PLANT UNIT: Chapter 13

True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.

____ 1. In the monocot leaf, the veins are branched.

____ 2. In a dicot leaf, the veins are parallel.
____ 3. The sticking of the water molecules (cohesion) to the tracheid walls is a result of hydrogen bonding.
____ 4. Phloem cells are living cells.
____ 5. Leaves are usually flat and thin so they can collect a lot of water.
____ 6. Meristem produces cells that will become new xylem and phloem cells.
____ 7. A plant's root system is often larger than the plant's entire shoot system.
____ 8. One of the functions of the carrot root is to make food.
____ 9. In a woody stem, the oldest xylem is located closest to the cambium.
____ 10. The cotyledon is the source of nutrients for the growing plant embryo.
____ 11. Only flowering plants produce fruits.
____ 12. Monocot seeds produce two cotyledons.
____ 13. The stem of desert plants contain large amounts of parenchyma tissue to store carbon dioxide.
____ 14. Chlorophyll absorbs light toward the blue-green area of the spectrum.
____ 15. Short-day plants flower and reproduce when the day length is shortening.
____ 16. Plants lacking the nutrient phosphorus will produce yellow leaves.
____ 17. One main reserve of nitrogen in the environment is the organic matter of living and dead organisms.
____ 18. When ethylene is applied to fruits, it speeds up their ripening.
____ 19. Auxins inhibit apical bud growth.
____ 20. Vascular bundles, surrounded by pith cells, make up the stem of nonwoody plants.

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 21. What is the most distinguishing feature of the plant kingdom?
a. All plants contain vascular tissue.
b. All plants make their own carbohydrates by photosynthesis.
c. All plants reproduce either by sexual or asexual reproduction.
d. All plants are anchored by roots.
e. All plants contain chloroplasts.
____ 22. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Plant cells divide by mitosis in several regions of the root.
b. The meristem tissue is found only in the root.
c. There are two types of meristem tissue: apical meristem and lateral meristem.
 d. The apical meristem causes the roots of the plant to widen.
e. The vascular cambium produces cells that become new meristem tissue.
____ 23. The main difference between primary and secondary growth is:
a. Primary growth occurs in the first year and secondary growth occurs in the second year of
a plant's life only.
b. Primary growth results in the increase of the length of the plant in the first year only,
whereas secondary growth results in an increase in the length and the width of the plant in
the subsequent years only.
c. Primary growth results in the overall growth of the diameter of the plant in the first year,
whereas secondary growth results in the overall lateral growth of the plant in the
subsequent years.
d. Primary growth includes a growth in diameter only, whereas secondary growth includes
all growth in the length of the plant throughout the rest of a plant's life.
e. Primary growth includes the overall growth of the length of a plant in its first year of
growth and an increase in the diameter for the plant's entire life, whereas secondary
growth results in an increase in the length of the plant for its entire life.
____ 24. Which of the following statements concerning leaf structure is incorrect?
a. The blade is the flattened main part of the leaf.
b. The leaf grows from points on the stem called nodes.
c. The region on the stem between two nodes is called an internode.
d. Each leaf is connected to the stem by a short stalk called the blade.
e. The vascular tissue in the stem sends out a branch to the leaf called a vein.
____ 25. Which of the following statements concerning the leaf is incorrect?
a. The photosynthetic tissue is called mesophyll.
b. The palisade mesophyll is the primary site for photosynthesis.
c. The spongy mesophyll contains many pockets called air spaces.
d. The air spaces cause the diffusion of CO2 out of the mesophyll and O2 into the mesophyll
cells.
e. Photosynthesis causes the levels of CO2 to drop in the mesophyll cells.
____ 26. Plants with very broad leaves would be expected to survive best in
a. shaded areas.
b. an open sunny field.
c. cold climates.
d. areas of low precipitation.
e. areas with a high salt content in the soil.
____ 27. Which of the following is not a function of the root?
a. Roots produce carbohydrates by photosynthesis.
b. Roots absorb water and minerals.
c. Roots support and anchor a plant.
d. Roots produce hormones.
e. Roots produce toxins to prevent the germination of other plant seeds.
____ 28. To adapt to various conditions, some plants have roots that
a. produce toxins in the soil to prevent the germination of other plant seeds.
b. have specialized extensions called aerial roots that grow in the air to collect oxygen for the
main root growing in an oxygen-poor soil.
c. are very wide to store large quantities of carbohydrates.
d. a and c only
e. all of the above
____ 29. Which of the following is not required for photosynthesis to take place?
 a. carbon dioxide d. oxygen
b. water e. chlorophyll
c. sunlight
____ 30. The part of the plant that is above ground is called the
a. shoot. d. lateral meristem.
b. apical part. e. vascular cambium.
c. aerial root.
____ 31. The region of cell division occurring at the tip of the root or stem is called the
a. shoot. d. vascular cambium.
b. apical meristem. e. root.
c. lateral meristem.
____ 32. Cells produced by the lateral meristem are called
a. ground tissues. d. lateral tissues.
b. shoots. e. secondary tissues.
c. primary tissues.
____ 33. A tree that shows secondary growth is called
a. a seedling. d. an annual plant.
b. a woody plant. e. a herbaceous plant.
c. a monocot plant.
____ 34. Secondary growth is produced mainly by the
a. cork. d. meristem.
b. ground tissue. e. apical meristem.
c. vascular cambium.
____ 35. When the vascular cambium divides, the cells produced will develop into phloem if
a. they can carry water and minerals.
b. they are located just inside of the cambium.
c. they are located in the middle of the stem.
d. they are located just outside of the cambium.
e. they can carry minerals only.
____ 36. Which of the following best describes the parenchyma tissue?
a. cells with moderately thick walls for flexibility
b. cells with very thick walls with lignin for strength and support
c. cells that are long with tapered ends and cell walls with pits
d. cells that are long and thin with large pores at their ends
e. cells with large spaces for water storage
____ 37. Which of the following best describes the collenchyma tissue?
a. cells with moderately thick walls for flexibility
b. cells with very thick walls with lignin for strength and support
c. cells that are long with tapered ends and cell walls with pits
d. cells that are long and thin with large pores at their ends
e. cells with large spaces for water storage
____ 38. Which of the following best describes the sclerenchyma tissue?
a. cells with moderately thick walls for flexibility
b. cells with very thick walls with lignin for strength and support
c. cells that are long with tapered ends and cell walls with pits
d. cells that are long and thin with large pores at their ends
e. cells with large spaces for water storage
____ 39. How is a plant containing a large amount of collenchyma tissue adapted to its environment?
a. The plant will be able to produce plant parts that are hard, such as spines and shells.
 b. The plant will be able to store large amounts of nutrients.
c. The plant will be able to tolerate windy conditions.
d. The plant will be able to tolerate large amounts of moisture.
e. The plant will be able to tolerate dry conditions.
____ 40. Which of the following concerning the xylem and phloem tissue is false?
a. Phloem cells contain dead conducting cells.
b. Xylem cells carry water and minerals.
c. Phloem cells carry carbohydrates.
d. Xylem cells make up the wood in a tree.
e. Phloem is part of the bark.
____ 41. The two main kinds of cells in xylem are
a. tracheids and companion cells d. vessel elements and companion cells
b. tracheids and vessel elements e. tracheids and sieve tube members
c. sieve cells and sieve tube members
____ 42. A row of cells lined up end to end with perforations in their end walls that conduct water efficiently are called
a. sieve cells. d. sieve plates.
b. companion cells. e. phloem.
c. vessel elements.
____ 43. Why do succulent plants contain a large amount of parenchyma tissue?
a. to be able to tolerate windy conditions
b. to be able to produce hardened plant parts such as spines
c. to produce a flexible stem
d. to be able to store large quantities of water
e. a and d only
____ 44. If a plant's leaves lost their cuticle through the action of an air pollutant, the major danger to the plant is
a. too much moisture. d. loss of oxygen.
b. loss of moisture. e. loss of carbon dioxide.
c. lack of minerals.
____ 45. The ____ is located between the petiole of the leaf and the stem.
a. node d. bud
b. internode e. sheath
c. blade
____ 46. Photosynthetic cells of the leaves obtain water from
a. stomata. d. phloem cells of veins.
b. guard cells. e. xylem cells of veins.
c. air.

The arrows represent the diffusion of substances in the leaf.

____ 47. Refer to the diagram above. Suppose the plant was exposed to light. The arrows I and III will represent the
movement of
a. water and oxygen. d. carbon dioxide and carbohydrates.
b. oxygen and carbon dioxide. e. oxygen only.
c. water and carbon dioxide.
____ 48. Refer to the diagram above. At night, arrow II would represent the diffusion of
a. water. d. carbohydrates.
b. carbon dioxide. e. nitrates.
c. oxygen.
____ 49. Which of the following best describes monocot leaves?
a. parallel veins, petiole, long blade d. parallel veins, leaf sheath, long blade
b. wide blade, petiole, leaf sheath e. scattered veins, leaf sheath, long blade
c. wide blade, leaf sheath, parallel veins
____ 50. When the stomata are open they allow carbon dioxide to enter, but they also allow
a. oxygen to diffuse into the leaf.
b. mesophyll cells to be lost to the air.
c. for the loss of water.
d. for photosynthesis to continue in the dark.
e. nitrates to leave the leaf.
____ 51. The only way plants can control water loss on a short-term basis is to
a. close their stomata. d. grow only where water is available.
b. develop a thick waxy layer. e. all of the above.
c. produce a thick layer of bark.
____ 52. Identify the structure where carbon dioxide enters the leaf.
a. A d. D
b. B e. E
c. C
____ 53. Identify the structure where most photosythesis occurs.
a. A d. D
b. B e. E
c. C
____ 54. Identify the site where most oxygen is produced.
a. A d. D
b. B e. E
c. C
____ 55. Identify the structure that transports carbohydrates to other parts of the plant.
a. A d. D
b. B e. E
c. C
____ 56. Identify where most of the light energy enters.
a. A d. D
b. B e. E
c. C
____ 57. Many plants store chemicals in their leaves such as nicotine. A possible reason for this is
a. to prevent the leaves from freezing in the winter.
b. to attract insect pollinators to the plant.
c. to increase the efficiency of light absorption.
d. to prevent the herbivores from eating the leaves.
e. to encourage certain insects to consume the leaves so they become unpalatable to their
enemies.
____ 58. Based on the lab Leaf Adaptations, which of the following is an adaptation of a hydrophte plant?
a. leaves with a thick cuticle
b. leaves having large air spaces
c. leaves having few stomata
d. leaves with most of the stomata located on the lower epidermis
e. leaves that are small and narrow
____ 59. Which of the following concerning roots is incorrect?
 a. Monocot roots exhibit primary growth and secondary growth.
b. Dicot roots are called taproots.
c. Monocot roots form fibrous roots.
d. Dicots are called perennials because they exhibit secondary growth.
e. Secondary growth causes the xylem and the phloem to increase in diameter.
____ 60. Which of the following is in the correct order for the tissues in a stem from the outside to the centre?
a. cork cambium, cork, cortex, xylem, vascular cambium, phloem
b. cork, cork cambium, phloem, cortex, vascular cambium, xylem
c. cork cambium, cork, cortex, phloem, xylem, vascular cambium
d. cork, cork cambium, cortex, phloem, vascular cambium, xylem
e. cork, cork cambium, vascular cambium, cortex, phloem, xylem
____ 61. Based on stem lab, which of the following best describes the tissues in the stem of the Tilia?
a. The heartwood lies at the centre of the stem and is made up of xylem that conducts water.
b. The sapwood is located around the heartwood and it carries water and minerals.
c. The bark is made up of the cork and phloem only.
d. Only the xylem near the centre of the stem conducts water as the outer xylem becomes
plugged with oils and resins.
e. b and d
____ 62. Which of the following is not a stem adaptation?
a. peeling bark d. green fleshy stems
b. twining stems e. spiny stems
c. hollow stems
____ 63. Bryophytes do not have vascular tissue due to their
a. size. d. reproduction.
b. location. e. metabolism.
c. nutrition.
____ 64. Water rises to the top of tall trees because transpiration in the leaves produces a force that
a. puts pressure on the root. d. helps to get rid of excess water.
b. attracts water to the root. e. puts pressure on the xylem in the stem.
c. pulls water up from the root.
____ 65. In the lab on water movement in stems and leaves, the purpose of the celery stalk with no leaves was to show
a. that xylem carries water up the stalk.
b. that the water travelled farthest up the stalk with no leaves.
c. that the water travelled farther up the stalk with leaves.
d. that water transport is not influenced by leaves.
e. a and c.
____ 66. Which of the following best describes the seeds of a dicot?
a. The seeds produce only one cotyledon with no endosperm.
b. The seeds contain two cotyledons with endosperm.
c. The seeds contain two cotyledons and very little endosperm.
d. An example is the bean.
e. c and d
____ 67. All of the following represent seed dispersal adaptations except
a. hooks on the fruit.
b. spines on the fruit.
c. fleshy fruit.
d. sticky seeds.
e. fluffy parachute structures on the seeds.
____ 68. A plant embryo surrounded by a seed coat is called
 a. a fruit. d. an endosperm.
b. a seed. e. a cotyledon.
c. a zygote.
____ 69. What two conditions are necessary for seed germination?
a. water and oxygen d. carbon dioxide and temperature
b. temperature and oxygen e. water and temperature
c. water and carbon dioxide
____ 70. The quality of light a plant receives is influenced by
I time of day
II cloud cover
III competition by other plants
IV shading by other plants
V latitude
VI angles of incidence during different seasons

a. I, II, III, IV, and VI only d. I, II, III, V, and VI only

b. I, III, IV, V, and VI only e. I, II, IV, V, and VI only
c. I, II, IV, and VI only
____ 71. Photoperiod is defined as
a. the amount of cloud cover a plant receives.
b. the quantity of daylight hours a plant receives.
c. the quality of light a plant receives.
d. quantity of shade a plant receives.
e. the angle of incidence during different seasons.
____ 72. The following macronutrients make up 95% of the dry mass of plants:
a. nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen d. phosphorus, hydrogen, and nitrogen
b. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen e. carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen
c. potassium, oxygen, and nitrogen
____ 73. A plant growing in a greenhouse produces very little seeds, and the leaves are very dark. Which of the
following nutrients is the plant missing?
a. sulfur d. phosphorus
b. potassium e. calcium
c. nitrogen
____ 74. A plant whose older leaves are yellowing would be diagnosed as lacking in which nutrient?
a. nitrogen d. calcium
b. magnesium e. sulfur
c. phosphorus
____ 75. An example of a micronutrient needed by plants in very small amounts is
a. nitrogen. d. phosphorus.
b. sulfur. e. calcium.
c. manganese.
____ 76. Which of the following statements concerning absorption of nutrients is correct?
a. Nitrate ions and sulfate ions are held by soil particles and are not easily leached away.
b. Nutrients are released from weathering of rocks in the form of organic ions.
c. Positive ions in the soil bind to negatively charged clay particles making them unavailable
to the plant.
d. Hydrogen ions, released from the root hairs, exchange places with the negatively charged
clay particles.
e. Positive ions such as calcium and potassium are not held by soil particles, and they are
 easily absorbed by plant roots.
____ 77. A legume plant such as peas is growing in a garden. An examination of the soil content surrounding the plant
would reveal high levels of which nutrient?
a. phosphorus d. magnesium
b. nitrogen e. sulfur
c. potassium
____ 78. If the apical bud of a plant is removed to make the plant more bushy, which source of plant hormones has
been removed?
a. auxins d. ethylene
b. gibberellins e. abscisic acid
c. cytokinins
____ 79. When a plant's stem bolts just before it flowers, the hormone involved is
a. auxin. d. ethylene.
b. gibberellin. e. abscisic acid.
c. cytokinin.
____ 80. For fruit to ripen quickly, it is often placed in a brown paper bag because
a. this prevents the light from rotting the fruit and slowing down its ripening.
b. the darkness will cause the fruit to ripen faster than in the light.
c. the levels of ethylene produced by the fruit will decrease in the bag, thus causing the fruit
to ripen.
d. the levels of abscisic acid will rise in the bag, causing the fruit to ripen faster.
e. the levels of ethylene will rise causing the fruit to ripen faster.
____ 81. A colour change in the fruit and increase in its sweetness is due to
a. the plant hormone ethylene. d. spraying the fruit with abscisic acid.
b. keeping the fruit in the Sun. e. keeping the fruit in the cold.
c. picking the fruit off the plant early.
____ 82. Plants change their activity according to a 24-hour cycle corresponding to alternations of light and darkness.
Such responses are due to
a. light. d. plant hormones.
b. dark. e. temperature.
c. photoperiod.
____ 83. The ability of a seed not to germinate when the conditions are unfavourable is critical to the plants survival.
This is called
a. dormancy. d. hibernation.
b. photoperiod. e. activation.
c. translocation.
____ 84. A farmer wishes to keep the fruits on the trees for as long as possible. Which plant hormone should he
remove from the plant?
a. abscisic acid d. gibberellin
b. ethylene e. auxin
c. cytokinin

Short Answer

85. Using the diagram below, identify each of the ground tissues and explain your choice.
 86. Some plants such as algae that grow in lakes can grow very tall, yet they lack a vascular system and
supportive tissue. Explain why this occurs.
87. Using the diagram below:

a) Describe what is represented by each of the two diagrams.

b) Explain the conditions that would cause A and B.
88. List two features of the Yucca leaves that minimize water loss.
89. How are auxins used as a herbicide?

Essay

90. Explain why a plant needs to obtain each of the following in order to grow and be healthy:
a) carbon dioxide
b) sunlight
c) water
d) nitrogen
e) phosphorus
f) potassium
g) oxygen
91. The following experiment was set up to investigate factors that affect water movement in plants.
a) In which case would you expect water to move most rapidly? Explain your choice.
b) If an electric fan were placed in front of the plants, would you expect the results of the experiment to
change? Explain.
c) What was the purpose of the bag in case C?