144 COMPLEX VAN

3.6 Application to Flow Problems discussed in Vector(

already
We ecapitulate some definitions and concepts

Vector difterentialoperator V = ' t a u z

and A=
A,itA,/tA,k is a ver
lt o ( , y, 2) isa scalar
point function

function ot x,y,z we have thefollowing

Vo = grad o

VA div A y z

i k

VxA = Curl A = a x 3y 0z|

A A A

V.Vo =Laplacian of o
=

is vector normal to
the surtace Ù(x, y, z) =C,c

Geometrically, grad ¢ a

a constant.

rate at whio
physical quantity,
div Vgives the
If V(x, y, z) represents any volume.
at that point per unit
physical quantity is originating
is gi=
is moving such that its velocity at any point
Supposing that a fluid the volume of the fluid per unitvn
V(x, y, z) then div Vgives the total gain in
per unit time.
Further a
div V= 0 is the continuity equation of an incompressible fluid.
Awhose divergence is zero is called a solenoidal vector.

Curl means rotation. A vector function A'(x, y, z) is said to be irrotat

curl A is a null vector. Further if A(x, y, z) is irrotational, then there alwa
a scalarfunction o (x,V, z) such that Vo = A. Then o (x, y, z)
the scalar potential of A.
 P V O M E M S

ROW 145
O
MS

Velocityp o t e n t i a l ,
ntial, Stream function, Fquipotential ines, Stream
potential
Complex
lines
and
plication aspeca pects based on the two properties of analyu
fune tun
ational motion of aninconpressible fluid
two the
that the flow is in planes parallel to the x-y plane. Then
in
dinensioms
vel ity
uyye that

particlecan be expressed as
ta tluid

-ita (1)
otionisirrotational there exists a scalar function o (X, Y) such that

id9
r-Vo,y) (2
=

and (2) we have,

omparing (1)

9 and 2 ..3)
ay
alar function (*, Y) which gives the velocity components v, and v, is called

hevelocity potential.

urther,sincethe fluid is incompressible we have div V = v.V= 0

hat is.x

0 (x, y) is a harmonic function.

That is to say that the velocity potential o (x, y) is harmonic.

Henceo (x, y) can be taken as the real part of an analytic function,

0
=f(z) =
¢(x, y)+i y(X, y) .(4)
y)IS
theconjugateharmonic function& we givean interpretationtor thesane
onsider y (x, y) =cand differentiate w.r.t. xtreatingy as a function ot x.
 =0
is, r 3+y dr
Thatis
That

R cquations.
dy b y using C-
or dx
y
dy by using (3).
That i5 d
of the curve y(x, Y) = c,.We
Sincerepresents
the slope at any point
V =
| V| =V»s+ of the fluid particle is alne
that the resultant velocity
move along this curv
C. The fluid particles e
tangent the
to curve (x, y) =

called the streamfunction.

v(x, y) is
constant are known as eguipotential linesa
The family of curves ¢(x, y)
=

constant are known as stream lines.

family of curves y ( x, y) =
of functions, [Orthogonal property :Artid
Recalling the second property analytic
lines o (*, y )= constant and stream
we conclude that the equipotential
y(x, y) = cosntant intersect each otherorthogonally.

Also we have from (4),

dw
f (z) =
(Refer Theorem-1)
Using C-R equations we have,

dw
da(z) = -,d0

dw
or df() = -iv2, by using (3).

dw
dz
=
If'(z)| =

Vø+t |VI, since V=v,i+v,j.

=

That is to say that the

magnitude of fluid velocity is equal to the modulus of ft
The flow pattern fully represented by w
f(z) is called the conplex potentia
=

Note: In electrostatic problems o(X, y) =

C, and y ( x, y) =C, are respectey
equipotential lines and lines offorce.
In heat flow problems o (x, y) =
C and y(x, y) =C, 0
are
respectively K
isothermals and heat flow lines.
 PROBLEMS
TO.FLOW
ATONS 147
wORKED PROBLEMS
latnstati
Aneltrstatie
field in the x-y plane is given by the potential function - 3y-
functio.
Find thestreum
3uy-vbydata.
= aly and
3-3
dy
d dv and
y
by C-Requations.

nce x y 3y-3?
v- = 6xy dy+f(x) V
J(3y-3) ár++g(y)
V 3xy +f(x) v 3ry-+s(y)
ot us choose f(X) =
-x and g (y)
=0, by comparison.
nis willgive us y = 3xy-

hus the required stream function y =

3xy-y
. Ifthe potential function is log (x*+f), find the flux
function and the complex potential.
Let o(*, y) =log(x+y)
2x do 2y
and
x
0y
ut dY
dx y
and =
-by CR equtions.
ene 2x
dy
+y 2
+
dy +f(x) =] d+s(y)
1
2xtan+f(x) v-2ytan's()
V 2 tan +f(x)
y choosing f(x) =
0 and g( y)
= -2tan y
=Owe have,
 148 COMPLEX VAIA

v- -2 tan "(X/y)
V2tan '(y/*) or

nus the required flux function is w = 2 tan "(W*)

Further the complexpotential is w f(z) =

=
*

That is, w = f(:) = log(+)+i-2 tan (y/x)

logz"
= 2 logz
putting * =
z and y = 0 we obtain w =f(z) =

f(Z) =
21og z
hus the required complex potential w =

y) but
and V z areharmonicfunctions of (X,
Prove that o *-y
=
38. =

harmonic conjugates
>Consider o = -

. 30-2x 3y2y -2,

x
-2
= 2-2 = 0 ¢ is harmonic.

Vextconsider y =

d -2xy_
dx ( + ? ?

(+y-2/)+22y 2(*+y):2x
(+y)

2(x+f)1-(?+)+ 4x*]
2(3-)
(+
Also ov(x+yf):1-y
y 2y --
(+y) (+yf
 To
FLOW
PROBLEMS
149
pICATIONS

v ( 2)(-/)2+)2 )2
v 21yl-(+)-2(-)
(+
tv 2y(-3+y)
d (+ (2)

dding (1) and (2) weobtain =0 is harmonic.

r-
tusfind the harmonicconjugate of Ù
=

e obtain x
2x and = -2y
=
-2
0 anda b y C-R equations, we have,
nce ar dy

0y-2x ox 2
dy
V= J2xdy +f(x) = =2y dx +g (y)
v 2xy+f(x) 2 xy +8(y)
y
choosing f(x) =
0 =
g (y) we obtain y 2xy. =

he harmonic conjugate of =*-f is y =2xy and v =

by data.
+Y
hus we conclude that Ùand y are harmonic functions of (x,
armonic conjugates. y) but are not
- - -

. In a two
dimensional fluid flow if the velocity potential
find the stream function. o =
e* cos y + xy,
> 0 =e " cos y +
Xy, by data .

dx
= -

e cos y +y and d -e sin y + X

ut d
x dy and =- by C-R equations.
y x
 150 MPLEX VAR.

Hence d -e cos y +V dax " sin y-*

oy
W=(e sin yX ) dx*g
V J(-e"cosy +y ) dy f(x)
+

: -e sin y- y)
V= -e sin y + +f(x)

= we obtain y = -e sin y 4
and s(y) 2
Bychoosing f(*) =
-2
stream function y ( - r ) - *sin y
Thus
the required
the complex potential, showA
z # a represents
40. 1f 2(2) log (Z-a),
=
lines are afamily ofstraightli
and stream S.
lines are afamily ofcircles
equipotential
>>2 (z) =log(z-a)
+iy =
log (x +iy-a)
=
log[ (x-a) +iy]
+i tan"' (B/A) we have
Using log (A +iB)
=
log VA+B

0+iv log (r-a)?+y+itan x-a

tan1
log V(x-a)?+y and v =

o(x, y) = constant and y (x, y) =constant respectively represents equipoten

lines and stream lines.

That is, log V(x-a)f+y = eq (say) and tan , = 2 say)

or Vx-af+ = éi and = tan c,

X-a

or (x-a )f+f =
(e1) and y =
( tan c, ) x -a tan c,
or (x-a)+y =2
and Y = mx +C

where r, m, c are all arbitrary constants. It is evident that circle with ce

(1) is a
(a, 0) and radius r and (2) is a straight line.
This proves the required result.
-