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7 views15 pages

ali

Uploaded by

kenabadane9299
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Here is a detailed explanation for each topic:

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1. Network Devices

Router:
A router operates at Layer 3 (Network Layer). It
connects multiple networks and forwards packets
between them using IP addressing. Routers
analyze packet headers to determine the best path
for delivery. They also enable communication
between different VLANs and can provide security
through Access Control Lists (ACLs).
Example: Connecting an internal LAN to the
internet.

Switch:
A switch operates at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer). It
forwards data based on MAC addresses. Unlike
hubs, switches reduce network congestion by
sending data only to the intended recipient.
Managed switches support VLANs and port
security.
Example: Connecting devices in a single office
network.

Firewall:
A firewall can be hardware or software, operating
at various layers to protect the network by filtering
traffic based on rules. It blocks unauthorized
access and mitigates cyber threats.
Example: Preventing access to a private network
from external attackers.

Bridge:
A bridge connects two LANs and filters traffic to
reduce
congestion. It learns MAC addresses from devices
to decide whether to forward traffic.
Example: Connecting two floors of a building
within the same network.

Hub:
A basic networking device that operates at Layer 1
(Physical Layer). It broadcasts data to all
connected devices, leading to collisions in the
network. It is now largely obsolete.

Repeater:
A device used to extend the range of a network by
amplifying and retransmitting signals. Useful for
overcoming signal degradation in long-distance
connections.

Layer 3 Switch:
Combines the speed of switches with routing
capabilities of routers. It enables communication
between VLANs without requiring a separate
router.

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2. VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)


What is VLAN?
VLANs segment a network logically rather than
physically. Devices in the same VLAN
communicate directly, while communication
between VLANs requires a router or Layer 3
switch.

How to Create VLAN on a Cisco Switch:


1. Enter configuration mode:

configure terminal

2. Create VLAN and name it:

vlan 10
name HR_Department

3. Assign a port to the VLAN:

interface fastethernet 0/1


switchport mode access
switchport access vlan 10

Advantages:

Improved security by isolating groups.

Reduced broadcast traffic.

Simplified network management.


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3. Port Security

What is Port Security?


It limits access to switch ports by specifying which
MAC addresses are allowed to connect. It can
prevent unauthorized access and protect against
MAC flooding attacks.

How to Configure Port Security (Cisco Switch):

1. Enter interface configuration:

interface fastethernet 0/1

2. Enable port security:

switchport mode access


switchport port-security

3. Set the maximum allowed MAC addresses:

switchport port-security maximum 2

4. Set the violation action:


switchport port-security violation shutdown

5. Define allowed MAC addresses (optional):


switchport port-security mac-address
00AA.BBCC.DDEE

Example Configuration:

interface fastethernet 0/1


switchport mode access
switchport port-security
switchport port-security maximum 2
switchport port-security violation restrict
switchport port-security mac-address sticky

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4. IP Addressing

Classes and Ranges:

Class A:

Range: 1.0.0.0 – 126.255.255.255

Default Mask: 255.0.0.0


Private Range: 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255

Class B:
Range: 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255

Default Mask: 255.255.0.0

Private Range: 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255

Class C:

Range: 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255

Default Mask: 255.255.255.0

Private Range: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

Class D: Multicast (224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255).

Class E: Experimental (240.0.0.0 –


255.255.255.255).

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5. Subnetting (ITSC Company Example)

Problem Statement: 300 devices, IP range


172.17.0.0/16.

Steps to Subnet:
1. Find the Subnet Mask:

Minimum required subnets: 8.

/16 to /19 gives subnets.

Subnet mask: 255.255.224.0.

2. Calculate Subnets:

Subnet 1: 172.17.0.0 - 172.17.31.255.

Subnet 2: 172.17.32.0 - 172.17.63.255.

Repeat for remaining subnets.

3. Broadcast and Host Range for Each Subnet:

Subnet 1:

Broadcast: 172.17.31.255.
Hosts: 172.17.0.1 – 172.17.31.254.

Subnet 2:
Broadcast: 172.17.63.255.

Hosts: 172.17.32.1 – 172.17.63.254.

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Let me know if you want examples or further


elaboration!

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