98 g /mL. Then molarity of solution will be

Q.3 15 g of methyl alcohol is present in 100 mL of solution. If density of

solution is 0.90 g mL−1, calculate the mass percentage of methyl alcohol in
solution

Q.4 Units of parts per million ( ppm¿ or per billion ( ppb ¿ are often used to
describe the concentrations of solutes in very dilute solutions. The units are
defined as the number of grams of solute per million or per billion grams of
 +¿¿
solvent. Bay of Bengal has 2.1 ppm of lithium ions. If the molality of Li is
−4
x × 10 m, then find x .(Li=7)

CT0004
Q.5 A 7.0 M solution of KOH in water contains 28 % by mass of KOH . What is
density of solution in gm/ml ? (K =39)

CT0005
Q.6 The concentration of a solution is 8 % (w /w) and 10 % (w /v ). Calculate
density (in gm/ml ¿ of solution?
CT0006
Q.7 The mole fraction of solute in aqueous urea solution is 0.2. Calculate the
mass percent of solute?
CT0007
Q.8 The concentration of Ca ( HCO3 )2 in a sample of hard water is 405 ppm. The
density of water sample is 1.0 gm/ml . If the molarity of solution is x × 10−3 M
then find x ?

CT0008
Q.9 How much BaCl2 (in gm) would be needed to make 250 ml of a solution
−¿¿
having the same concentration of Cl as one containing 1.825 gmHCl per
100 ml ? (Ba=137)

Q.10 Calculate molality (m) of each ion present in the aqueous solution of
2 M NH 4 Cl assuming 100 % dissociation according to reaction.
−¿(aq) ¿

NH 4 Cl(aq)⟶ NH +¿(aq)+Cl
4
¿

Given : Density of solution ¿ 3.107 gm/ml.

PROBLEMS RELATED WITH MIXING & DILUTION

Q.11 Find out the volume (L) of 98 %w /w H 2 SO 4 (density ¿ 1.8 gm/ml ), must be
diluted to prepare 12.6 litres of 2.0 M sulphuric acid solution.

CT0011
Q.12 500 ml of 2 MNaCl solution was mixed with 200 ml of 1/4 M NaCl solution.
Calculate the molarity of NaCl in final solution.

CT0012
Q.13 A mixture containing equimolar amounts of Ca ¿ and Al ¿ requires 0.5 L
of 4.0 MHCl to react with it completely. Total moles of the mixture is :

CT0013
Q.14 500 gm of urea solution of mole fraction 0.2 is diluted to 1500 gm.
Calculate the mole fraction of solute in the diluted solution?

CT0014
Q.15 When Vml of 2.2 M H 2 SO 4 solution is mixed with 10 Vml of water, the
volume contraction of 2 % take place. Calculate the molarity of diluted
solution?

Q.16 What volume (in m l ) of 0.8 M AlCl 3 solution should be mixed with 50 ml
of 0.2 M CaCl 2 solution to get solution of chloride ion concentration equal to
0.6 M ? to get solution of chloride ion concentration equal to 0.6 M ?

CT0016
Q.17 A solution containing 200 ml 0.5 MKCl is mixed with 50 ml 19 %w /v MgCl 2
and resulting solution is diluted 8 times. Molarity of chloride ion is final
solution is :

CT0017
SOME TYPICAL CONCENTRATION TERMS
Q.18 An oleum sample is labelled as 118 % , Calculate
(ii) Maximum mass of H 2 SO4 (gm) that can be obtained if 30 gm sample is
taken. CT0018
Q.19 A mixture is prepared by mixing 10 gm H 2 SO 4 and 40 gmSO 3 . Calculate
(a) mole fraction of H 2 SO 4
CT0019
(b) % labelling of oleum
CT0019
Q.20 500 ml of a H 2 O2 solution on complete decomposition produces 2 moles
of H 2 O. Calculate the volume strength of H 2 O2 solution?

CT0020
Q.21 The volume strength of 100 ml H 2 O2 solution which produce 5.6 litre of
oxygen gas at 1 bar & 0∘ C .
CT0021

EXERCISE # S-II
Q.1 What volume of 0.2 MNaOH (in L) solution should be mixed to 500 ml of
0.5 MNaOH solution so that 300 ml of final solution is completely neutralised
by 20 ml of 2 M H 3 PO 4 solution.

CT002s

Q.2 How much minimum volume (in L) of ( 515 ) M aluminium sulphate

solution should be added to excess calcium nitrate to obtain atleast 1 gm of
each salt in the reaction.

Al2 ( SO4 )3 +3 Ca ( NO 3 )2 ⟶2 Al ( NO 3 )3 +3 CaSO4

CT0023
Q.3 One litre of milk weighs 1.035 kg. The butter fat is 4 % (v / v) of milk and
has density of 875 kg/m 3. If the density of fat free skimed milk is ' x ' gm/L ,
the value of (x ) is ?
CT0024
Q.4 100 ml of 0.1 M solution of AB(d=1.5 gm/ml) is mixed with 100 ml of 0.2 M
solution of CB 2 (d =2.5 gm/ml). Calculate the molarity of B−¿ ¿in final solution if
the density of final solution is 4 gm/ml . Assuming AB and CB 2 are non
+2
−¿,C ¿
reacting & dissociates completely into A+¿ , B ¿ .
CT0025
Q.5 60 ml of a " x ' ' %w /w alcohol by weight ( d =0.6 g /cm3 ) must be used to
prepare 200 cm3 of 12 % alcohol by weight ( d =0.90 g/cm3 ). Calculate the mass
of alcohol (in gm) in original sample.
CT0026
+ ¿∧¿¿
−¿+ H ¿
Q.6 If 0.5 M methanol undergo self dissociation like CH 3 OH ⇌ CH 3 O if
+¿¿ −4
concentration of H is 2.5 ×10 M then calculate % dissociation of
methanol.

CT0027
Q.7 Determine the volume (in L) of diluted nitric acid
( d=1.11 g mL−1 , 20 %w /v HNO3 ) that can be prepared by diluting 50 mL of
conc. HNO3 with water ( d =1.42 g mL−1 , 70 %w /v ).

CT0028
Q.8 50 ml of ' 20 V ' H 2 O2 is mixed with 200 ml , '10V' H 2 O2. The volume
strength of resulting solution is

CT0029
Q.9 500 ml of 0.90 M CH 3 COOH solution is mixed with 600 ml 12 % w/v
CH 3 COOH solution then calculate the final molarity of solution.

CT0030
Q.10 45.4 V H 2 O2 solution (500 ml) when exposed to atmosphere looses 11.2
litre of O 2 at 1 atm , & 273 K . New molarity of H 2 O2 solution (Assume no
change in volume)

CT0031

EXERCISE #O-I
Q.1 125 ml of 8 %w /wNaOH solution (sp. gravity 1) is added to 125 ml of
10 %w /vHCl solution. The nature of resultant solution would be
(A) Acidic
(B) Basic
(C) Neutral
(D) Can not be predicted
CT0032
Q.2 The molarity of pure water is :
(A) 100 M
(B) 55.6 M
(C) 50 M
(D) 18 M
CT0033
Q.3 Mole fraction of C 3 H 5 ¿ (glycerine) in a solution of 36 g of water and
46 g of glycerine is :
(A) 0.46
(B) 0.36
(C) 0.20
(D) 0.40
CT0034
Q.4 A molal solution is one that contains one mole of a solute in
(A) 1000 g of the solvent
(B) one litre of the solution
(C) one litre of the solvent
(D) 22.4 litres of the solution
CT0035
Q.5 The molarity of a solution of sodium chloride in water containg 5.85 gm of
sodium chloride in 500 ml of solution is :-
(A) 0.25 M
(B) 2.0 M
(C) 1.0 M
(D) 0.2 M
CT0036
Q.6 The molarity of 98 % by wt. H 2 SO4 ( d =1.8 g/ml) is
(A) 6 M
(B) 18 M
(B) 10 M
(D) 4 M
CT0037
Q.7 Which one of the following modes of expressing concentration of
solution is independent of temperature -
(A) Molarity
(B) Molality
(C) %w /v
(D) Grams per litre
CT0038
Q.8 Equal weight of NaCl and KCl are dissolved separately in equal volumes
of solutions. Molarity of the solutions will be -
(A) Equal
(B) Greater for NaCl
(C) Greater for KCl
(D) Uncomparable.
CT0039
Q.9 How much water should be added to 200 cc of semimolar solution of
NaOH to make it exactly decimolar?
(A) 1000 cc
(B) 400 cc
(C) 800 cc
(D) 600 cc
CT0040
Q.10 100 ml of 0.3 MHCl solution is mixed with 200 ml of 0.3 M H 2 SO 4 solution.
 +¿¿
What is the molarity of H in resultant solution?
(A) 0.9 M
(B) 0.6 M
(C) 0.4 M
(D) 0.5 M
CT0041
Q.11 Molality of 20 % (w/w) aq.glucose solution is :
25
(A) m
18
10
(B) m
9
25
(C) m
9
5
(D) m
18
CT0042
Q.12 Molarity of liquid HCl , if density is 1.17 g /cc :
(A) 36.5 M
(B) 18.25 M
(C) 32.05 M
(D) 42.10 M

Q.13. The molarity of a solution made by mixing 50 ml of conc. H 2 SO4 (18 M )

with 50 ml of watcr, is:
(A) 36 M
(B) 18 M
(C) 9 M
(D) 6 M
CT0044
Q.14 Equal volumes of 10 % (w /v ) of HCl is mixed with 10 % (w /v )NaOH
solution. The resultant solution be.
(A) basic
(B) neutral
(C) acidic
(D) can't be predicted.
CT0045
Q.15 What volume of 0.2 MNaOH solution is needed for complete
neutralisation of 0.49 gm orthophosphoric acid -
(A) 75 ml
(B) 300 ml
(C) 0.075 ml
(D) 50 ml
CT0046
Q.16 If 50 gm oleum sample rated as 118 % is mixed with 18 gm water, then
the correct option is
(A) The resulting solution contains 18 gm of water and 118 gm H 2 SO 4
(B) The resulting solution contains 9 gm water and 59 gm H 2 SO 4
(C) The resulting solution contains only 118 gm pure H 2 SO 4
(D) The resulting solution contains 68 gm of pure H 2 SO 4
CT0047
Q.17 12.5gm of fuming H 2 SO 4 (labelled as 112 % ) is mixed with 100 lit water.
+¿¿
Molar concentration of H in resultant solution is :
[Note : Assume that H 2 SO 4 dissociate completely and there is no change in
volume on mixing]
2
(A) M
700
2
(B) M
350
3
(C) M
350
3
(D) M
700
CT0048
Q.18 20 ml of '20 vol' H 2 O2 solution is diluted to 80 ml . The final volume
strength of solution is -
(A) '80 vol'
(B) '25 vol'
(C) '5 vol'
(D) '8 vol'
CT0049
Q.19 Assuming complete precipitation of AgCl, calculate the sum of the
molar concentration of all the ions if 2 lit of 2 MAg2 SO 4 is mixed with 4 lit of
1 MNaCl solution is :
(A) 4 M
(B) 2 M
(C) 3 M
(D) 2.5 M
CT0050
Q.20 Molarity and Molality of a solute (M.wt ¿ 50 ) in aqueous solution is 9
and 18 respectively. What is the density of solution.
(A) 1 g/cc
(B) 0.95 g /cc
(C) 1.05 g /cc
(D) 2 g/cc
CT0051
Q.21 The relationship between mole fraction ( X A ) of the solute & molality ' m
' of its solution in ammonia would be
55.56 ( X A )
(A) =m
1− X A
58.82 ( X A )
(B) =m
1− X A
58.82 ( 1−X A ) 55.56 ( 1−X A )
(C) =m(D) =m
XA XA
CT0052
Q.22 3.0 molal NaOH solution has a density of 1.12 g/mL . The molarity of the
solution is-
(A) 2.97 M
(B) 3 M
(C) 3.05 M
(D) 3.5 M

EXERCISE #O-II
Q.1 Statement -1: Molality of pure ethanol is lesser than pure water.
Statement-2 : As density of ethanol is lesser than density of water.
[Given : d ethanol =0.789 gm/ml ; d water =1 gm/ml ]
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement- 2 is true and statement- 2 is correct
explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the
correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is false, statement- 2 is true.
(D) Statement-1 is true, statement- 2 is false.
CT0054
Q.2 Statement-1 : Molarity and molality have almost same value for a very
dilute aqueous solution.
Statement-2 : In all very dilute solution, the mass of solvent ( in gm_) is
equal to the volume of solution ( in ml).
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement- 2 is true and statement- 2 is correct
explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the
correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement- 2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement- 2 is true.
CT0055
Q.3 Statement-1 : The mass fraction of solute in a solution is always greater
than its mole fraction.
Statement-2 : Mole fraction of solvent in an aqueous solution of ethanol must
be greater than that of solute.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement- 2 is true and statement- 2 is correct
explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement- 2 is true and statement- 2 is NOT the
correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement- 2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement- 2 is true.
CT0056
Q.4 The molar concentration of HCl (aq.) is 10−5 M . Which of the following
statements are correct.
(A) The mole fraction of HCl ≅ 1.8 ×10−7
(B) The concentration of HCl in ppm is 3.65 ppm
(C) The molality of HCl solution is approximately 10−5 m
(D) The (w/v )% of solution is 3.65 ×10−5 %
CT0057
Q.5 Solution(s) containing 40 gmNaOH is/are
(A) 50 gm of 80 % (w/w) NaOH
(B) 50 gm of 80 % (w /v )NaOH [d s soln. =1.2 gm/ml ]
(C) 50 gm of 20 MNaOII [ d soln. =1 gm/ml ]
(D) 50 gm of 5 mNaOH
CT0058
Q.6 The incorrect statement(s) regarding 2 M MgCl 2 aqueous solution is/are
( d solution =1.09 gm/ml )
−¿¿
(A) Molality of Cl is 4.44 m
(B) Mole fraction of MgCl 2 is exactly 0.035
(C) The conc. of MgCl 2 is 19 % w/v
(D) The conc. of MgCl 2 is 19 ×104 pm
CT0059
Q 7 A sample of H 2 O2 solution lahelled as 56.75 volume has density of
530 gm/I . Mark the correct option(s) representing concentration of same
solution in other units. (Solution contains only H 2 O and H 2 O2 )
(A) M H O =6 2 2

w
(B) % =17
v
(C) Mole fraction of H 2 O2=0.25
1000
(D) m H O =
2
72 2

Q.8 100 mL of 0.06 MCa ( NO 3 )2 is added to 50 mL of 0.06 M Na2 C2 O 4 . After the

reaction is complete ( CaC 2 O4 is precipitated)
(A) 0.003 moles of calcium oxalate will get precipitated
(B) 0.003 M Ca2 +¿¿ will remain in cxccss
(C) Na2 C 2 O 4 is the limiting reagent
(D) Oxalate ion ¿ concentration in final solution is 0.003 M
CT0060
Comprehension Q.9 and Q.10 ( 2 questions)
2 litre of 9.8 %w /w H 2 SO 4 ( d =1.5 gm/ml) solution is mixed with 3 litre of
1 MKOH solution.
Q.9 The number of moles H 2 SO 4 added are
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 0.5
CT0061
+¿¿ −¿¿
Q.10 The concentration of H if solution is acidic or concentration of OH if
solution is basic in the final solution is
(A) 0
3
(B)
10
3
(C)
5
 2
(D)
5
CT0062
(A) 0
CT0063

Comprehension

Estimation of nitrogen : There are two methods for the estimation of

nitrogen (i) Dumas method and (ii) Kjedahl's method.
i. Dumas method : A known mass of compound is heated with copper oxide
(CuO) in an atomsphere of CO 2, which gives free nitrogen along with CO 2 and
H 2 O.

C x H y N z +(2 x + y /2)CuO → xCO 2 + y /2 ( H 2 O ) + z /2 ( N 2 ) +(2 x + y /2)Cu .

The gaseous mixture is passed over a heated copper gauze which converts
traces of nitrogen oxides formed to N 2. The gaseous mixture is collected over
an aqueous solution of KOH which absorbs CO 2, and nitrogen is collected in
the upper part of the graduated tube.
ii. Kjeldahl's method : A known mass of organic compound (0.5 gm) is mixed
with K 2 SO4 (10 gm) and CuSO 4 ⋅(1.0 gm) or a drop of mercury (Hg) and conc.
H 2 SO4 (25 ml), and heated in Kjeldahl's flask CuSO 4 or Hg acts as a catalyst,
while K 2 SO 4 raises the boiling point of H 2 SO 4 . The nitrogen in the organic
compound is quantitatively converted to ammonium sulphate. The resulting
mixture is then distilled with excess of NaOH solution and the NH 3 evolved is
passed into a known but excess volume of standard HCl or H 2 SO 4 . The acid
left unused is estimated by titration with some standard alkali. The amount
of acid used against NH 3 can thus be known and from this the percentage of
nitrogen is calculated.
conc.
(a). C+ H+ S ⟶ CO 2+ H 2 O+ SO 2
H 2 SO4
conc.
(b) N ⟶ ( NH 4 )2 SO 4
H 2 SO 4

(c) ( NH 4 )2 SO 4 +2 NaOH → Na2 SO 4 +2 NH 3 +2 H 2 O

(d). 2 NH 3 + H 2 SO 4 → ( NH 4 )2 SO 4
iii. This method is not applicable to compounds containing N in nitro and azo
groups, and N present in the ring (e.g. , pyridine) as N of these compounds
does not change to ( NH 4 )2 SO 4 (ammonium sulphate) under these reaction
condtions.
Q.11 0.30 gm of an organic compound gave 82.1 ml of nitrogen collected at
300 K and 775 mm pressure in Dumas method. Calculate the percentage of
nitrogen in the compound. (Vapour pressure of water or aqueous tension of
water at 300 K is 15 mm .
(A) 31.11
(B) 15.56
(C) 28.0
(D) 31.72
Q.12 0.50 gm of an organic compound was treated according to Kjeldahl's
method. The ammonia evolved was absorbed in 50 ml of 0.5 M H 2 SO 4. The
residual acid required 60 ml of M /2 NaOH solution Find the percentage of
nitrogen in the compound.
(A) 50
(B) 56
(C) 66
(D) 40
Q.13 0.4 gm of an organic compound was treated according to Kjeldahl's
method. The ammonia evolved was absorbed in 50 ml of 0.5 M H 3 PO 3. The
residual acid required 30 ml of 0.5 MCa ¿, Find the percentage of N 2 in the
compound.
(A) 20
(R) 50
(C) 70
(D) 45
Q.14 0.002 gm of an organic compound was treated according to Kjeldahl's
method. 0.2 ×10−4 mol 2 H 2 SO 4 was required to neutralise NH 3. Calculate the
percentage of N 2.
(A) 50
(B) 28
(C) 70
(D) 18

TABLE TYPE QUESTION

Q.15 Which of the following is correct match ?
(A) A−i−II
(B) B−ii−I
(C) C - iii - IV
(D) D - iv - iii
CT0068
Q.16 Which of the following is correct match?
(A) A−i−II
(B) B−iv−I
(C) C−iii−I
(D) D−ii−I
CT0068
Q.17 Which of the following is correct match ?
(A) A - ii - III
(B) B-ii - III
(C) C - ii - III
(D) D - ii - III
MATCH THE COLUMN :
Q.18 Match the column-
Column-I Column-II
(A)
(Concentration of aqueous solution) (Density of given solutions is 1.2 g/ml )
2 MNaOH solution
(P) 16gm solute in 240 gm solution

(B) 8 % ( wV ) KOH solution

(Q) 60 gm solute in 240 gm solution

(C) 25 % ( WW ) CaCO solution

3

(R) 8 gm solute in 100 ml solution

1
(D) X C H 7 OH =
3
11
(S) 30 gm solute in 100 ml solution
(T) 1 mole solute in 400 gm solution
CT0069

Q.19 Match the column:

Column I
Column II
(A) 20 V H 2 O 2
(P) 2.5 M
(B) 24.5 %w /v H 2 SO 4
(Q) 1.76 M
(C) Pure water
(R) 1.5 M
(D) 5 %w /wNaOH ( d solution =1.2 gm/ml )
(S) 55.5 M
Q.20. Column-I (A) 120 g CH 3 COOH in 1 L solution ( d sol=1.2 g /mL )
Column-II
(P) M =2
(B) 120 g glucose dissolved in 1 L solution
(Q) 10 % w/w solution ( d sol=1.2 g /mL )
(C) X NH CONH =1/31 (aqueous solution)
2 2

(R) 12% w/v solution

(D) 19.6 % (w /v )H 2 SO 4 solution →
( d solution =1.2 g /mL )(S) m=1.85
(T) m=0.617
CT0071

EXERCISE # J-MAINS

1 The molarity of HNO3 in a sample which has density 1.4 g /mL and
mass percentage of 63 % is (Molecular Weight of HNO3=63 )
[JEE-Main(Jan)-2020]
CT0072
2 10.30 mg of O 2 is dissolved into a liter of sea water of density 1.03 g /mL .
The concentration of O 2 in ppm is
[JEE-Main(Jan)-2020]
CT0073
 3 The ammonia ( NH 3 ) released on quantitative reaction of 0.6 g urea
( NH 2 CONH 2 ) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH ) can be neutralized by :
[JEE-Main(Jan)-2020]
(A) 100 ml of 0.1 MHCl
(B) 200 ml of 0.4 MHCl
(C) 100 ml of 0.2 MHCl
(D) 200 ml of 0.2 MHCl
4 Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate is used to fortify foods with iron. The
amount (in grams) of the salt required to achieve 10 ppm of iron in
100 kg of wheat is __ [JEE-Main(Jan)-2020] [JE. Atomic weight :
Fe=55.85; S=32.0 ; O=16.00
[JEE-Main(Jan)-2020] Atomic weight : Fe=55.85; S=32.0 ; O=16.00
CT0075
5. The amount of sugar ( C 12 H 22 O11 ) required to prepare 2 L of its 0.1 M
aqueous solution is :
(A) 68.4 g
(B) 17.1 g
[JEE-Main(Jan.)-2019]
(C) 34.2 g
(D) 136.8 g
CT0076
+¿¿
6. A solution of sodium sulfate contains 92 g of Na ions per kilogram of
water. The molality of Na+¿¿ ions in that solution in mol kg−1 is: [JEE-
Main(Jan.)-2019]
(A) 16
(B) 8
(C) 4
(D) 12
7. 8 g of NaOH is dissolved in 18 g of H 2 O. Mole fraction of NaOH in solution
and molality (in mol kg−1 ) of the solutions respectively are :
(A) 0.167 , 11.11
(B) 0.2 , 22.20
(C) 0.2 , 11.11
[JEE-Main(Jan.)-2019]
(D) 0.167 , 22.20
8. The volume strength of 1 M H 2 O 2 is: (Molar mass of H 2 O2=34 g mol−1 )
(A) 16.8
(B) 11.35
(C) 22.4
(D) 5.6
[JEE-Main(Jan.)-2019]
CT0078
9. The strength of 11.2 volume solution of H 2 O2 is : [Given that molar mass of
−1 −1
H=1 g mol and O=16 g mol ]
(A) 13.6 %
(B) 3.4 %
(C) 34 %
[JEE-Main(april)-2019]
(D) 1.7 %
10. What would be the molality of 20 % (mass/mass) aqueous solution of KI ?
(molar mass of KI =166 g mol−1 )
CT0080
(A) 1.08
(B) 1.48
(C) 1.51
[JEE-Main(april)-2019]
(D) 1.35

11 The mole fraction of a solvent in aqueous solution of a solute is 0.8 .

The molality (in mol kg−1 ) of the aqueous solution is
[JEE-Main(april)-2019]
(A) 13.88 ×10−1
(B) 13.88 ×10−2
(C) 13.88
(D) 13.88 ×10−3
12 The amount of BaS4 formed upon mixing 100 mL of 20.8 % BaCl2
solution with 50 mL of 9.8 % H 2 SO 4 solution will be :
[JEE(Main-online)-2014] ¿ and O=16 ¿
(A) 33.2 g
(B) 11.65 g
(C) 23.3 g
(D) 30.6 g
CT0083
13 For the estimation of nitrogen, 1.4 g of an organic compound was
digested by Kjeldahl method and the evolved ammonia was absorbed
M
in 60 mL of sulphuric acid. The unreacted acid required 20 mL of
10
M
sodium hydroxide for complete neutralizaton. The percentage of
10
nitrogen in the compound is :
(A) 3 %
(B) 5 %
(C) 6%
[JEE(Main-online)-2014]
(D) 10 %
14 10 mL of 2(M )NaOH solution is added to 200 mL of 0.5( M ) of NaOH
solution. What is the final concentration?
(A) 0.57 M
(B) 5.7 M
(C) 11.4 M
[JEE(Main-online)-2013]
(D) 1.14 M
15 The density of 3 M solution of sodium chloride is 1.252 g mL−1. The
molality of the solution will be (molar mass, NaCl=58.5 g mol−1 )
(A) 2.18 m
(B) 3.00 m
(C) 2.60 m
[JEE(Main-online)-2013]
(D) 2.79 m
16 The concentrated sulphuric acid that is peddled commercially is
95 % H 2 SO4 by weight. If the density of this commerical acid is
−3
1.834 g cm , the molarity of this solution is :-
[JEE-(Main)-2012]
(A) 17.8 M
(B) 15.7 M
(C) 10.5 M
(D) 12.0 M
CT0087
17 The density of a solution prepared by dissolving 120 g of urea (mol.
mass ¿ 60 u ¿ in 1000 g of water is 1.15 g /mL . The molarity of this
solution is
[JEE-(Main)-2012]
(A) 2.05 M
(B) 0.50 M
(C) 1.78 M
(D) 1.02 M
18 A 5.2 molal aqueous solution of methyl alcohol, CH 3 OH , is supplied.
What is the mole fraction of methyl alcohol in the solution ?
[AIEEE-2011]
(A) 0.086
(B) 0.050
(C) 0.100
(D) 0.190
CT 0089
19 EXERCISE # JEE-ADVANCED
Q.1 The mole fraction of urea in an aqueous urea solution containing
900 g of water is 0.05 . If the density of the solution is 1.2 g cm−3 , the
molarity of urea solution is
[JEE 2019]
(Given data : Molar masses of urea and water are 60 g mol−1 and
−1
18 g mol , respectively)
CT0090
Q.2 A compound H 2 X with molar weight of 80 g is dissolved in a
solvent having density of 0.4 g/ml , Assuming no change in volume
upon dissolution, the molality of a 3.2 molar solution is.
[JEE 2014]
CT0091
Q.3 Dissolving 120 g of urea (mol. wt. 60) in 1000 g of water gave a
 solution of density 1.15 g /mL . The molarity of the solution is
(A) 1.78 M
(B) 2.00 M
(C) 2.05 M
(D) 2.22 M [JEE 2011]
CT0092

ANSWER key

Excrcise s-1