YITAYAL TS.

Outline

1. Introduction
2. Measurement of Civil Works
3. Process of Quantity Surveying
4. Technical Specification and Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
 1. Introduction
1.1 General
 Once a construction project is completed or depending on the
form of contract upon completion of certain parts of the work,
the contractor must be paid for appropriately completed works.
 This would then require that the actual works done be
somehow estimated or measured for payment purposes.
 On the other hand to estimate how much a civil engineering
project may cost, the actual quantities of materials, labor,
equipment etc. that is needed for the construction work must be
calculated at the beginning of the work.
 Such work of calculating the amount of materials and
other incidentals necessary for the realization of the work is
called quantity surveying.
 1. Introduction
1.2 Quantity Surveying: Definition
 Quantity surveying is a term or processes used in the
construction industry to take measurements of civil works,
prepare specifications, and estimate the cost of works either
for each trade of work or for the whole project.
 The term “surveying” means to inspect, study, review,
investigate, asses, and hence “to measure” therefore the term
“quantity surveying” means “quantity measuring” as applied
to civil engineering projects.
 Quantity surveying is the application of standard methods of
measurement to quantify the amount of various items in a
construction project, for the undertaking of valuation, and
certifying payments.
 1. Introduction
1.3 Major Activities in Quantity Surveying
 The following tasks are covered in quantity surveying:
 Preparation of Specification;
 Taking measurements of civil works (Taking off quantities
and preparing BOQ);
 Preparation of approximate (preliminary) cost estimate at
the very early stage of the project;
 Preparation of detail cost estimate at different stages
(taking as built measurements and preparing payment
certificates or approval of payment certificates prepared by
taking measurements); and
 Valuation of property.
 1. Introduction

1.4 Purpose of Quantity Surveying

 The purpose of quantity surveying hence the preparation of
Bill of quantities is:
 Assist the client to have an accurate estimate of the
volume of work as well as the required budget;
 To assist in the accurate preparation of tenders, by
providing uniform measurement of quantities;
 To give an accurate checklist of work accomplished
 To assist in the certification of payments; and
 To give insight into the required variation work amounts.
 2. Measurement of Civil Works
2.1 General
 Measurement of civil works includes the billing of each trade of
work either from drawings or the building itself for defining the
extent of works under each trade.
 In order to avoid ambiguity in measuring quantities, there is now a
recommended principle of measurement in construction activities.
 Many professional organizations publish recommendations on units
of measurement, degree of accuracy etc. this assists in setting a
common parameters so that dispute is avoided.
 The standard book, which is used in Ethiopia, is Standard Technical
Specification & Method of Measurement for Construction of
Buildings by BaTCoDA, March 1991; and
 Ethiopian Roads Authority Standard Specification, 2002 is
used for Road Construction.
 2. Measurement of Civil Works
2.2 Principles of Measurement
 The following are list of the basic principles of quantity
surveying, applicable to all items of work.
 Each work section of a bill shall contain a brief description of the
nature and location of work;
 Work shall be measured net as fixed in position;
 Measure the full work area and adjust deductions later;
 Items which are to be measured by area shall state the thickness or
such other information as may be appropriate;
 Items which are to be measured by length or depth shall state the
cross-sectional size and shape, girth or ranges of girths or such
other information as may be appropriate;
 Items which are to be measured by weight shall state the material
thickness and unit weight if appropriate ;
 2. Measurement of Civil Works
2.2 Principles of Measurement
 List of the basic principles of quantity surveying……
 Piece of work shall be taken in numbers;
 For items of pipe work it shall be stated whether the diameter is
internal or external;
 Mass voluminous and thick works shall be measured in volume
(cubic meter);
 Thin, shallow and surface work shall be measured in area
(meter square) specifying the thickness;
 Long and thin work shall be measured in length (linear measure,
running meter); and
 Bills are deemed to include labor, materials, goods and plant
and all associated costs for fixing, assembling, etc.
 2. Measurement of Civil Works
2.3 Units of Measurement
 Depending on the prevailing system of measurement in any
locality, quantities may be measured in the metric system.
 Here in Ethiopia, the most common unit of measurement is the
International System of Units, or the metric system of units in
which the various items are measured as follows:
 For the measurement of length ----- Meter (m)
 For the measurement of mass ------ Kilogram (Kg)
 For the measurement of time ------- Second (s)
 For the measurement of current ---- Ampere (A)
 For the measurement of temperature Degree ---- Kelvin (K)
 For the measurement of luminous intensity ---- Candles (Cd)
 2. Measurement of Civil Works
2.4 Degrees of Accuracy of Measurement
 The following degree of accuracy is normally used.
 All dimensions measure to the nearest 0.01m
 Thickness of slab measure to the nearest 0.005m
 Wood work measure to the nearest 0.002m
 Steel work measure to the nearest 0.001m
 Reinforcement measure to the nearest 0.005m
 Road work measure to the nearest 0.005m
 Areas measure to the nearest 0.01 meter square
 Steel work areas measure to the nearest 0.001 meter square
 Volume measure to the nearest 0.01 meter cube
 Wood work volume measure to the nearest 0.001 meter cubes
 Weights measure to the nearest 1 kg
 3. Process of Quantity Surveying
 There are four clearly defined steps in preparation of Bill
of Quantities:
 Taking off,
 Squaring,
 Abstracting, and
 Writing the final Bill of Quantity.
3.1 Taking Off
 This is a process of measuring or scaling dimensions
from drawings and recording all dimensions in an easily
understood format.
 This is coupled with the descriptions in the drawings and
specification.
 3. Process of Quantity Surveying

3.1 Taking Off

 In this task the quantity surveyor “take off” the quantities from
the drawings and determines the volume of work to be done for
the various components.
 These quantities are calculated in a specially prepared format,
as to aid accurate preparation and enable checking/rechecking
or adjusting of amounts and correcting errors if any.
 These special formats are called “Take off sheets” or
“Dimension Paper”.
 The dimension paper used for taking off is usually
double-ruled as shown (A4 size).
 3. Process of Quantity Surveying
3.1 Taking Off
 3. Process of Quantity Surveying

3.1 Taking Off

 Column 1 is used for stating the number of times an item occurs
and is called the timising column.
 Column 2 is called dimension column as it is used to enter the
dimensions of the items of works.
 The dimensions are entered in the order indicated below:
Length, Width, Height or Thickness.
 Column 3 is called squaring column. The stated dimensions in
column 2 are multiplied to determine the quantity of the work
either in ml, m2, m3 or in Pcs. or No.
 Column 4 is called description column and description of
the work item is briefly stated.
3. Process of Quantity Surveying
 3. Process of Quantity Surveying
 A separate sheet (Bar Schedule) is used to prepare reinforcement quantities as shown below.
3. Process of Quantity Surveying
 3. Process of Quantity Surveying

3.2 Squaring
 The dimensions entered in Column 2 are squared or cubed as the
case may be, multiplied by the timising factor, and the result
entered in Column 3. This task is called squaring.
 All squared dimensions should be carefully checked by another
person before abstracting, and if correct the item should be ticked
with red. Use two decimal places.
3.3 Abstracting
 The squared dimensions are transferred to abstract sheets and all
similar dimensions are collected in the same category to obtain the
total quantity of each item.
 3. Process of Quantity Surveying

3.4 Writing the final Bill

 After the abstract sheets have been completed and
checked, the final Bill of Quantity is written.
 The dimensions are copied from the abstracts, and as
each item is transferred it should be ticked by a vertical
line from the abstract sheets.
 The description of each item in the final BoQ should be
short, precise and descriptive as per the specification.
3. Process of Quantity Surveying
 3. Process of Quantity Surveying

3.5 Basic Principles of Taking Off

 The following tasks are part of the Taking Off:
 Describing the item,
 Bracketing (relating the description to the quantity),
 Timising,
 Dotting on (adding to the timising factor),
 The Ampersand (ditto),
 Waste calculations,
 Deduction of items, and
 Correction of dimensions (nullifying).
 3. Process of Quantity Surveying
3.5 Basic Principles of Taking Off
 The following principles shall be considered in taking off:
1. Drawings shall be fully understood and clearly detailed.
2. Works, which cannot be measured accurately, shall be expressed
as provisional quantity (PQ) and will result in provisional sum
(PS) and lump sum (LS)
3. There shall be the understanding that measurements are taken to
the nearest cm.
4. Built items shall generally include all possible entrants like labor,
materials (including storing, loading, unloading and handling),
fixing, use of plant and equipment, wastage of materials,
equipment; which will result in a better process for establishing
prices and profit.
 3. Process of Quantity Surveying

3.5 Basic Principles of Taking Off

 The following principles shall be considered in taking off:
5. Prior knowledge of the regulations is necessary (For E.g.
roofing is measured in horizontal projection).
6. Measurements of civil works shall be carried out in
such a way that it can be easily checked and audited.
 3. Process of Quantity Surveying
3.6 Types of Taking Off
 Mensuration – the calculation of geometric quantities such as
length, area, and volume, from dimensions and angles that are
already known.
 Girth (perimeter) computation – linear measurement. There are
various methods of taking off quantities for computation of girth.
 In-to-in and out-to-out method – some wall lengths are taken out to
out and others in to in (offsets are added to out to out lengths) and
same are deducted from in -to-in lengths; used for any type of
measurement irrespective of condition of symmetry.
 Centre line method – suitable only when the cross sections of all
walls are symmetrical. In this method Centre line length is found
and same is used for taking off quantities (therefore only width and
depth vary).
 3. Process of Quantity Surveying
3.6 Types of Taking Off
 Girth (perimeter) computation
 Crossing method – lengths and breadths of walls as shown in plan
are taken for working out various items and this method is useful
only if the offsets of footings are symmetrical.
A. Out – to - Out and In – to – In Method
 Long Wall (Out – to - Out ) = Inner Length + 2 Times Thickness of
the Wall
 Short Wall (In – to – In ) = Outer Length - 2 Times Thickness of
the Wall
B. Center Line Method
 All dimensions are taken center to center.
C. Crossing Method
 Long Wall (Out – to - Out ) = Inner Length + 2 Times Thickness of
the Wall
 Short Wall (In – to – In ) = Inner Length
 3. Process of Quantity Surveying
Example: Determine the internal, external and centerline girths for
the room plan shown below.
 3. Process of Quantity Surveying
 Solution
• External girth/out-to-out method
Length 2/15000=30000
Width 2/6000 =12000
Ext.gth. =42000
• Internal girth/In – to – In Method
Ext.gth. =42000
Less 8/200 = 1600
Int.gth. =40400
• Centerline girth
Ext.gth. =42000
Less 8/(½)/200 = 800
Centerline gth. =41200
• Crossing Method
for Long Wall (Out – to – Out) = outer length
for Short Wall (In – to – In ) = Inner Length
 3. Process of Quantity Surveying
 Exercise. Determine the different girths for the buildings layout
shown below.
4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for Building
Projects
 The following specifications and methods of measurement are provided to
guide the quantity surveyor in the preparation of quantities for a building
project.
 A typical building project will have the following work items.
 4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
4.1 Substructure
 Any structure below the ground floor slab level including the
basement, retaining walls, ground slab, grade beam, and
foundation is called a substructure.
 In most of the cases, substructure work can be categorized as
follows:
 Excavation and earthworks (mandatory)
 Concrete works (can be neglected sometimes)
 Masonry works (mandatory)
 4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
4.1 Substructure
4.1.1 Excavation and earth works
A. Site clearance
 Carbonatious elements are not good in concrete, steel and timber
works. In soils under structures even 5% of these elements will
damage the structure.
 Therefore, these materials (including trees, bushes and the top 20 to
30 cm soil), termite hills, any other obstruction, have to be cleared.
 A working space of 1m is required on each side. It is sometimes
necessary to prepare separate specification for obstructions
(demolition works) because reusable items like doors and windows
are there.
 4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
4.1 Substructure
4.1.1 Excavation and earth works
B. Excavation (bulk excavation)
 Excavation to get reduced levels of every structural element below
the ground level is called bulk excavation. They are subdivided as
follows depending on the subsurface condition.
 Ordinary soil:- with boulders and without boulders and can
easily be removed by shovel.
 Weathered rock:- it can be divided easily without blasting.
 Rock:- bedded rocks that cannot be dug without blasting
(requires using explosives).
 Note: - Working space for bulk excavation is 50 cm (not used for
shallow masonry).
 Depth of excavation less than 30 cm – measured per m2 ,depth >
30 cm per m3
 4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
Limits of bulk excavation:
The limits of bulk excavation for the measurement shall be as
shown on drawings. If not shown, the limits shall be, the surface
area covered by the permanent structure resting on the area of
bulk excavation plus the working space allowed for trench or
pit excavations for the foundations of the permanent structure.
In the instance of no limits being established or no permanent
structure, the working space shall be determined by the Engineer
but shall not exceed 500mm on either side of the limits of the
area to be excavated.
Limits of Pit & Trench Excavation
Pit and trench excavation shall be measured by adding 250mm to
each side of the dimension giving the surface area of the volume to be
excavated.
 4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
4.1 Substructure
4.1.1 Excavation and earth works
C. Fill/Embankment
 Shall be measured in m3 of net volume to be filled.
 Fill is required because the reduced level of every structural element
above the structure has to be covered.
 Excavation and embankment should not be added at a time in computing
their volume, because their costs are different.
 The major consideration under embankment is compaction. Compaction
is done usually at 20 cm lift thickness. The subdivisions under fill are:
 Back fill: - filling by using the excavated soil but by removing
coarse particles.
 Borrow fill: - filling by using fill material from another place when
there is shortage of fill or when better quality material is required.
 4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
4.1 Substructure
4.1.1 Excavation and earth works
D. Disposal
 Disposal - cleaning the building area including cart away.
E. Sundry Items
 Application of termite proof solution, providing hard
coring, dust blinding, expansion joints, etc are itemized as
sundry items; measured in m2.
 4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
F. Hard core & stone filler
 Hard core shall be measured by the area of the surface on which it is laid if
the finished thickness does not exceed 300mm. Hard core and stone
filling exceeding 300mm thickness shall be measured by the volume of
void filled by the hard core or stone chipping.
 4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
4.1 Substructure
4.1.2 Concrete works
A. Concrete
 Cast-in-situ concrete:– formed on site and requires formwork
and reinforcement.
 Cast in situ concrete shall be measured by volume except in
ribbed slabs and grouting.
 Prefabricated concrete:– fabricated (manufactured) in a factory
and brought to the site and joined to make a building. It does not
require formwork but needs a special care when connecting the
different elements.
 Pre-tensioned (Post tensioned) Concrete:– involves in bending
up the concrete itself to make it ready for the downward bending
due to load.
 4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
4.1 Substructure
4.1.2 Concrete works
A. Concrete
 Concrete ancillaries:- include windowsills, lintels, expansion
joints, and permanent and temporary embedded materials. It is
measured in ml or enumerated.
 Grades of Concrete:
 C5 & C7:- lean concrete, to protect the structural concrete
from damage;
 C15:- for totally supported structural elements;
 C20:- used for slabs; mix proportion is 1:2:4;
 C25:- Commonly used grade of structural Concrete;
mix proportion is 1:2:3; and
 C30:–Used for chemical stores and nuclear plants.
 4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
 Differentiation shall be made for: -
 Plain & reinforced concrete
 Below and above grade work
 Classes of concrete
 Foundation
 Columns
 Ground & suspended beams & lintels
 Ground & suspended solid & ribbed slabs.
 Walls
 Steps, staircases and landings
 Mass in-fillings.
 Grouting & filling to holes.
 Other concrete works.
 Methods of measurement
 Cast in place concrete shall be measured by volume except for the following: -
 Ribbed slabs measured by area stating thickness.
 Grouting and filling to holes shall be enumerated stating sizes.
• No deduction shall be made for voids up to 0.25m2in area.
 4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
4.1 Substructure
4.1.2 Concrete works
B. Formwork
 A temporary structural element, which supports slabs, beams in
casting concrete. It shall be designed and erected to safely
support, vertical and lateral loads that might be applied until such
load can be supported by the concrete structure.
 Period of removal (minimum):
 Vertical formwork to columns, walls and beams: 16 hrs.
 Soffits formwork to slab: 21 days
 props to cantilever slabs: 14 days
 Soffits formwork to beams: 21 days
 Props to cantilever beams: 14 days
 4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
The measurement for formwork shall be understood as
including: -
Construction and removal of formwork
Making good of concrete honeycombs.
Making good of concrete surfaces to attain the standard of finish
desired by the specified type of formwork.
Angles & returns.
Differential shall be made in formwork for: -
Below and above grade work.
Work exposed to view & buried work.
Work on which further finish is to be applied
Formwork to produce architectural concrete by specifying desired
type of finish.
4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
Footings
Columns
Grade & below grade beam.
Suspended and on wall resting beams.
Solid slab
Ribbed slabs
Walls
Staircase, steps and landing.
Grouting, in filling & block outs.
Other concrete works.
 4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
 Methods of Measurement
Formwork shall be measured by area, taken as the net area
in contract with the finished face of concrete with no
allowance made for passing at angles, overlaps and intersections.
• Deduction
No deduction shall be made for voids in form work up to 0.25m2
in area.
 4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
4.1 Substructure
4.1.2 Concrete works
C. Reinforcement Bars
 The type and diameter should be clearly stated and shall be
measured in Kg.
4.1.3 Masonry Works
 Masonry works are works that are executed by laying building
material units of specified dimension through a binding material
such as mortar.
 Stone obtained from quarries shall be hard and sound, free from
vents, cracks, fishers, discoloration or other defects that will
adversely affect strength or appearance.
 4. Technical Specification & Method of Measurement for
Building Projects
4.1 Substructure
4.1.3 Masonry Works
 Stone chips to be produced shall not be less than 450 mm average
and 380 mm in individual length. Stone for various masonry works
shall be selected and shaped as follows:
 Stone for facing works shall generally be selected for
consistency in grain, color and texture ,throughout the work
 Stone for below ground work shall be chiseled from natural
stone
 Stone wall is measured by volume, whereas stone pavement is
measured by area, specifying thickness.

 Brick & block wall by area specifying thickness

 6. Roof and Wall Cladding
General
 Work measured by area shall be measured flat over the projected area
without addition for slopes, laps and beams.
 Work measured by length shall be measured net without addition for
laps, passing, angles, end and the like.
The following shall be understood as included
 Perforating and sealing roof around pipes, stands and the like.
 Nailing, bolting, screwing and the like to fix roofing and accessories.
 Battens, joists, runners, wedges and splicer's in wood.
 Covering lists, back supports, brackets, and other supports to roof and
accessories.
 Cutting, waste, bracing, trimming, boring, sinking, jointing and the like.
 Cont…
Measurement
 Roof cover, side cladding, water proofing and the like shall be
measured by area.
 Ridges, flashing, aprons, down pipes, gutters and the like be
measured by length stating girth.
 Roof lights, ventilators, special roofing sheets shall be measured by
area, length, or enumerate extra over roofing without deduction
for roofing.
 Gutter and down pipes shall be measured by length taken along
the center line and shall be deemed to include supports, brackets
and fittings. The development sizes shall be given.
 Insulation shall be measured by area where not described as a
composite item.
 Rainwater spout shall be enumerated stating the size and length.
 7. Carpentry & Joinery
General
 The size of timber shown on drawings for carpentry are sawn sizes
within permitted deviations.
 The size of timber and panels on drawings for joinery are milled sizes
within permitted deviations. The sizes of joinery and carpentry work are
finished sizes within permitted deviations.
 Cutting waste, halving, trimming, boring, sinking, pelleting, notching,
fitting, dovetailed framing, grounding, scarf jointing, scribing, rebates,
grooves, chamfers, splayed round edges, lips, tongues angles, beads,
molding, returns, meters, housing, fixing and the like shall be understood
as included.
 Cont…
Unless otherwise stated or measured separate in the bill,
the following are understood as included: -
 Hardware
 Cover lists at joints and where required.
 Priming, finishing, polishing, and application of lacquer and
decoration to joinery .
 Termite treatment for carpentry .
 Fixing of joinery work to walls and other structural elements.
 Carpentry ties to walls or other structure
 Cont…
Measurement
 Structural timber other than truss shall be measured by length of
member without addition for laps.
 Roof trusses shall be enumerated by stating type and reference to detail
drawing.
 Boarding, flooring, partitions, Soffits, curtain walls and the like shall be
measured by area and understood as including all back frames.
 Doors and opening windows on panel partitions and curtain walls shall
be enumerated as extra over the item.
 No deduction shall be made on curtain walls & panel partition for
openings.
 Cont…
 Fascias, eaves, barge boards, skirting and the like shall be
measured by length stating girth.
 Doors and windows shall be enumerated and shall be understood as
including jambs frames and cover lists.
 Hardware shall be understood as included if indicated so in
schedule.
 Built in furniture and boards shall be enumerated or measured by
length stating sizes and shall be understood as including hardware
unless stated as measured separate.
 Hardware shall be measured separate if different type of locks,
hinges, etc., are to be installed on joinery and those can not be
indicated on the schedule of joinery .
 Cont…
Measurement
 Hardware may be enumerated:-
In sets provided this is clearly drawn out on the schedule of
joinery .
Enumerated individually separated into types.
Provided as prime costs for later selection.
 8. Structural Steel Work
General
 The weight of steel shall be the net weight, without addition for
rolling margin, welding material, open-end sealers and section joints.
No deduction shall be made for holes, splay cuts, notches or the like.
 The following shall be understood as included in structural steel
work: -
Cutting, drilling, end sealing, testing, riveting, welding, fabrication, hoisting
and fixing in position.
Priming and protective treatment.
Decorative paint where shown on drawing preparation of shop drawings and
erection instructions.
Wedges, block outs & grouting
Spacers and rivets
 Cont…
Measurement
 Stanchions/column, beams, trusses, purlins, ceiling support,
bracing, rails, and the like shall be measured by weight
identified by profiles and type of structure.
 Connection plates, base plates, angles ties, brackets and the
like shall be measured by weight identified by profiles.
 Hold down bolts shall be enumerated stating sizes and
shall be understood as including bolts, anchors and spacers.
 9. Metal Work
General
 The weight of metals shall be the net weight without addition for
rolling margin, welding material, open and covers and section
joints and without deduction for holes, splay, cuts, notches or the
like.
 The following shall be understood as included:-
Chiseling, cutting, welding, riveting, shaping, grinding, drilling, bolting,
countersinking, assembling, fixing and the like.
Protective treatment.
Decorative paint.
Frames, beads, linings, anchor brackets, grounds.
Hardware unless indicated as measured separate.
Preparation of shop and erection drawings.
 Cont…
Measurement
 Floor plates, duct covers, suspension profiles, ladders metal corner
protection and linings shall be measured by length stating sizes.
 Stairway and balustrade rails shall be measured by length stating
girth.
 Protective grills fixed to windows and doors shall be measured by area.
 Doors and windows shall be enumerated stating sizes.
 Curtain walls shall be measured by area.
 Louver frames shall be enumerated in pairs stating number of
blades.
 No addition or deductions shall be made for deviation in
measurement of up to 50mm in length, width and height.
 10. Plastering and Pointing
The following are understood as included: -
Preparing background like hacking, racking out joints grouting,
bedding, jointing and key formation.
All work in narrow widths, corners, angles & openings.
Recessing of joints in plaster .
Methods of Measurement
 Plaster shall be measured in successive coat with two backing coats
measured as an item and the final coat measured separate.
Plaster work shall be measured by area identified by the surface of
the material it is to be applied to.
Plasterwork shall be measured flat with out addition for edges and
returns.
 Cont…
Plaster to ribbed or corrugated surfaces shall be measured flat.
Curved, spherical and conical surfaces shall be measured along
the surface.
Internal and external surfaces shall be measured separate.
 11. Floor and Wall Finish
General
 Finishing work shall be measured flat without addition for laps
or seams.
 Finishing on corrugated works shall be measured flat.
 Curved, spherical and conical surfaces shall be measured along
the surface.
 Internal and external works shall be measured separate.
 Preparing back grounds like hacking, racking out joints, grouting,
bedding, jointing, rubbing and priming shall be understood to be
included.
 The following shall be understood as included: -
All work in narrow widths, corners, angles or openings.
A recessed joint in finishes.
 Cont…
Measurement
 The following shall be measured by area specifying material,
size and thickness: -
All finishes to floors specifying
All finish to walls except skirting, copping and sills
Risers, treads and landing to stairs.
 The following shall be measured in length specifying materials
size and thickness.
Skirting
Sills and copings
Dividing strips in floors. (expansion joints filled with sand & bitumen)
included in floor .
 12. Painting
General
 Painting, wall papers, plastic and fabric shall be measured by
area.
 Special application to edge shall be measured in length, by
stating the girth of the surface exposed for painting.
 Paints to metal surface shall be measured by area or the weight
of the metal to be used.
Classification
• Painting and other decorative finishes shall be classified as
follows: -
Walls, columns and beams.
Ceiling which shall include Soffits of beams,
Slabs, staircases and in joinery .
 Cont…
Floors.
Staircases risers and treads.
Skirting.
Balustrades and rails.
Doors, windows, curtain walls and partition.
Metal surfaces.
 12. Glazing
 Bedding, mastic and the like and fixing beads shall be understood
to be included.
 Cleaning before fixing glazing and at completion shall be
understood to be included.
 Unless otherwise stated glass shall be measured by the net cut area.
Alternately glazing to louvers and special fixing may be
enumerated or measured by length stating the size.
 Panel of irregular shapes shall be measured as the smallest
rectangle from which such irregular shapes can be cut.
 Glass panes of special shape and decoration shall be enumerated.
 Mirror shall be enumerated stating size.
 No deduction shall be made to voids in glazing.
THANK YOU!