1. **A ray of light passes from medium A (μ = 1.5) to medium B (μ = 2).

The
ray will:**

- **Answer: (b) Bend away from the normal**

2. **In a spectrum, the color that bends the least when white light passes
through a prism is:**

- **Answer: (c) Green**

3. **The particle emitted by a nucleus undergoing beta decay is:**

- **Answer: (b) An electron**

4. **An electrical appliance has a rating 100W, 120V. The resistance of the
element of the appliance when in use is:**

- **Answer: (c) 120Ω**

(Using the formula \( P = \frac{V^2}{R} \), \( R = \frac{V^2}{P} \))

5. **The power of a lens is the reciprocal of its:**

- **Answer: (b) Focal length**

6. **A prism is able to disperse white light because:**

- **Answer: (b) Different colors of light travel at different speeds in the

prism**

7. **The type of lens that converges parallel rays of light to a single point
is:**

- **Answer: (a) Concave lens**

8. **The magnification produced by a lens is given by the ratio of:**

- **Answer: (a) Object distance to image distance**

9. **Assertion (A): If 10 bulbs are connected in series and one bulb fused, the
remaining 9 bulbs will not work.**

**Reason (R): Bulb of higher wattage will give less bright light.**

- **Answer: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
A**

**10.** A current flows through a resistance \( R \) for time \( t \), the

electrical energy spent is:

- (a) \( I R t \)

- (b) \( I^2 R t \)

- © \( I^2 R t \)

- (d) \( \frac{I^2 R}{t} \)

**Answer:** (b) \( I^2 R t \)

This is derived from the power dissipation formula \( P = I^2 R \), and energy
is power multiplied by time, so \( E = I^2 R t \).

**11.** The S.I. unit of electric current is:

- (a) Volt

- (b) Ampere

- © Ohm

- (d) Watt
**Answer:** (b) Ampere

**12.** Isotone of an element has:

- (a) Same number of electrons

- (b) Same number of protons

- © Same number of neutrons

- (d) Same number of neutrons and protons

**Answer:** © Same number of neutrons

Isotones are atoms that have the same number of neutrons but different
numbers of protons.

**13.** The refractive indices of kerosene oil, water, and turpentine oil are
1.44, 1.33, and 1.47, respectively. The material in which light travels fastest
is:

- (a) Kerosene oil

- (b) Turpentine oil

- © Water

- (d) Equal in all

**Answer:** © Water

Light travels faster in a medium with a lower refractive index. Since water
has the lowest refractive index (1.33), light will travel fastest in it.
**14.** Assertion: The apparent depth of an object submerged in a liquid
appears to be less than its actual depth.

- Reason: When light travels from a denser medium (liquid) to a rarer

medium (air), it bends away from the normal, making the object
appear shallower.

- (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

- (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

- © A is true but R is false.

- (d) A is false but R is true.

**Answer:** (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

The bending of light away from the normal when moving from a denser to a
rarer medium explains why submerged objects appear shallower than they
are.

**15.** A radiation X is focused by a proper device on the bulb of a

thermometer due to which mercury in it shows a rapid increase. The
radiation X is:

- (a) Infrared radiation

- (b) Visible light

- © Ultraviolet radiation

- (d) X-rays

**Answer:** (a) Infrared radiation

Infrared radiation is known for causing heating effects, which explains the
rapid increase in mercury temperature.

**Descriptive Questions:**

**Question 2 (i):**

In the given figure, a ray of light PQ is incident normally on the face AB of an

equilateral glass prism. Complete the ray diagram showing its emergence
into the air after passing through the prism. Take the critical angle for glass =
42°.

- When the light hits face AC, apply the principles of refraction. If the
angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle (42°), total internal
reflection will occur. Complete the diagram accordingly.

**Question 2 (ii):**

State the condition for total internal reflection of light to take place.

**Answer:**

1. Light must travel from a denser medium to a rarer medium.

2. The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle for the
media involved.

**Question 2 (iii):**
Two copper wires A and B are of the same length, present at temperature
30°C. Radius of A is twice the radius of B.

**(a)** Which wire has greater resistance?

**Answer:**

Wire B has greater resistance because resistance is inversely proportional to

the cross-sectional area. Since the radius of A is twice that of B, wire A has a
larger cross-sectional area, and thus lower resistance.

**(b)** Which wire will have greater resistivity?

**Answer:**

Both wires will have the same resistivity because resistivity is a material
property and does not depend on the dimensions of the wire.

**Question 2 (iv):**

What length of copper wire of specific resistance \( 1.7 \times 10^{-8} \ \

Omega \cdot m \) and radius 1 mm is required so that its resistance is 2 \( \
Omega \)?

**Answer:**

The formula for resistance \( R = \rho \frac{L}{A} \), where:

- \( R = 2 \ \Omega \),

- \( \rho = 1.7 \times 10^{-8} \ \Omega \cdot m \),

- \( A = \pi r^2 = \pi \times (1 \times 10^{-3})^2 \).

Solve for \( L \).

**Question 2 (v):**

Why does a crack in a window pane appear silvery at some particular angle?

**Answer:**

A crack appears silvery due to total internal reflection of light. When light hits
the crack at an angle greater than the critical angle, it is reflected internally,
making the crack appear bright and silvery.

### Question 3

**(i)** Light of a single color is passed through a liquid with a piece of glass
in it.

On changing the temperature, at a certain point the glass becomes invisible.

(a) **When is the glass piece not seen?**

When the refractive index of the glass matches that of the liquid, light does
not bend, and the glass piece is not seen (due to no refraction). This typically
happens at a particular temperature.

(b) **Why is the light of a single color used?**

Single-color (monochromatic) light ensures that only one wavelength is used,

eliminating chromatic aberration, which could otherwise make the glass
visible at different colors due to varying refractions.

**(ii)**

(a) **Copy and complete the nuclear reaction:**

\[

^{222}_{86}Rn \rightarrow \,^{218}_{84}Po + \,^{4}_{2}\alpha

\]
(b) **Effect on radiation if passed through an electric field?**

Alpha particles (\( \alpha \)) will be deflected due to their positive charge. The
direction of deflection depends on the orientation of the electric field. The
heavier Polonium nucleus will not be significantly deflected because of its
larger mass compared to alpha particles.

**(iii)** A battery is connected to a parallel combination of resistors.

(a) **How does the total resistance of the circuit change?**

The total resistance decreases in a parallel circuit because the reciprocal of

the total resistance is the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances.

(b) **Law for total resistance in a parallel circuit?**

The formula for total resistance \( R_{total} \) in a parallel combination is:

\[

\frac{1}{R_{total}} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \cdots

\]

(c) **Draw a circuit diagram for the parallel combination of resistors.**

This requires a simple sketch of a battery connected to two or more resistors

in parallel.

**(iv)**

(a) **Material of prism for ultraviolet light spectrum**

The material should be **quartz** because it allows the transmission of

ultraviolet (UV) light, unlike ordinary glass which absorbs UV light.

(b) **Factors affecting internal resistance of a cell**

1. The **material** and **concentration** of the electrolyte.

2. The **temperature** of the cell.

**(v)**

The refractive index of water is \( \frac{4}{3} \), and glass is \( \frac{3}

{2} \).

The refractive index of glass with respect to water is calculated as:

\[

\frac{n_{\text{glass}}}{n_{\text{water}}} = \frac{\frac{3}{2}}{\frac{4}
{3}} = \frac{9}{8}

\]

---

### Question 4

**(i)** V-I graph for series and parallel combination of resistors.

(a) **Which of A or B is the parallel combination?**

**Line B** represents the parallel combination because parallel circuits have
a lower total resistance, which results in higher current for the same voltage,
hence a steeper slope (higher conductance).

(b) **Non-ohmic resistor**

A non-ohmic resistor is one where the current does not change linearly with
voltage. Examples include diodes and filament bulbs.

**(ii)** An electric bulb is marked 100W, 250V.

(a) **What does this convey?**

The bulb consumes 100 watts of power when connected to a 250-volt supply.

(b) **Current drawn by the bulb at 250V**

Using the formula \( P = VI \), we get:

\[

I = \frac{P}{V} = \frac{100}{250} = 0.4 \, \text{A}

\]

**(iii)** Three resistors connected to a 12V battery.

(a) **Current through the 8-ohm resistor?**

The 6-ohm and 12-ohm resistors are in parallel, and their equivalent
resistance is:

\[

\frac{1}{R} = \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{12} \Rightarrow R = 4 \, \Omega

\]

The total resistance of the circuit is \( 4 \, \Omega + 8 \, \Omega = 12 \, \

Omega \).

The total current from the battery is:

\[

I = \frac{12V}{12 \, \Omega} = 1 \, A

\]

Since the 8-ohm resistor is in series, the current through it is also **1 A**.

(b) **Potential difference across the parallel combination of 6-ohm and 12-
ohm resistors**

The voltage across the parallel combination is the same as the total voltage
across the 8-ohm resistor:

\[

V = IR = 1 \times 8 = 8V

\]

So, the potential difference across the parallel combination is **8V**.

Let’s work through the questions from the second image.

### Question 5

**(i)** How does the deviation produced by a prism depend on:

(a) **Refractive index of its material:**

As the refractive index increases, the deviation increases. This is because

light bends more in denser materials.

(b)**Wavelength of incident light:**

Deviation is inversely proportional to the wavelength. Shorter wavelengths

(like blue or violet light) deviate more, while longer wavelengths (like red
light) deviate less.

© **Angle of prism:**

The deviation increases with the increase in the angle of the prism, as the
angle between the two refracting surfaces becomes larger.

**(ii)** In the figure, three rays A, B, and C are shown from a point source in
water to the surface.

(a) **Path of rays after striking the water surface**

- Ray A would bend away from the normal as it moves from denser (water) to
rarer (air) medium.

- Ray B, which is along the critical angle (48°), will travel along the surface,
experiencing **total internal reflection**.

- Ray C, which is beyond the critical angle, will exhibit **total internal
reflection** and remain inside the water.

(c) **Phenomenon of Ray C**

The phenomenon is **Total Internal Reflection (TIR)**, which occurs when the
angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.
**(iii)** A ray of green light enters a liquid from air.

You need to show the path of the ray as it strikes the mirror and re-enters the
air, marking angles of incidence, reflection, and refraction.

- The ray should bend towards the normal when entering the liquid (since it
is entering a denser medium).

- After reflection from the mirror, the ray re-enters the air and bends away
from the normal.

### Question 6

**(i)**

(a) **Power of lens is +2.0 D. Find focal length and type of lens.**

Using the formula \( P = \frac{1}{f} \) (in meters):

\[

F = \frac{1}{P} = \frac{1}{2} = 0.5 \, \text{m}

\]

The focal length is **0.5 meters**, and since the power is positive, it is a
**convex lens**.

(b)**How does power change if focal length is doubled?**

Power and focal length are inversely related. If the focal length is doubled,
the power will be halved.

So, if the focal length becomes 1 meter, the power becomes **+1.0 D**.

**(ii)** A convex lens forms an image.

(a) **Nature of the image**

Since the image is on the same side as the object, it is **virtual and
upright**. Convex lenses can form virtual images when the object is inside
the focal length.

(b)**Focal length of the lens**

Using the lens formula:

\[

\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u}

\]

Where \( u = -6 \, \text{cm} \) (object distance) and \( v = -16 \, \text{cm} \)

(image distance, negative because it is virtual).

\[

\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{-16} - \frac{1}{-6} = \frac{-1}{16} + \frac{1}{6}

= \frac{3 – 8}{48} = \frac{-5}{48}

\]

\[

F = -9.6 \, \text{cm}

\]

The focal length of the lens is approximately **9.6 cm**.

**(iii)** An object is placed in front of a lens and forms an erect, diminished

image.

(a) **Name the lens**

The lens is a **concave lens** since it forms a virtual, erect, and diminished
image.

(b)**Ray diagram**

The diagram should show a concave lens with rays diverging such that they
appear to come from a virtual image on the same side as the object.
### Question 7

**(i)** Detection methods:

(a) **Infrared radiation** can be detected using a **thermopile** or

**infrared sensors**, which measure heat or infrared emissions.

(b) **Ultraviolet radiation** can be detected using **fluorescent materials**

or **photodiodes** that respond to UV light.

**(ii)** One use of infrared radiation:

Infrared radiation is used in **night-vision equipment** and **thermal

imaging**.

**(iii)** **Properties of ultraviolet radiation similar to visible light**

- Ultraviolet radiation, like visible light, can be **reflected, refracted, and

absorbed** by materials.

### Question 7 (continued)

**(b)** **One property of ultraviolet radiation that differs from visible light:**

- Ultraviolet radiation has **higher energy** and **shorter

wavelengths** than visible light, making it invisible to the human eye.
It can also ionize atoms and molecules, unlike visible light.

**©** **One property of infrared radiation that differs from visible light:**

- Infrared radiation has **longer wavelengths** and is associated with

**heat**. It cannot be seen by the human eye but can be detected
through thermal sensors or infrared cameras.
**(iii)** A geyser rated ‘1500 W, 250 V’ is connected to a 250 V mains.

(a) Calculate:

(i) **The current drawn**

Using the formula \( P = VI \), we get:

\[

I = \frac{P}{V} = \frac{1500}{250} = 6 \, A

\]

So, the current drawn is **6 A**.

(ii) **Energy consumed in 50 hours**

Energy consumed is calculated using the formula \( E = P \times t \).

Here \( P = 1500 \, W \) and \( t = 50 \, hours \).

\[

E = 1500 \times 50 = 75000 \, Wh = 75 \, kWh

\]

(iii) **Cost of energy consumed at 4.20 per kWh**

The cost is given by:

\[

\text{Cost} = \text{Energy consumed} \times \text{Rate} = 75 \, \

text{kWh} \times 4.20 = 315 \, \text{currency units}

\]

(c) **Joule’s law of heating:**

Joule’s law of heating states that the heat produced in a conductor is directly
proportional to:

1. The square of the current (\( I^2 \)),

2. The resistance of the conductor (\( R \)), and

3. The time for which the current flows (\( t \)).

Mathematically:

\[

H = I^2 R t

\]

### Question 8

**(i)**

(a) **What is nuclear fission?**

Nuclear fission is the process in which a heavy nucleus, such as uranium-

235, splits into two lighter nuclei when struck by a neutron, releasing a
significant amount of energy along with additional neutrons.

(b) **Complete the nuclear reaction:**

(i) \( \,^{235}_{92}U + \,^{1}_{0}n \rightarrow \,^{56}_{144}Ba

+ \,^{92}_{36}Kr + 3 \,^{1}_{0}n + \text{energy} \)

(ii) \( \,^{3}_{1}H + \,^{2}_{1}H \rightarrow \,^{4}_{2}He + \,^{1}_{0}n

+ \text{energy} \)

**(ii)** A nucleus \( P \) with a mass number 15 and atomic number 7

undergoes beta decay:

(a) **Express each change in the reaction**

The equation for beta decay is:

\[
^{15}_{7}P \rightarrow \,^{15}_{8}O + \beta^{-}

\]

In this case, the neutron changes into a proton, and a beta particle (electron)
is emitted.

(b)

(I) **Name the radiation of zero mass**

The radiation of zero mass is **gamma radiation**.

(II) **Radiation with the highest ionizing power**

**Alpha particles** have the highest ionizing power.

**(iii)** Complete the following nuclear changes:

The complete reaction is:

\[

^{210}_{84}Po \rightarrow \,^{206}_{82}Pb + \alpha

\]

This indicates that the polonium nucleus loses an alpha particle (which is \
( \,^{4}_{2}\alpha \)), resulting in the lead nucleus.